Federal Agency Decisions
Federal workers' compensation appeals from the Department of Labor's Employees' Compensation Appeals Board (ECAB), federal-sector labor-relations cases from the Federal Labor Relations Authority (FLRA), mine-safety cases from the Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission (FMSHRC), workplace-safety cases from the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (OSHRC), Longshore Act and Black Lung Benefits Act appeals from the Department of Labor's Benefits Review Board (BRB), precedent decisions of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA), environmental permit and penalty appeals from the EPA's Environmental Appeals Board (EAB), and whistleblower and other labor appeals from the Department of Labor's Administrative Review Board (ARB), each with a plain-English summary, the law it cites, and whether it counts as precedent. More agencies are coming.
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Roger L. Mullins v. Cedar Coal Company
Board upholds coal miner’s black lung benefits award (BRB 22-0539)
Cedar Coal challenged a benefits award to Roger Mullins after his previously denied claim was modified. The Board upheld the judge’s finding that he had legal pneumoconiosis and that it substantially contributed to his disabling respiratory impairment. It found that the judge reasonably credited…
Charles D. Cole, on behalf of Douglas M. Cole v. Wampler Brothers Coal Company
Board preserves miner’s black lung award against employer modification request (BRB 22-0525)
Wampler Brothers Coal sought to overturn a black lung benefits award to Douglas Cole after his death; his son pursued the claim for his estate. The Board upheld the judge’s finding that coal mine dust contributed to Cole’s chronic lung disease despite a history of smoking. It also left intact the…
Jason Ballard v. U.S. Marine Corps/MCCS
Ballard v. Marine Corps/MCCS (BRB 22-0018 and 22-0446): medical claim remanded
Jason Ballard was injured when an electric golf cart malfunctioned during his work at a Marine Corps recreation facility. A judge awarded some disability benefits but declined to consider Ballard's late-raised request for treatment of a claimed psychological condition, finding the claim untimely…
Michael C. Fitzpatrick v. W&B Coal Company, Incorporated
Board upholds coal miner’s benefits award and employer liability (BRB 22-0411)
W&B Coal challenged a benefits award to Michael Fitzpatrick after an earlier remand. The Board upheld the judge’s finding that the employer had not proved Fitzpatrick worked at least one year in qualifying coal mine employment for a later company, leaving W&B responsible for the claim. It also…
Jason Ballard v. U.S. Marine Corps/MCCS
Ballard v. Marine Corps/MCCS (BRB 22-0018 and 22-0446): medical claim remanded
Jason Ballard was injured when an electric golf cart malfunctioned during his work at a Marine Corps recreation facility. A judge awarded some disability benefits but declined to consider Ballard's late-raised request for treatment of a claimed psychological condition, finding the claim untimely…
P.M. and U.S. Postal Service, Fort Point Post Office
P.M. and U.S. Postal Service (ECAB 24-0183): late appeal dismissed
A Postal Service employee appealed a March 23, 2023 OWCP decision on December 15, 2023. Board appeals generally must be filed within 180 days of the OWCP decision. The deadline for this appeal was September 19, 2023, and the employee did not document compelling circumstances for the delay. The…
A.A. and Department of Veterans Affairs, Providence VA Medical Center
A.A. and Department of Veterans Affairs (ECAB 24-0162): late appeal dismissed
A Veterans Affairs medical center employee appealed a May 23, 2023 OWCP nonmerit decision on December 12, 2023. The 180-day deadline to appeal was November 19, 2023. The Board found the appeal untimely and said the employee had not documented compelling circumstances for the delay. It dismissed the…
D.H. and Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration
D.H. and Department of Transportation (ECAB 23-1017): appeal dismissed without reviewable OWCP decision
A Federal Aviation Administration employee sought Board review of a purported July 3, 2023 OWCP decision. The record sent to the Board contained no final adverse OWCP decision issued within 180 days of the appeal. The Board therefore dismissed the appeal without addressing any underlying…
T.V. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Melville
Board affirms denial of wage loss after postal carrier was struck by vehicle (ECAB 23-0803)
A postal carrier was struck by a vehicle while crossing a street at work. OWCP accepted a right hip contusion and other injuries, but denied wage loss for September 26 through October 7, 2022. The Board found that the worker submitted imaging reports, but no medical opinion explaining why the…
R.C. and Department of Veterans Affairs, East Orange VA Medical Center
