Federal Agency Decisions

Workplace-safety cases from the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (OSHRC), mine-safety cases from the Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission (FMSHRC), and environmental appeals from the EPA's Environmental Appeals Board, each with a plain-English summary, the standards it cites, and whether it counts as precedent. More agencies are coming.

16,281 decisions and counting · Latest decision September 10, 2026
16,281 decisions

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COMM

Leckner v. General Dynamics Information

Technology, Inc. (DOL ARB 2020-0028): software-project retaliation claims dismissed

Software developer Erik Leckner worked through Apex Systems on an EPA portal project run by General Dynamics Information Technology's predecessor. He alleged retaliation after raising concerns about source-code access, cybersecurity risk, project transition, and waste of federal funds. The Board…

October 22, 2020
Citations affirmed
ALJ

Secretary of Labor v. Consol Pennsylvania Coal Co., LLC

Hoist-rope safeguards and citations vacated

Consol Pennsylvania Coal operated the Bailey Mine, where MSHA issued safeguards concerning wear and damage to a slope hoist rope and materials along the slope track. Judge John Kent Lewis found that the hoist-rope hazard was already addressed by mandatory wire-rope standards, making one safeguard…

October 21, 2020 ·John Kent Lewis ·FMSHRC
Citations vacated
COMM

Del Signore v. Nokia

Administrative case dismissed after removal to district court

The Board ordered the parties to explain why Kenneth Del Signore's case should not be dismissed after he removed the matter to federal district court, which ended the Board's jurisdiction. The order gave the parties 28 days and warned that the complaint would otherwise be dismissed without further…

October 21, 2020
Procedural
COMM

Secretary of Labor v. Marion County Coal Company

Misdirected contest reopened

Marion County Coal sought to reopen a penalty assessment after mailing an amended contest notice with its penalty payment to MSHA's St. Louis payment office. The operator promptly sent the notice to the Civil Penalty Compliance Office after learning that the St. Louis office had not accepted it…

October 20, 2020 ·FMSHRC
Remanded
COMM

Secretary of Labor v. Raw Coal Mining Co., Inc.

Late contests reopened

Raw Coal Mining sought to reopen two penalty assessments after its representative learned that contests mailed together by regular mail had not been recorded. The representative discovered the problem through a routine database search and filed the motions one week after the assessments became…

October 20, 2020 ·FMSHRC
Remanded
COMM

Secretary of Labor v. Victory Rock Texas, LLC

Confused contest reopened

Victory Rock Texas sought to reopen a penalty assessment after believing that it had successfully contested the citation. The operator said it later paid the penalty by mistake because it thought the amount belonged to another case. It supplied completed contest and remittance forms but no proof…

October 20, 2020 ·FMSHRC
Remanded
COMM

Secretary of Labor v. Warrior Met Coal Mining, LLC

Misrouted contests reopened

Warrior Met Coal Mining sought to reopen two penalty assessments after sending its contest notices to MSHA's St. Louis office instead of the Civil Penalty Compliance Office. The operator moved to reopen less than a month after MSHA sent delinquency notices. The Secretary did not oppose the requests…

October 20, 2020 ·FMSHRC
Remanded
COMM

Secretary of Labor v. American Sand Co. LLC

Address typo prevented default

American Sand appeared to default after it did not answer an ALJ show-cause order. The operator said it never received the order because the service address contained a typographical error, and the record had no proof of delivery. The Commission found that the unserved order did not create a final…

October 20, 2020 ·FMSHRC
Remanded
ALJ

Secretary of Labor v. Peabody Southeast Mining, LLC

Three serious violations affirmed

Peabody operated the underground Shoal Creek Mine, where MSHA cited combustible accumulations in two belt areas and an alternate escapeway obstructed by holes, muck, and water. Judge Jacqueline Bulluck found that the belt conditions created fire and smoke hazards and that the escapeway could not…

October 20, 2020 ·Jacqueline R. Bulluck ·FMSHRC
Citations affirmed
COMM

Secretary of Labor v. Marfork Coal Company, LLC

Medical absence excused

Marfork Coal sought to reopen three penalty assessments after the employee responsible for contest notices unexpectedly missed work because of a medical issue. She discovered the missed deadlines when she returned and contacted counsel. The company filed its reopening motions within 30 days, and…

October 19, 2020 ·FMSHRC
Remanded
COMM

Secretary of Labor v. Meadows Stone & Paving, Inc.

