Federal Agency Decisions

Workplace-safety cases from the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (OSHRC), mine-safety cases from the Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission (FMSHRC), and environmental appeals from the EPA's Environmental Appeals Board, each with a plain-English summary, the standards it cites, and whether it counts as precedent. More agencies are coming.

14,272 decisions and counting · Latest decision August 26, 2026
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COMM

E.I. Dupont De Nemours & Company

Protective-order case closed for separate discipline

DuPont complained that an attorney and law firm had violated a protective order in the case. A Commission judge found that the protected materials had been improperly disclosed. Because time had passed and the materials had already been publicly disseminated, the Commission concluded that efforts…

May 23, 1986 ·OSHRC
Procedural
COMM

Krause Milling Company

Corn-dust citation dismissed

OSHA cited Krause Milling for employee exposure to corn dust under the inert-or-nuisance-dust provision of 29 C.F.R. § 1910.1000. The Commission held that the cited provision was part of a mineral-dust standard and did not apply to organic corn dust, and that a broader interpretation would deny…

May 23, 1986 ·OSHRC
Citations vacated
COMM

Duval Corporation

Settlement approved and review dismissed

Duval Corporation had sold the mining operation involved in a case where an Administrative Law Judge found a violation of 30 C.F.R. § 57.19-120 and assessed a $395 penalty. Duval and the Secretary jointly asked the Commission to approve a settlement and dismiss the petition for discretionary review…

May 22, 1986 ·FMSHRC
Settled
ALJ

Sasas Incorporated

Suspended-load citation affirmed after fatal accident

Sasas Incorporated was cited after miner Brad Hobbs was struck and killed by a falling roll of conveyor belt at the Sasas Quarry and Mill. Judge Gary Melick found that the company violated the requirement that people stay clear of suspended loads, and that the violation was significant and…

May 19, 1986 ·Gary Melick ·FMSHRC
Citations affirmed
ALJ

James G. Eades v. Arundel Sand & Gravel Co.

Discrimination complaint withdrawn and dismissed

James G. Eades filed a discrimination complaint against Arundel Sand & Gravel Co. The complaint was before Judge Gary Melick in a proceeding under the Mine Act's discrimination provisions. At a May 6, 1986 hearing, Eades asked to withdraw the complaint. The judge granted the request and confirmed…

May 15, 1986 ·Gary Melick ·FMSHRC
Procedural
COMM

Magma Copper Company

Wire-rope citation vacated

Magma Copper Company was cited after an inspector observed broken and distorted wires on a hoist rope at its Superior Mine. An Administrative Law Judge found a violation of the rule governing broken wires in a rope lay and assessed a $100 penalty. The Commission held that the evidence did not…

May 13, 1986 ·FMSHRC
Citations vacated
COMM

Cerro Metal Products Division, Marmon Group, Inc.

Press-maintenance citation vacated

A Cerro mechanic died when a loader on an energized brass-extrusion press unexpectedly moved during repair work. Cerro had a rule requiring the press to be deenergized before repairs, and the employee who reenergized it knew that rule. The Commission held that OSHA bore the burden to show specific…

May 7, 1986 ·OSHRC
Citations vacated
COMM

Paschen/Morrison-Knudsen/Kenny, A Joint Venture

Tunneling citations left affirmed

A Commission judge affirmed four citation items from a tunneling operation and assessed a combined $3,300 penalty. Two items concerned testing for flammable gases and oxygen deficiency and were classified as serious rather than willful. The Secretary sought review only of that classification while…

April 24, 1986 ·OSHRC
Citations affirmed
COMM

Hamilton Die Cast, Inc.

Duplicate face-protection citation vacated

An earlier Hamilton case included a face-protection citation that a judge affirmed while another item from the same decision was directed for Commission review. Before that review ended, OSHA cited Hamilton again for the same face-protection condition. The Commission held that directing any part of…

April 22, 1986 ·OSHRC
Citations vacated
COMM

Hamilton Die Cast, Inc.