Board orders more medical review of VA technician's back claim (ECAB 23-0768)
A VA radiology technician reported back and leg symptoms after lifting part of a portable X-ray machine at work. He had preexisting lumbar problems and prior surgery. OWCP denied the claim, finding that the medical evidence did not establish a link between the lifting incident and a diagnosed…
K.C. and U.S. Postal Service, Maywood Post Office
Board reverses finding that postal worker's lumbar sprain resolved (ECAB 23-0526)
A postal carrier had an accepted lumbar sprain and other work-related conditions. OWCP found that the lumbar sprain had resolved, relying on a second opinion physician who said it should have ended within a few months of the 2012 injury. The Board found that the doctor had not explained how the…
V.W. and Department of the Treasury, Bureau of Engraving and Printing
Board reverses reduction based on new insurance adjuster earnings (ECAB 23-0415)
A Bureau of Engraving and Printing worker had an accepted aggravation of allergic rhinitis and later worked in law enforcement and insurance. OWCP reduced his compensation after comparing his new insurance adjuster earnings with the amount he earned as a police chief in 2000. The Board found that…
L.H. and U.S. Postal Service, Busse Processing and Distribution Center
Board affirms existing awards for both knees (ECAB 22-0618)
A postal mail handler developed accepted knee conditions from her work and underwent authorized surgeries. She sought schedule awards above the three percent left leg and four percent right leg ratings OWCP had paid. The Board found that her physician's higher ratings did not adequately explain…
Homer J. Starr v. Island Creek Coal Company
Board upholds coal miner’s benefits award after review of breathing tests (BRB 22-0537)
Island Creek Coal Company appealed a benefits award to former coal miner Homer Starr after the Board had sent the case back for another look at his breathing tests. The judge again found that his respiratory impairment was totally disabling and that the company had not rebutted the resulting…
D.B. and Department of Veterans Affairs, James A. Haley Veterans’ Hospital
D.B. and Department of Veterans Affairs (ECAB 24-0172): late appeal dismissed
A Veterans Affairs hospital employee appealed a December 12, 2022 OWCP merits decision on December 8, 2023. The 180-day deadline to appeal was June 10, 2023. The Board found the appeal untimely and said the employee had not documented compelling circumstances for the delay. It dismissed the appeal…
A.C. and Department of Veterans Affairs, Buffalo VA Medical Center
A.C. and Department of Veterans Affairs (ECAB 24-0167): late appeal dismissed
A Veterans Affairs hospital employee appealed an April 19, 2023 OWCP merits decision on December 11, 2023. The 180-day deadline to appeal was October 16, 2023. The Board found the appeal untimely and said the employee had not documented compelling circumstances for the delay. It dismissed the…
D.D. and U.S. Postal Service, Richmond Post Office
D.D. and U.S. Postal Service (ECAB 24-0165): late appeal dismissed
A Postal Service employee appealed a March 17, 2022 OWCP nonmerit decision on December 11, 2023. The 180-day deadline to appeal was September 13, 2022. The Board found the appeal untimely and said the employee had not documented compelling circumstances for the delay. It dismissed the appeal…
E.P. and U.S. Postal Service, Processing & Distribution Center, Kansas City, KS
E.P. and U.S. Postal Service (ECAB 24-0115): late appeal dismissed
A Postal Service employee appealed a May 19, 2023 OWCP merits decision on November 19, 2023. The 180-day deadline to appeal was November 15, 2023. The Board found the appeal untimely and said the employee had not documented compelling circumstances for the delay. It dismissed the appeal without…
T.E. and Department of Veterans Affairs, John J. Pershing VA Medical Center
T.E. and Department of Veterans Affairs (ECAB 23-1062): appeal dismissed without adverse OWCP decision
A VA medical center employee appealed OWCP’s May 23, 2023 decision accepting chronic sinusitis and allergic rhinitis. She also sought wage loss compensation, but OWCP had not yet decided that request. The Board explained that it can review final adverse OWCP decisions and the acceptance decision…
A.N. and Department of Veterans Affairs, Eugene VA Clinic
A.N. and Department of Veterans Affairs (ECAB 23-1057): reconsideration denial affirmed
A VA clinic technician attributed right hand and wrist conditions to repetitive ultrasound work. After OWCP denied the claim, she requested reconsideration, saying that medical evidence she had already submitted established causation. She supplied no new evidence or new legal argument with that…
V.R. and U.S. Postal Service, Memphis Post Office
V.R. and U.S. Postal Service (ECAB 23-1045): reconsideration denial returned for explanation