Misaddressed contest excused

Meadows Stone asked the Commission to reopen a penalty assessment that became final after MSHA did not receive its contest. The company said it mailed the contest on time, but the Secretary's records showed it went with the penalty check to MSHA's St. Louis payment address instead of the Civil…

October 19, 2020 ·FMSHRC
Remanded
COMM

Secretary of Labor v. Mettiki Coal WV, LLC

Internal routing mistake excused

Mettiki Coal sought to reopen a penalty assessment after its new safety director sent the contest notice to the parent company instead of filing it with MSHA. The director assumed the parent company would forward the notice and did not know that it needed authorization to act for Mettiki. He…

October 19, 2020 ·FMSHRC
Remanded
COMM

Secretary of Labor v. Mountain Coal Company, LLC

Reopening motion withdrawn

Mountain Coal filed a motion asking the Commission to reopen this case. The company later asked to withdraw that motion. The Commission granted the withdrawal request and dismissed the case. The short official release does not identify the underlying assessment, any cited safety standard, or the…

October 19, 2020 ·FMSHRC
Procedural
COMM

Secretary of Labor v. Milestone Materials Division of Mathy Construction

Late answer excused

Milestone Materials asked the Commission to reopen a penalty case after a show-cause order became a default order. Its attorney filed the answer one day late after returning from two weeks away from the office, and the Secretary did not oppose reopening. The Commission treated the internal delay as…

October 19, 2020 ·FMSHRC
Remanded
COMM

Secretary of Labor v. Mid-Illinois Quarry, LLC

Apparently mailed contest reopened

Mid-Illinois Quarry sought to reopen a penalty assessment after MSHA did not receive a contest notice that the operator said it had mailed on time. MSHA processed the uncontested payment sent from the same assessment a few days later, although the operator had no proof of mailing for the contest…

October 19, 2020 ·FMSHRC
Remanded
ALJ

New River Electrical Corporation

Electrical deenergizing and grounding items affirmed

New River Electrical used multiple crews to replace underground distribution cable during a planned outage at a residential subdivision. After part of the system was reenergized, a crew moved cable at a transformer without proper testing, tagging, and grounding, which energized new cable being…

October 15, 2020 ·Christopher D. Helms ·OSHRC
Citations affirmed
COMM

Secretary of Labor v. American Rock Salt Company

Unopposed reopening granted

American Rock Salt asked the Commission to reopen a penalty assessment that had become a final order. The Secretary did not oppose the request. The short release does not state why the company missed the contest deadline or identify any cited safety standard. The Commission reopened the matter…

October 14, 2020 ·FMSHRC
Remanded
COMM

Secretary of Labor v. Barrick Cortez, Inc.

Unopposed reopening granted

Barrick Cortez asked the Commission to reopen a penalty assessment that had become a final order. The Secretary did not oppose the request. The short release does not state why the company missed the contest deadline or identify any cited safety standard. The Commission reopened the matter…

October 14, 2020 ·FMSHRC
Remanded
COMM

Secretary of Labor v. Ames Construction, Inc.

Prompt reopening request granted

Ames Construction asked the Commission to reopen a penalty proceeding after a show-cause order became a default order. Ames said it never received the show-cause order and filed its reopening request six days after the answer deadline. The Secretary did not oppose reopening but asked the company to…

October 14, 2020 ·FMSHRC
Remanded
COMM

Secretary of Labor v. A-Positive Electric Co., Inc.

Returned response excused

A-Positive Electric asked the Commission to reopen a penalty proceeding after a show-cause order became a default order. The company said it responded to the show-cause order, but the response was returned because it was sent to an incorrect address. The Secretary did not oppose reopening but asked…

October 14, 2020 ·FMSHRC
Remanded
COMM

Secretary of Labor v. Arcelormittal Minorca Mine, Inc.

Unopposed reopening granted

Arcelormittal Minorca Mine asked the Commission to reopen a penalty assessment that had become a final order. The Secretary did not oppose the request. The short release does not state why the company missed the contest deadline or identify any cited safety standard. The Commission reopened the…

October 14, 2020 ·FMSHRC
Remanded
COMM

Secretary of Labor v. Bedrock Quarry, LLC

Unopposed reopening granted

Bedrock Quarry asked the Commission to reopen a penalty assessment that had become a final order. The Secretary did not oppose the request. The short release does not state why the company missed the contest deadline or identify any cited safety standard. The Commission reopened the matter…

October 14, 2020 ·FMSHRC
Remanded
COMM

PetSmart, Inc.