Eye-protection item remanded after court ruling

A Commission judge had affirmed a serious citation against Hamilton Die Cast under the eye and face protection standard. The Sixth Circuit vacated that finding and returned the case to the Commission. Following the court's direction, the Commission remanded the citation item to the judge for…

April 22, 1986 ·OSHRC
Remanded
COMM

Bunge Corporation

Grain-dust citations vacated

OSHA cited three Bunge grain-handling facilities under the mineral-dust provisions of 29 C.F.R. § 1910.1000. The Commission held that Table Z-3 applies only to mineral dusts and did not cover organic soybean or grain dust under its inert-or-nuisance-dust listing. It also rejected the alternative…

April 22, 1986 ·OSHRC
Citations vacated
COMM

Westmoreland Coal Company

Roof-control penalty reduced to $5,000

Westmoreland Coal Company was assessed a civil penalty for violating the mandatory roof-control standard at 30 C.F.R. § 75.202. The ALJ initially assessed $8,000 after finding unwarrantable failure and gross negligence, but the Commission reversed those findings and remanded for reconsideration of…

April 18, 1986 ·FMSHRC
Modified
COMM

Pratt & Whitney Aircraft Group, Division of United Technologies Corporation

Three open-tank items vacated and goggles item affirmed without precedential value

Pratt & Whitney used open tanks containing hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, cleaner, and water to pickle aircraft parts at its Middletown facility. The Commission vacated an employee-instruction item because orientation, on-the-job training, tank warning signs, employee experience, and the obvious…

April 18, 1986 ·OSHRC
Mixed result
COMM

Granite City Terminals Corporation

Clam shell bucket access citation vacated

Granite City used a crane-mounted clam shell bucket to move employees between its Mississippi River dock and barges when low water made the access methods specifically listed in the standard unreasonable. The Commission held that the Secretary bore the burden of proving that this alternative was…

April 8, 1986 ·OSHRC
Citations vacated
COMM

Daniel Construction Company

General duty citation vacated because MSHA authority preempted OSHA

Daniel Construction was building a secondary crusher structure on the surface of a mine when OSHA cited it under the general duty clause. The Commission adopted the judge's conclusion that section 4(b)(1) precluded OSHA jurisdiction because MSHA had statutory authority and had promulgated standards…

March 24, 1986 ·OSHRC
Citations vacated
COMM

Chicago Zoological Society

Citations vacated because zoo operator was a political subdivision

The Chicago Zoological Society operated Brookfield Zoo under an agreement with the Forest Preserve District of Cook County and contested whether it was an employer covered by the OSH Act. The Commission majority held that the Society was a political subdivision excluded from the Act's definition of…

March 21, 1986 ·OSHRC
Citations vacated
COMM

Cuyahoga Valley Railway Company

Secretary allowed to withdraw citation

The Secretary of Labor asked to withdraw the citation against Cuyahoga Valley Railway Company. The Commission granted the motion and cited a Sixth Circuit decision involving the United Transportation Union. The short release does not identify the cited conditions, standards, or proposed penalty.

March 21, 1986 ·OSHRC
Procedural
COMM

Anoplate Corporation

Mixed ruling on plating, chemical storage, and recordkeeping items

Anoplate operated an electroplating and metal-finishing plant with open chemical tanks, chemical storage, spray painting, and compressed-air work. The Commission affirmed a nonserious eye-protection violation because dipping racks created a significant risk of harmful splashes, and it assessed $25…

March 4, 1986 ·OSHRC
Mixed result
COMM

United States Steel Corporation

Three molten-metal explosion items affirmed and willful classification reversed

U.S. Steel was cited under the general duty clause for allowing water or ice at seven locations where molten iron or steel could be released at its South Works plant. The Commission focused on whether molten metal could realistically reach and encapsulate the water, creating an explosion capable of…

March 4, 1986 ·OSHRC
Mixed result
COMM

R.D. Anderson Construction

Asbestos monitoring item affirmed but labeling item vacated

R.D. Anderson was renovating a university building where asbestos-containing floor fill was exposed during construction. The Commission held that initial air monitoring was required because loose asbestos, asbestos in settled dust, dry sweeping, and air currents made release into the air more…

February 10, 1986 ·OSHRC
Mixed result
COMM

Nu-Way Mobile Home Manufacturing, Inc.

General-industry fall citation vacated because construction standards applied

Nu-Way built mobile homes from the ground up on an assembly line, and OSHA cited the general-industry personal-protective-equipment rule after employees worked on a roof without safety belts. The Commission held that the work was construction because the nature of the work, not its factory…

February 4, 1986 ·OSHRC
Citations vacated
COMM

L.R. Willson & Sons, Inc.