A Postal Service distribution clerk sought reconsideration of a denied right arm occupational disease claim. OWCP treated her request as late and said it showed no clear evidence of error. The Board found that OWCP had not analyzed the medical studies, physician report, and worker statement…
J.J. and U.S. Postal Service, South Jersey Processing and Distribution Center
Board affirms denial of schedule award after postal worker's fall (ECAB 23-0440)
A postal clerk fell at work and later sought a schedule award for lasting impairment in his arms and legs. His physician and OWCP's second opinion physician disagreed, so OWCP obtained an impartial examination. The Board gave weight to the impartial physician's reasoned opinion that the accepted…
R.Z. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Staten Island
Board reverses termination of postal carrier's back injury benefits (ECAB 23-0351)
A postal carrier slipped on ice at work and received benefits for an accepted lumbar disc injury with radiculopathy. OWCP terminated his wage loss and medical benefits after a second opinion physician found that the work injury had resolved. His treating physician continued to find injury-related…
J.M. and Department of Homeland Security, Customs & Border Patrol
J.M. and Department of Homeland Security (ECAB 23-1090): knee claim denial affirmed
A border patrol agent reported left knee pain after stepping off an all-terrain vehicle at work. An earlier Board decision established that the incident occurred and sent the claim back for review of the medical evidence. The Board now found that the orthopedic surgeon diagnosed several knee…
Y.B. and Department of the Air Force, Hickam Air Force Base
Board upholds temporary suspension for late earnings affidavit (ECAB 23-0838)
A retired Air Force supply specialist continued to receive wage loss compensation for accepted work injuries. OWCP asked her to return a Form CA-1032 reporting work and earnings within 30 days, warning that benefits would be suspended if she did not. OWCP received her completed form on the same day…
C.Y. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Merrick
Board returns postal worker's wage loss claim for complete medical review (ECAB 23-0814)
A postal carrier fell on an uneven sidewalk at work and later had right hip surgery. She sought wage loss compensation for June 24 through August 19, 2022. OWCP denied the claim after asking its medical adviser about the surgery, but did not ask whether the accepted conditions caused disability…
V.J. and Department of the Navy, Puget Sound Naval Shipyard and Intermediate Maintenance Facility
Board finds shipyard worker's hearing loss claim timely and orders merits review (ECAB 23-0787)
A retired Navy shipyard electrician filed a hearing loss claim years after his last workplace noise exposure. OWCP denied it as outside the three year filing period. The Board found that hearing tests from the employer's conservation program showed a change by his retirement date, giving the…
D.P. and U.S. Postal Service, Jacksonville Post Office
Board affirms suspension after missed medical examination (ECAB 23-0785)
A postal truck driver received benefits for accepted neck and back strains. He missed a scheduled second opinion examination, saying he was recovering from surgery and objected to the physician chosen from an earlier experience. The Board found that he had not supplied medical evidence showing he…
C.G. and U.S. Postal Service, Long Beach Main Post Office
Board affirms denial of postal carrier's elbow injury claim (ECAB 22-1270)
A postal carrier reported right elbow pain after lifting a bundle of mail at work. OWCP accepted that the lifting incident occurred but denied the injury claim. The Board found that the physicians diagnosed elbow conditions without a sufficiently reasoned explanation of how that specific lift…
Matter of H. N. FERREIRA
Conditional-residence denial should ordinarily receive Immigration Judge review
The Board reviewed the case of a former conditional permanent resident whose Form I-751 petition had been denied by U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services for failure to prove that the marriage was bona fide. The Immigration Judge terminated the removal proceedings without addressing the…
Donald G. Poston v. Clinchfield Coal Company
Board upholds coal miner’s benefits award based on lung disease evidence (BRB 22-0536)
Clinchfield Coal Company appealed a benefits award to former coal miner Donald Poston. The judge found that x-rays and other medical evidence established complicated pneumoconiosis arising from his coal mine work. The Board upheld the judge’s assessment of conflicting x-ray readings and concluded…
Mohamed A. Elghobashy v. Global Terminal & Container Services, Incorporated
Board upholds port worker’s disability benefits award (BRB 22-0332)