Hearing ordered on whether citation service was proper

OSHA cited a PetSmart store for an allegedly ineffective rodent-extermination program and proposed a $5,432 penalty. The citation was sent by certified mail to the inspected Florida store, where an unidentified person signed for it, even though PetSmart's safety manager had earlier asked OSHA to…

October 13, 2020 ·OSHRC
Remanded
ALJ

D.R.T.G. Builders, LLC

Late contest dismissed for lack of excusable neglect

OSHA issued D.R.T.G. Builders a two-item serious citation with a proposed $10,608 penalty after inspecting a Houston worksite. Certified mail was unclaimed, so OSHA sent the citation by UPS to the same supplied business address, where it was delivered to the front door. D.R.T.G. later learned of…

October 13, 2020 ·Patrick B. Augustine ·OSHRC
Procedural
COMM

LaQuey v. UnitedHealth Group, Inc.

Software-process concerns not protected under Sarbanes-Oxley

UnitedHealth senior IT analyst Michael LaQuey alleged retaliation after he advocated stronger process management for one software project and warned against putting untested code into another. The Board held that he did not show a subjective and objectively reasonable belief that either concern…

October 9, 2020
Citations affirmed
COMM

Matter of Bernardita Maria VOSS

Matter of Voss (BIA ID 3997): a conviction previously resolved through cancellation cannot alone support a later removability charge

The Board reviewed a Costa Rican lawful permanent resident’s appeal after an Immigration Judge found her removable based on a controlled-substance conviction and ordered removal. The Board held that when a conviction was charged as a ground of removability or was known to the Immigration Judge when…

October 8, 2020
Procedural
COMM

Secretary of Labor v. Rockwell Mining, LLC

Vacation backlog excused

Rockwell Mining sought to reopen two penalty assessments after its safety manager returned from vacation to a work backlog. He forwarded the contest forms during the first week of November, but MSHA received them six days after the assessments became final. The Secretary did not oppose reopening…

October 7, 2020 ·FMSHRC
Remanded
COMM

Brown v. Norfolk Southern Railway Co.

Employee withdraws appeal

An ALJ denied Justin Brown's complaint against Norfolk Southern Railway on August 31, 2020. Brown's counsel later told the Board that Brown no longer wished to pursue an appeal and asked that it be dismissed. The Board granted that request and dismissed the case without reviewing the merits.

October 7, 2020
Procedural
COMM

Electrolux Home Products, Inc., Charlotte, North Carolina

In re Electrolux Home Products, Inc. (EAB FIFRA Appeal No. 20-01C): $6,991,400 penalty imposed under settlement

Electrolux Home Products, Inc. imported about 420,000 dehumidifiers and air conditioners containing nanosilver filters that were marketed with antibacterial or antimicrobial claims. The order states that the products were pesticides under FIFRA, required EPA registration before importation, and…

October 6, 2020 ·EPA EAB
Settled
COMM

Nieman v. Southeastern Grocers, LLC

H-1B retaliation claim fails for lack of employer knowledge

Southeastern Grocers claims manager Jason Nieman secretly complained to the Labor Department about the company's H-1B employment practices and asked the agency to keep his identity confidential. The company began considering his termination on June 23, 2017, before Nieman identified himself as the…

October 5, 2020
Citations affirmed
ALJ

NDC Construction Company

General contractor liable for subcontractor fall hazards

NDC Construction managed a large apartment project where framing and siding subcontractor employees worked on roofs and third-story balconies without fall protection. OSHA cited four instances involving falls ranging from more than six feet to more than 30 feet. The judge found NDC was a…

October 5, 2020 ·Dennis L. Phillips ·OSHRC
Citations affirmed
COMM

Secretary of Labor v. Bee B&B, LLC

, et al. (FMSHRC VA 2018-0142, KENT 2018-0276, KENT 2018-0327, KENT 2018-0334): Reopening conditioned on representation proof