Perimeter-net citation reinstated after court remand

The Commission had previously vacated a serious citation alleging that L.R. Willson failed to use perimeter netting against exterior falls during structural steel erection. The D.C. Circuit reversed that decision and directed the Commission to reinstate the citation. Following the court's mandate…

January 30, 1986 ·OSHRC
Citations affirmed
COMM

A. Amorello & Sons, Inc.

Backup-alarm violation affirmed as other-than-serious after court remand

On remand from the First Circuit, the Commission reconsidered whether a front-end loader operated in reverse without a working backup alarm. Two OSHA officials observed the loader backing without hearing an alarm, and a later demonstration showed that the alarm did not sound until an operator…

January 28, 1986 ·OSHRC
Modified
COMM

New Boston Coke Corporation

Settlement approved after bankruptcy authorization

New Boston Coke submitted proof that the bankruptcy court had authorized its trustee to execute a settlement agreement. Counsel for the Secretary, the company, and the union had already signed the agreement. The Commission approved the settlement, and the short release does not identify the…

January 16, 1986 ·OSHRC
Settled
COMM

The L.E. Meyers Co., High Voltage Systems Division

Three ladder and fall-protection items vacated

L.E. Meyers, an electrical contractor, was installing protective rubber hosing on power lines when an apprentice fell from a ladder, contacted an energized jumper, and was electrocuted. Another employee was injured when he jumped from the ladder. The Commission held that changing § 1926.28(a) from…

January 16, 1986 ·OSHRC
Citations vacated
COMM

Cleveland Electric Illuminating Co.

Settlement order remanded to remove a penalty

The administrative law judge approved the parties’ settlement but assessed a $150 penalty for item 3. Cleveland Electric told the Commission that the order conflicted with the settlement because item 3 should assess no penalty. The Secretary agreed and stated an intention to withdraw the citations…

January 13, 1986 ·OSHRC
Remanded
COMM

Schwarz-Jordan, Inc.

Serious scaffold citation reinstated after court reversal

The Commission had previously vacated a citation alleging that Schwarz-Jordan violated the scaffold standard by using an unguarded scaffold. The Fifth Circuit reversed that decision and directed the Commission to reinstate the citation. Following the court’s mandate, the Commission reinstated…

January 3, 1986 ·OSHRC
Citations affirmed
COMM

Metro Waterproofing, Inc.

Consolidated cases remanded for factual inquiry

Metro Waterproofing’s president, acting without counsel, stipulated that certain violations existed on the inspection date. The judge relied on that stipulation to affirm five citations and assess $17,120 in penalties. A later affidavit asserted that the conditions violated communicated and…

December 26, 1985 ·OSHRC
Remanded
COMM

Simplex Time Recorder Company

Solvent violation reduced from willful to serious

Simplex used lacquer thinner with a four-degree Fahrenheit flash point to clean a spray-booth floor, contrary to a standard requiring at least a 100-degree flash point for that cleaning use. A fire occurred in the booth and an employee died. The Commission held that the standard was validly…

December 16, 1985 ·OSHRC
Modified
COMM

Burk Well Service Company

Citation vacated for lack of commerce evidence

OSHA cited Burk Well Service for a willful violation of the general duty clause, and the judge affirmed the citation with a $2,000 penalty. Burk had specifically denied that it was engaged in a business affecting commerce, a fact required for coverage under the Act. The Commission explained that…

December 12, 1985 ·OSHRC
Citations vacated
COMM

General Electric Company

Settlement affirmed over union’s abatement objections

OSHA cited General Electric for exposing employees to burn hazards from hot slag in a molten-metal furnace. The Secretary and GE settled, with GE agreeing to monitor furnaces for slag buildup and address safety precautions for maintenance. The participating union objected that the agreement did not…

December 11, 1985 ·OSHRC
Settled
COMM

Ernie's Esquire, Inc.

Dismissal remanded for another chance to certify notice

The judge dismissed Ernie’s Esquire’s contest of its citations because the company had not certified that it posted or served the notice of contest for affected employees. The company president sought reconsideration and explained that he had posted materials but believed an affected employee meant…

December 6, 1985 ·OSHRC
Remanded
COMM

Cardinal Industries, Inc.