Mohamed Elghobashy drove containers around a port for Global Terminal & Container Services. He sought Longshore Act benefits after incidents in which container handling equipment jarred his vehicle, aggravating his back and neck condition. The Board upheld the judge’s decision to give little weight…
R.G. and U.S. Postal Service, Concord Annex Post Office
Board upholds refusal to reopen postal worker's hand arthritis claim (ECAB 23-0835)
A retired postal carrier sought compensation for right hand arthritis that he attributed to years of handling mail. After OWCP denied the claim, he requested reconsideration, repeating his disagreement with the employer's account and submitting hand X-rays. The Board found that his request raised…
K.D. and Department of the Navy, Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point
Board affirms denial of proposed right knee replacement (ECAB 23-0799)
A Navy transportation assistant had accepted right knee conditions and had undergone an authorized arthroscopy years earlier. She later sought approval for a total right knee replacement. OWCP denied authorization because the record lacked a physician's explanation of why the proposed surgery was…
J.H. and Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services
Board affirms denial of home office fall injury claim (ECAB 23-0250)
A federal health insurance fraud investigator fell when a chair rolled away as he sat down in his home office. OWCP accepted that the incident occurred in the performance of duty but denied the claim for a right hip injury. The Board found that the medical reports did not adequately explain how the…
Secretary of Labor v. American Tripoli
Expedited silica-citation hearing granted
American Tripoli asked for expedited review of three silica-related citations and two withdrawal orders that stopped production at its mill. The citations alleged excessive respirable silica exposure, an inadequate respiratory-protection program, and a failure to conduct necessary dust surveys. The…
Preston D. Hess v. Island Creek Coal Company
Board sends coal miner’s benefits claim back for review of medical opinions (BRB 22-0523)
Preston Hess appealed the denial of his request to modify an earlier black lung benefits decision, and Island Creek Coal Company cross-appealed. The Board held that the judge should not have reconsidered its earlier ruling that blood gas studies supported total disability. It also found that the…
Harry L. McPeek v. C H Development, LLC
Board upholds coal miner’s benefits award and employer liability (BRB 22-0490)
C H Development appealed a benefits award to former coal miner Harry McPeek. The Board upheld the judge’s finding that the company was responsible for the claim because it had not timely identified the witness and evidence it later relied on to challenge liability. It also upheld the findings that…
David Black v. Electric Boat Corporation
Board upholds denial of shipyard worker’s hearing loss claim (BRB 22-0415)
David Black, a welder for Electric Boat Corporation, sought benefits for increased hearing loss during his final period of work from 2017 to 2019. The judge found that Electric Boat rebutted the presumption connecting the loss to workplace noise and credited its audiologist’s explanation that the…
N.A. and Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Prisons, Federal Correctional Institute, Victorville, CA
N.A. and Department of Justice (ECAB 23-1061): injury claim returned for combined case review
A federal correctional officer claimed injuries to several body areas from his work duties. OWCP denied the occupational disease claim, but its record also identified earlier injury claims involving many of the same areas. The Board found that a fair decision required those claim files to be…
L.M. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, San Juan
Board affirms denial of postal officer's back injury claim (ECAB 23-0946)
A postal police officer reported low back pain after moving large mail containers with a hand truck. OWCP accepted that the incident happened but denied the injury claim. The Board found that his physician attributed an aggravation of preexisting back problems to the work but did not explain how…
R.O. and U.S. Postal Service, Kilmer Post Office, Edison
Board affirms denial of postal worker's cervical injury claim (ECAB 23-0834)
A postal city delivery specialist reported a C7-T1 disc herniation after delivering packages and feeling a pull in her back. OWCP accepted that the November 30, 2022 work incident occurred but denied her injury claim. The Board found that her surgeon attributed the condition to work without…
P.S. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Bedford Park
Board dismisses withdrawn postal worker appeal (ECAB 23-0805)
A postal worker appealed an April 26, 2023 OWCP decision. Her attorney later asked to withdraw the appeal. The Board granted the request and dismissed the case without deciding the underlying compensation issue.