A Blackjewel representative filed motions to reopen four defaulted penalty cases involving Bee B&B, Reliant Contracting, and Pasco Services. The filings did not explain his relationship to those operators or establish his authority to represent them. The Secretary did not oppose reopening, and the…

October 2, 2020 ·FMSHRC
Procedural
COMM

Secretary of Labor v. Blackjewel, LLC

Employee departure excused

Blackjewel sought to reopen a group of penalty cases that defaulted after it failed to answer penalty petitions and show-cause orders. The company said the failures occurred after an employee abruptly left. Its representative learned of the defaults while working on a broader settlement and filed…

October 2, 2020 ·FMSHRC
Remanded
COMM

Secretary of Labor v. Stony Creek Quarry Corp.

Unopposed reopening granted

Stony Creek Quarry asked the Commission to reopen a penalty assessment that had become a final order. The Secretary did not oppose the request. The short release does not state why the company missed the contest deadline or identify any cited safety standard. The Commission reopened the matter…

September 30, 2020 ·FMSHRC
Remanded
COMM

Secretary of Labor v. Teck Alaska, Inc.

Remote-delivery mistake excused

Teck Alaska sought to reopen a penalty assessment that became final before it reached the mine site. With the employee who normally routed assessments on leave, a summer intern placed the unopened envelope in a cargo basket. Regional weather and limited flights delayed delivery to the remote mine…

September 30, 2020 ·FMSHRC
Remanded
COMM

Arizona Public Service Co.

In re Arizona Public Service Co. (EAB NPDES Appeal No. 19-06): NPDES permit review denied

Petitioners challenged EPA Region 9's renewal of Arizona Public Service Company's NPDES permit for the Four Corners steam electric power plant on the Navajo Nation. Their claims concerned Morgan Lake's treatment-system exclusion from the definition of waters of the United States, bottom-ash…

September 30, 2020 ·EPA EAB
Citations affirmed
COMM

Secretary of Labor v. Aggregate Sand & Gravel, Inc.

Misaddressed contest excused

Aggregate Sand & Gravel sought to reopen a penalty assessment after mailing its contest to the same address used for payment of uncontested penalties. The assessment instructions directed contests to Arlington, Virginia, and payments to St. Louis, Missouri. The Secretary did not oppose reopening…

September 30, 2020 ·FMSHRC
Remanded
COMM

Brown v. Detroit Public Schools

Employee withdraws appeal of drinking-water retaliation award

Katrina Brown alleged that Detroit Public Schools retaliated against her for reporting unsafe conditions and inadequate drinking water. After a hearing, an ALJ ruled for Brown and awarded damages, litigation costs, and fees. Brown petitioned the Board for review but later moved to withdraw her…

September 30, 2020
Procedural
COMM

Administrator, Wage and Hour Div. v. MESA Mail Service, LLC

Administrator, Wage and Hour Division v. Mesa Mail Service, LLC (DOL ARB 2017-0071): $213,965 back-wage award and debarment affirmed

Mesa Mail Service used truck drivers to move mail under Postal Service contracts. Instead of recording actual work time, the company generally paid the hours allotted in each postal contract and relied on drivers to request additional pay. The Board held that this honor system violated the Service…

September 30, 2020
Citations affirmed
ALJ

Rieber Contracting, Inc.

Late contest dismissed because mail neglect was not excusable

Rieber Contracting, a commercial construction contractor, received a serious citation under 29 C.F.R. § 1926.416(a)(1) with a proposed $9,282 penalty. The citation was delivered by certified mail to the company's address, but its mail practice was to leave documents in a mixed household and…

September 30, 2020 ·Patrick B. Augustine ·OSHRC
Procedural
COMM

Healy Tibbitts Builders, Inc.

Suspended-load standard preempted general duty citation

Healy Tibbitts performed marine construction for the Navy in Pearl Harbor using a crane mounted on one barge and employees working from an adjacent barge. A 12,000-pound suspended buoy separated from its capture plate, the backup sling broke, and the buoy traveled down the riser chain, killing two…

September 30, 2020 ·OSHRC
Citations vacated
ALJ

Secretary of Labor v. Consol Pennsylvania Coal Co., LLC

Two hoist safeguards vacated

MSHA issued two mine-specific safeguards concerning wear on a slope-hoist rope and supplies or debris beside the slope track at Consol's Bailey Mine. Judge John Kent Lewis found the first safeguard invalid because existing wire-rope standards already addressed the alleged hazard, and he also found…

September 29, 2020 ·John Kent Lewis ·FMSHRC
Citations vacated
COMM

Ronnie v. Office Depot, Inc.