General-industry fall items vacated as preempted

Cardinal built modular housing units on an indoor assembly line using carpentry, plumbing, roofing, and electrical work. OSHA cited two unguarded platforms under the general-industry guardrail standard and the lack of safety belts under the general-industry personal-protective-equipment standard…

December 6, 1985 ·OSHRC
Citations vacated
COMM

Gulf States Utilities Company

Grounding citation vacated because insulator work was maintenance

A Gulf States crew replaced vandalism-damaged porcelain insulators with epoxy insulators on a deenergized power line. While the crew removed grounding chains, one chain was taken off out of sequence and a lineman holding a spliced chain was electrocuted by induced current. OSHA cited the utility…

November 20, 1985 ·OSHRC
Citations vacated
COMM

Sharon Steel Corporation

Flying-steel citation vacated for lack of a current hazard

OSHA alleged that Sharon Steel exposed maintenance employees to flying steel fragments while they changed a bridle roll and sheet steel moved through a temper mill from a payoff reel. The Commission found that earlier reported incidents fell outside the Act’s six-month limitations period. On the…

November 19, 1985 ·OSHRC
Citations vacated
COMM

FMC Corporation

Additional plant inspection allowed with cost reimbursement

OSHA cited FMC under the general duty clause for allegedly failing to control potential exposure from an uncontrolled methyl isocyanate reaction at its pesticide plant. After numerous inspections and extensive cooperation by FMC, the Secretary sought another plant inspection by expert witnesses to…

November 13, 1985 ·OSHRC
Procedural
COMM

MLB Industries, Inc.

Fall-protection citation vacated because Crown controlled the work

MLB supplied three union laborers to Crown Zellerbach for emergency concrete-floor removal work at Crown’s construction project. The workers used no fall protection, and one fell about 14 feet when the concrete beneath him gave way and later died from his injuries. The judge treated MLB as the…

October 31, 1985 ·OSHRC
Citations vacated
COMM

Adams Steel Erection, Inc.

Two citation items reinstated after court review

The Commission had previously reversed the administrative law judge and vacated two citation items against Adams Steel Erection. The Third Circuit granted the Secretary’s petition for review and directed the Commission to reinstate the judge’s decision. The Commission therefore affirmed a serious…

October 23, 1985 ·OSHRC
Citations affirmed
COMM

Bechtel Power Corporation

Crane-barricade citation vacated

Bechtel used rope-and-flag barricades around cranes while building a power plant. A crane oiler was killed when he was caught between the tracks and rotating superstructure of a crawler crane, and OSHA cited the barricading standard. The Secretary conceded that the physical barricade was the type…

October 2, 1985 ·OSHRC
Citations vacated
COMM

RSR Quemetco, a Division of RSR Corporation, A Corporation

Remanded proceedings authorized to resume

The Commission had previously severed these four consolidated RSR matters and remanded them to administrative law judges. The Fifth Circuit stayed those remand orders while it reviewed RSR’s petition. After the court affirmed the Commission’s orders, the Commission directed the assigned judges to…

October 1, 1985 ·OSHRC
Remanded
COMM

Carbon County Coal Company

Ventilation-plan dispute dismissed

Carbon County Coal Company was cited for operating its Carbon No. 1 Mine without an approved ventilation and methane and dust control plan under 30 C.F.R. § 75.316. The dispute concerned whether the mine had to supply auxiliary fans with air greater than their free discharge capacity, rather than…

September 30, 1985 ·FMSHRC
Citations vacated
COMM

Merrell v. Peabody Coal Company

Discrimination complaint dismissed

Chapman Merrell alleged that Peabody Coal Company violated section 105(c) of the Mine Act when it bypassed him for rehire because he lacked relevant health and safety training under section 115 and 30 C.F.R. Part 48. Peabody argued that the complaint was filed too late. The Commission dismissed the…

September 30, 1985 ·FMSHRC
Procedural
COMM

United Mine Workers of America on behalf of James Rowe, et al., and Secretary of Labor on behalf of Thomas L. Williams v. Peabody Coal Company

Peabody Coal Company (FMSHRC KENT 82-103-D, KENT 82-105-D, KENT 82-106-D, LAKE 83-69-D): Recall-training discrimination complaints dismissed