J.W. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Richford
Board affirms denial of continuation of pay for late injury notice (ECAB 23-0685)
A postal clerk stenographer fractured her right foot or ankle after tripping over a stool at work. OWCP accepted the injury but denied continuation of pay because she filed her injury claim on March 3, 2023, more than 30 days after the January 19 incident. The Board affirmed because FECA requires…
D.M. and Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Prisons, United States Penitentiary McCreary
Board affirms denial of prison officer's disability recurrence claim (ECAB 23-0431)
A federal correctional officer sought wage loss benefits years after he fell during a work training exercise. OWCP had accepted several sprains and a chest wall contusion from the 2017 fall. The Board found that a chiropractor's reports did not establish that his later disability arose from a…
S.M. and Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Air Route Traffic Control Center
Board affirms continuation of pay denial after late COVID-19 claim (ECAB 23-0376)
An FAA air traffic control specialist sought continuation of pay after contracting COVID-19 at work. He told his manager about the diagnosis in May 2022, but the manager mistakenly filed an OSHA injury form instead of the required FECA Form CA-1. The worker filed Form CA-1 on June 22, more than 30…
L.A. and Department of Veterans Affairs, Carl T. Hayden VA Medical Center
Board returns VA psychiatrist's stress claim for medical review (ECAB 23-0167)
A VA psychiatrist sought compensation for a stress-related condition after hearing a threatening voicemail left by one of her patients on her office telephone. OWCP denied the claim because she heard the message at home while on leave and it found no compensable work factor. The Board held that…
G.F. and Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Customs and Border Protection, El Paso
Board returns border officer's foot injury claim for causation review (ECAB 22-1211)
A Customs and Border Protection employee reported a left foot injury after falling during a 2018 training exercise. OWCP accepted the incident but denied the claim because it found no diagnosis from a qualified physician. The Board found that a family medicine physician had diagnosed left foot…
C.C. and Department of Veterans Affairs, Clement J. Zablocki VA Medical Center
Board affirms VA worker's wage loss and hearing denials (ECAB 22-1063)
A VA safety technician sought wage loss compensation after a door mechanism fell and struck her head at work. OWCP accepted a head injury but denied compensation for work absence beginning September 12, 2021. The Board found that her physicians documented symptoms and work restrictions without…
Town of Amherst, Massachusetts
In re Town of Amherst, Massachusetts (EAB NPDES Appeal No. 23-05): petition dismissed as moot
The Town of Amherst, Massachusetts, challenged an NPDES permit provision governing E. coli effluent limits and monitoring during March. The town argued that EPA Region 1 had not provided notice and an opportunity to comment on those requirements. Region 1 withdrew the contested provision and said…
Printz v. STS Aviation Group
AIR21 employer and causation findings vacated
Mark Printz maintained Frontier aircraft as an employee of STS Aviation and reported several aircraft-safety concerns two days before STS fired him. An administrative judge found that Frontier was not his AIR21 employer and that his protected activity did not contribute to the termination. The…
L.B. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Fremont, CA
L.B. and U.S. Postal Service (ECAB 23-0961): Achilles claim returned for specialist review
A Postal Service letter carrier attributed left heel and Achilles conditions to years of walking his route while carrying a mail satchel. OWCP denied the claim for lack of medical proof linking the conditions to work. The Board found that his physician’s explanation of how the work could cause or…
D.T. and Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Medical Center, Seattle, WA
Board orders a reasoned decision on nurse's reconsideration request (ECAB 23-0951)
A VA nurse sought compensation for time away from work after a right wrist injury sustained while repositioning a patient. OWCP denied compensation for the disputed period because it found that an offered light-duty assignment met her restrictions. The nurse later requested reconsideration and…
C.D. and Department of Homeland Security, Transportation Security Administration, Newark
Board affirms denial of TSA officer's occupational disease claim (ECAB 23-0841)
A TSA officer attributed knee, hip, ankle, foot, and back conditions to lifting luggage and other physical screening duties. OWCP accepted the work factors but denied the claim for lack of a sufficient medical link. The Board found that her physicians did not explain how the specific duties caused…