Sales-data discrepancy not protected under Sarbanes-Oxley

Office Depot financial analyst Christian Ronnie reported a discrepancy between two sets of internal sales data. The company asked him to identify the cause, but he repeatedly recommended ignoring one data set and could not explain the discrepancy. After a final warning, Office Depot terminated him…

September 29, 2020
Citations affirmed
COMM

Kreb v. Jackson Jet Center

Pilot's flight-risk concerns not protected under AIR21

Medical transport pilot Robert Kreb raised fatigue, duty-time, unfamiliar-airport, and nighttime terrain concerns about a repositioning assignment. The flight was canceled before departure, and Jackson Jet Center terminated him the next afternoon. The ALJ found that the reported risks were not…

September 28, 2020
Citations affirmed
COMM

Toyota Motor North America, Inc.

In re Toyota Motor North America, Inc. (EAB TSCA Appeal No. 20-04C): $273,888 penalty imposed for unlisted chemical use

Toyota Motor North America, Inc. used a chemical pigment for commercial purposes on nine days even though it had reason to know the chemical was not on the confidential TSCA Inventory and was not subject to an exemption. The use violated TSCA section 15(2), which prohibits commercial use of a…

September 25, 2020 ·EPA EAB
Settled
ALJ

Secretary of Labor v. Nugent Sand Company

Mine operator liable for utility equipment

Nugent Sand operated a Kentucky sand and gravel plant where one lightning arrestor protecting mine powerlines was inoperable. The arrestor and related high-voltage equipment belonged to Owen Electric Cooperative, which did not allow Nugent Sand to inspect or repair them. Judge Thomas McCarthy held…

September 25, 2020 ·Thomas P. McCarthy ·FMSHRC
Citations affirmed
COMM

Matter of J-G-T-

Expert testimony must be evaluated for relevance, reliability, and weight

The Board reviewed the Department of Homeland Security's appeal from an Immigration Judge's grant of asylum to a Mexican respondent who feared persecution connected to his activities in Iran. The Board held that an Immigration Judge assessing expert testimony should consider whether it is relevant…

September 25, 2020
Remanded
COMM

Arch-Tech Construction

Default dismissal remanded for reconsideration during the pandemic

OSHA issued Arch-Tech Construction a two-item serious citation with proposed penalties totaling $7,956. An administrative law judge declared the company in default after it repeatedly missed telephone conferences, failed to answer the complaint, and did not respond to a show-cause order. In its…

September 25, 2020 ·OSHRC
Remanded
COMM

Dover High Performance Plastics, Inc.

Machine-guarding citation narrowed to lathes and reduced to serious

Dover fabricated plastic parts on five computer-controlled lathes and two mills with their access doors open or removed. OSHA cited the company willfully under 29 C.F.R. § 1910.212(a)(1) and proposed a total $49,000 penalty for inadequate machine guarding. The Commission found exposure established…

September 25, 2020 ·OSHRC
Modified
COMM

Secretary of Labor v. Nevada Gold Mines, LLC

Reopening motions withdrawn

Nevada Gold Mines had filed motions asking the Commission to reopen two final penalty assessments. The company later told the Commission that it no longer wished to pursue those requests. The Commission granted both withdrawal motions and dismissed the consolidated matter. The short release does…

September 24, 2020 ·FMSHRC
Procedural
COMM

Matter of A-C-A-A-

The Board must meaningfully review every asylum element

The Attorney General reviewed the Board's brief affirmance of an Immigration Judge's grant of asylum to a Salvadoran respondent who reported past abuse by her parents and feared future harm. The Attorney General held that the Board must review de novo whether the facts satisfy every statutory…

September 24, 2020
Remanded
COMM

Simpson v. Equity Transportation Co., Inc.

$6,612.90 in attorney's fees awarded

James Simpson prevailed on his claim that Equity Transportation fired him for refusing to drive a vehicle with defective brakes. After the Board affirmed the ALJ's liability decision, Simpson's attorney requested fees and costs. The Board found the documented hours reasonable and the requested…

September 24, 2020
Procedural
COMM

Perez v. BNSF Railway Co.