These consolidated discrimination complaints challenged Peabody Coal Company's policy of bypassing laid-off miners for recall when they had not obtained relevant health and safety training before rehire. The Commission held that section 115 gives laid-off individuals training rights when they are…

September 30, 1985 ·FMSHRC
Mixed result
ALJ

Monument Mining Corporation and Island Creek Coal Company

Contractor liable for idled-miner compensation

The United Mine Workers sought compensation under section 111 of the Mine Act for miners idled by a withdrawal order issued after blasting at Monument Mining's No. 1 Surface Mine exposed workers at an adjacent underground mine to danger. Monument was the independent contractor that controlled the…

September 27, 1985 ·George A. Koutras ·FMSHRC
Mixed result
ALJ

Maben Energy Corporation

Conveyor-tail-pulley citation affirmed with reduced penalty

Maben Energy operated the No. 6 underground coal mine in West Virginia. An MSHA inspection found that a conveyor tail pulley was not adequately guarded, leaving openings through which a person could reach the moving pinch points. Judge George A. Koutras found the violation significant and…

September 27, 1985 ·George A. Koutras ·FMSHRC
Modified
ALJ

C.D. Livingston

Mine inspection access and penalty affirmed

C.D. Livingston operated the Digmore Placer Mine, an underground gold mine in California. He refused an MSHA inspector entry without a search warrant and argued that the Mine Act did not apply to his small operation because he had no employees. Judge John J. Morris found that the Act broadly covers…

September 27, 1985 ·John J. Morris ·FMSHRC
Citations affirmed
ALJ

Kenneth W. Hall v. Clinchfield Coal Company

Discrimination complaint dismissed

Kenneth W. Hall, a section foreman at Clinchfield Coal Company's McClure No. 1 underground mine, complained about a line-curtain and roof-bolting practice and later sought a transfer to surface work. Judge James A. Broderick found that Hall's safety complaints were protected activity and that the…

September 27, 1985 ·James A. Broderick ·FMSHRC
Procedural
ALJ

Jim Walter Resources, Inc.

Line-curtain citation affirmed

Jim Walter Resources operated a gassy underground coal mine in Alabama. The approved ventilation plan required line brattice to remain within 10 feet of all faces, but an inspection found it 15 feet from the face in one entry. Judge James A. Broderick held that the plan covered idle faces as well…

September 27, 1985 ·James A. Broderick ·FMSHRC
Citations affirmed
ALJ

Mid-Continent Resources, Inc.

Safeguard citation modified and penalty reduced

Mid-Continent Resources was cited after an inspection found coal sloughage, timbers, and a trench obstructing a conveyor travelway at its Dutch Creek No. 2 underground coal mine. Judge John A. Carlson held that the safeguard covered the coal sloughage but did not clearly cover the timbers or…

September 26, 1985 ·John A. Carlson ·FMSHRC
Modified
ALJ

Pyro Mining Company

Multiple citations modified and penalties assessed

Pyro Mining Company faced three consolidated civil-penalty dockets involving methane, electrical equipment, coal accumulations, conveyor conditions, and other mine-safety requirements at its No. 9 Slope Mine. Judge Richard C. Steffey modified several citation findings, affirmed some violations…

September 25, 1985 ·Richard C. Steffey ·FMSHRC
Mixed result
ALJ

Rae Jewell Beaver v. Cedar Coal Company

Discrimination complaint withdrawn under agreement

Rae Jewell Beaver asked to withdraw her discrimination complaint against Cedar Coal Company under an agreement between the parties. Cedar agreed to allow employees to review their personnel files, provide Beaver with neutral job references, expunge the incident from her file, and provide drillers…

September 23, 1985 ·Gary Melick ·FMSHRC
Settled
ALJ

Missouri Gravel Co.

$1,638 in penalties approved after payment

Missouri Gravel Co. faced civil penalty proceedings involving 29 violations at its LaGrange Plant No. 3 and LaGrange Plant No. 1. The operator paid the proposed penalties totaling $1,638 but did not answer the proceedings. Judge Paul Merlin denied the Solicitor's motion to reconsider the need for a…

September 23, 1985 ·Paul Merlin ·FMSHRC
Settled
ALJ

Consolidation Coal Company

Discrimination found with $600 civil penalty

Richard N. Truex served as a miners' representative at a post-inspection conference at Consolidation Coal Company's McElroy Mine. The company required him to take unpaid "union business" status and then refused to let him return to work after the conference. Judge Gary Melick found that this denied…

September 20, 1985 ·Gary Melick ·FMSHRC
Citations affirmed
ALJ

Helca Day Mines, Inc.