J.T. and Department of the Air Force, Hill Air Force Base
Board orders fact finding on Air Force worker's parking lot injury (ECAB 23-0418)
An Air Force quality assurance specialist twisted his knee after kicking a rock while walking between work buildings near a parking lot. OWCP accepted that the incident and a diagnosed knee condition existed but denied the claim because it found he was outside the performance of duty. The Board…
M.M. and U.S. Postal Service, Camellia Post Office, West Sacramento
Board returns postal clerk's stress claim for medical and pay review (ECAB 23-0009)
A postal clerk attributed anxiety and worsening migraines to understaffing, equipment failures, management conduct, and a claimed pay error. OWCP had found no compensable employment factor. The Board found that corroborated overwork and management's failure to address requests for help were…
K.T. and U.S. Postal Service, Processing and Distribution Center, Little Rock
Board upholds modified denial of postal mechanic's disability recurrence (ECAB 21-1166)
A postal building equipment mechanic sought wage loss benefits after a 2004 fall caused accepted physical and psychiatric conditions. An earlier Board decision had already denied benefits for a later disciplinary suspension but required OWCP to check whether his modified job remained available…
Donghee Alabama, LLC
Machine-safety violations affirmed, one instance reclassified
Donghee manufactured automotive fuel tanks at an Auburn, Alabama facility using blow-molding and testing machines. A production manager entered an operating blow-mold machine and suffered a broken foot, while light curtains and laser scanners on four other machines were not functioning. The judge…
American Federation of Government Employees, Local 2031 and United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Cincinnati VA Medical Center
AFGE Local 2031 and Cincinnati VA Medical Center (FLRA 0-NG-3665): Authority orders bargaining over sharps-container duties
AFGE Local 2031 proposed that Cincinnati VA Medical Center bargaining-unit employees deliver and remove used-needle containers outside a designated staging area, while contractors would be limited to staging-area pickup and delivery and could not direct or discipline employees. The agency's written…
American Federation of Government Employees, Local 2369 and Social Security Administration
AFGE Local 2369 and Social Security Administration (FLRA 0-AR-5919): Authority upholds part-time credit-hour limit
A part-time Social Security employee requested four-and-a-half credit hours on a Saturday outside her regular Monday-through-Thursday tour, but the agency allowed only three. An arbitrator applied a specific contract rule limiting part-time employees to three credit hours on nontour days rather…
What these documents are
- The agencies: Federal workers' compensation appeals from the Department of Labor's Employees' Compensation Appeals Board (ECAB), federal-sector labor-relations cases from the Federal Labor Relations Authority (FLRA), mine-safety cases from the Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission (FMSHRC), workplace-safety cases from the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (OSHRC), Longshore Act and Black Lung Benefits Act appeals from the Department of Labor's Benefits Review Board (BRB), precedent decisions of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA), environmental permit and penalty appeals from the EPA's Environmental Appeals Board (EAB), and whistleblower and other labor appeals from the Department of Labor's Administrative Review Board (ARB). Each decision page names its agency.
- Commission, Board and Authority decisions: Rulings by the agency's highest review level (the Commission at OSHRC and FMSHRC, the Authority at FLRA, the Board of Immigration Appeals, the Administrative Review Board at Labor, and the Environmental Appeals Board at EPA). These are citable as precedent, though a decision may have been appealed to a U.S. Court of Appeals after issuance.
- ALJ decisions: Rulings by the agency's Administrative Law Judges after a hearing. When no Commissioner directs review, an ALJ decision becomes a final order that binds the parties in that case but is not binding precedent: under 29 U.S.C. § 661(j) at OSHRC, and after the 40-day window of 30 U.S.C. § 823(d)(1) at FMSHRC.
- Why finality matters: Every page here says which kind of decision you are reading, so you know whether it is precedent you can cite or a final order that only shows how one judge ruled on one set of facts.
- Where they come from: Every page links the official public release from the deciding agency, and the full text on the page is that release. The plain-English summaries are written by Ezel.