Rail investigation ruling and damages vacated for reconsideration

BNSF machinist Johnny Perez reported a leg injury in 2010 and later attributed a back condition to the same incident when seeking leave for surgery in 2012. BNSF investigated whether he reported the back injury late and was dishonest about a conversation with a claims manager, but ultimately…

September 24, 2020
Remanded
COMM

McCarty v. Union Pacific Railroad Co.

Medical fitness restriction falls within FRSA safe harbor

Union Pacific signal technician David McCarty took medical leave and was prescribed Klonopin to treat anxiety and panic symptoms. His psychiatrist believed he could safely return to full duty, but the railroad's fitness policy barred employees taking benzodiazepines from safety-critical…

September 23, 2020
Citations affirmed
COMM

Sandra Lee Bart

H-2A debarment affirmed after fraud conviction

The Wage and Hour Division barred Sandra Lee Bart from the H-2A temporary agricultural worker program for three years after she was convicted of conspiracy to commit fraud involving the program. The Board held that the ALJ did not abuse his discretion by refusing to pause the debarment case while…

September 22, 2020
Citations affirmed
COMM

Elliott v. Tennessee Valley Authority

Nuclear plant whistleblower complaint denied

Tennessee Valley Authority terminated maintenance specialist Perry Elliott after his third driving-under-the-influence arrest led to revocation of the unescorted-access clearance required for his nuclear plant job. Elliott alleged that TVA acted because he had reported being told to cover up…

September 22, 2020
Citations affirmed
COMM

Portis v. Ruan Transportation

Food-safety retaliation complaint dismissed as late

Truck driver Don Portis alleged that Ruan Transportation fired him for reporting unsafe loading and unsanitary workplace conditions. He filed with OSHA nearly four years after his discharge, although the Food Safety Modernization Act provides 180 days. The Board held that Atlas Logistics Warehouse…

September 22, 2020
Procedural
COMM

Wayne Farms, LLC

Machine-guarding citation vacated because the reach-in was not predictable

An operator at Wayne Farms' poultry processing facility sustained serious arm and hand injuries after lifting a breading machine's grate and reaching about 24 inches into its hopper while internal paddles were operating. OSHA cited the company under 29 C.F.R. § 1910.212(a)(1) and proposed an…

September 22, 2020 ·OSHRC
Citations vacated
COMM

Keenan, Hopkins, Suder and Stowell Contractors, Inc., dba KHS&S Contractors

Case dismissed after full settlement

KHS&S Contractors was cited after an employee fell through a covered opening while performing framing and drywall work at a construction site. The citations alleged inadequate jobsite inspections, scaffold and aerial-lift training, and fall-hazard training under three construction standards. An…

September 21, 2020 ·OSHRC
Settled
COMM

Aerospace Testing Alliance

Guarding citation vacated because circumvention was not predictable

An experienced Aerospace Testing Alliance sheet-metal worker crushed the tip of a finger after removing a glove and intentionally placing the finger beneath a guarded hold-down piston on a power shear. OSHA cited the company under 29 C.F.R. § 1910.212(a)(1) and proposed a $6,300 penalty, which the…

September 21, 2020 ·OSHRC
Citations vacated

What these documents are

  • The agencies: Workplace-safety cases from the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (OSHRC), mine-safety cases from the Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission (FMSHRC), and environmental permit and penalty appeals from the EPA's Environmental Appeals Board (EAB). Each decision page names its agency.
  • Commission and Board decisions: Rulings by the agency's highest review level (the Commission at OSHRC and FMSHRC, the Environmental Appeals Board at EPA). These are citable as precedent, though a decision may have been appealed to a U.S. Court of Appeals after issuance.
  • ALJ decisions: Rulings by the agency's Administrative Law Judges after a hearing. When no Commissioner directs review, an ALJ decision becomes a final order that binds the parties in that case but is not binding precedent: under 29 U.S.C. § 661(j) at OSHRC, and after the 40-day window of 30 U.S.C. § 823(d)(1) at FMSHRC.
  • Why finality matters: Every page here says which kind of decision you are reading, so you know whether it is precedent you can cite or a final order that only shows how one judge ruled on one set of facts.
  • Where they come from: Every page links the official public release from the deciding agency, and the full text on the page is that release. The plain-English summaries are written by Ezel.