Settlement approved with $225 penalty

Helca Day Mines, Inc. reached a settlement concerning a violation arising from the Secretary's partially successful prosecution of a discrimination matter. The settlement reduced MSHA's initial $300 assessment to $225. Judge Michael A. Lasher, Jr. noted the operator's medium size, commendable…

September 20, 1985 ·Michael A. Lasher, Jr. ·FMSHRC
Settled
ALJ

Blueco Sales and Processing Company

Discrimination complaint withdrawn and dismissed

Douglas Coleman asked to withdraw his discrimination complaint against Blueco Sales and Processing Company. Judge Joseph B. Kennedy found good cause, granted the request, and dismissed the matter. He also vacated and canceled the hearing scheduled for October 2, 1985, in Beckley, West Virginia. The…

September 19, 1985 ·Joseph B. Kennedy ·FMSHRC
Procedural
ALJ

Peabody Coal Company

Discrimination complaint withdrawn and dismissed

Charles J. Ellett asked to withdraw his discrimination complaint against Peabody Coal Company. Judge Joseph B. Kennedy granted the request and dismissed the matter. The judge also vacated and canceled the hearing scheduled for October 2, 1985, in Beckley, West Virginia. The order does not address…

September 18, 1985 ·Joseph B. Kennedy ·FMSHRC
Procedural
COMM

Youghiogheny & Ohio Coal Co.

Bench decision vacated and remanded

An ALJ found two violations at Youghiogheny & Ohio Coal Co. and assessed a total of $1,950 in penalties after an evidentiary hearing. The judge then confirmed the tentative bench decision after the operator failed to show cause. The Commission held that the written decision did not include the…

September 17, 1985 ·FMSHRC
Remanded
COMM

Kennecott Minerals Company

Berm standard held mandatory and case remanded for penalties

MSHA cited Kennecott Minerals Company for failing to maintain adequate berms or guardrails along an elevated access road at its Utah Copper Division. The ALJ dismissed the penalty proposals after treating 30 C.F.R. § 55.9-22 as advisory because an earlier version used the word "should." The…

September 16, 1985 ·FMSHRC
Remanded
ALJ

KAS Coal Inc.

Settlement approved for $809

KAS Coal Inc. and the Secretary jointly asked the ALJ to approve a settlement in three civil penalty proceedings. The proposed violations had been assessed at a total of $809, and KAS Coal agreed to pay the full amount. Judge Roy J. Maurer found the settlement appropriate under the Mine Act's…

September 12, 1985 ·Roy J. Maurer ·FMSHRC
Settled
ALJ

Venblack, Inc.

EAJA fee application denied

Venblack, Inc. applied for attorney fees and costs under the Equal Access to Justice Act after prevailing in an underlying contest and related penalty proceeding. The company argued that the Secretary's position was not substantially justified. Judge Michael A. Lasher, Jr. found that the Secretary…

September 9, 1985 ·Michael A. Lasher, Jr. ·FMSHRC
Procedural

What these documents are

  • The agencies: Workplace-safety cases from the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (OSHRC), mine-safety cases from the Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission (FMSHRC), and environmental permit and penalty appeals from the EPA's Environmental Appeals Board (EAB). Each decision page names its agency.
  • Commission and Board decisions: Rulings by the agency's highest review level (the Commission at OSHRC and FMSHRC, the Environmental Appeals Board at EPA). These are citable as precedent, though a decision may have been appealed to a U.S. Court of Appeals after issuance.
  • ALJ decisions: Rulings by the agency's Administrative Law Judges after a hearing. When no Commissioner directs review, an ALJ decision becomes a final order that binds the parties in that case but is not binding precedent: under 29 U.S.C. § 661(j) at OSHRC, and after the 40-day window of 30 U.S.C. § 823(d)(1) at FMSHRC.
  • Why finality matters: Every page here says which kind of decision you are reading, so you know whether it is precedent you can cite or a final order that only shows how one judge ruled on one set of facts.
  • Where they come from: Every page links the official public release from the deciding agency, and the full text on the page is that release. The plain-English summaries are written by Ezel.