Federal Agency Decisions

Workplace-safety cases from the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (OSHRC), mine-safety cases from the Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission (FMSHRC), and environmental appeals from the EPA's Environmental Appeals Board, each with a plain-English summary, the standards it cites, and whether it counts as precedent. More agencies are coming.

16,281 decisions and counting · Latest decision September 10, 2026
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COMM

Matter of Michael Alexander NELSON

Departure does not restart the cancellation clock

The Board reviewed a Jamaican lawful permanent resident's appeal from the denial of his application for cancellation of removal. The Board held that an offense that stops the accrual of the required period of continuous residence cannot be followed by a departure and return that restarts the…

February 17, 2011
Citations affirmed
ALJ

Dickenson-Russell Coal Co., LLC

Imminent-danger roof order affirmed, penalty reduced

Dickenson-Russell operated the underground Cherokee Mine, where an MSHA inspector saw the roof cracking and a large slab of rock easing down above a track used by miners. The judge affirmed the imminent-danger withdrawal order because the deteriorating roof could have caused serious injury before…

February 16, 2011 ·Michael E. Zielinski ·FMSHRC
Modified
COMM

Left Fork Mining Company, Inc.

Assessment reopened to submit settlement

Left Fork Mining asked the Commission to reopen a final penalty assessment. The Secretary initially opposed the request but withdrew that opposition after Left Fork and MSHA agreed on settlement terms. The Secretary asked for reopening solely so the parties could submit their settlement for…

February 16, 2011 ·FMSHRC
Remanded
COMM

Kevin Baird v. PCS Phosphate Company, Inc.

Stay of temporary reinstatement denied

PCS Phosphate asked the Commission to stay its decision restoring miner Kevin Baird's economic reinstatement while the company appealed to the Fourth Circuit. The Commission majority found that PCS had not shown a substantial likelihood of success or irreparable harm because temporary reinstatement…

February 15, 2011 ·FMSHRC
Procedural
ALJ

Essroc Cement Corporation

Three citations upheld, four vacated

MSHA issued seven citations at Essroc's Indiana cement plant and proposed $16,021 in penalties for conditions involving explosives storage, openings, hydraulic fluid, electrical equipment, housekeeping, handrails, and machine guarding. The judge upheld the combustible-material citation at low…

February 15, 2011 ·Richard W. Manning ·FMSHRC
Mixed result
COMM

Pike Electric, Inc.

Settlement approved as final order

After the Secretary petitioned for review of the administrative law judge's disposition and the Commission directed the case for review, the parties signed a settlement agreement. The Commission reviewed and approved the agreement under Commission Rule 100. The short final order does not describe…

February 14, 2011 ·OSHRC
Procedural
COMM

Shell Gulf of Mexico, Inc. and Shell Offshore, Inc.

In re Shell Gulf of Mexico, Inc. and Shell Offshore, Inc. (EAB OCS Appeal Nos. 10-01 through 10-04): remand reconsideration denied and clarified

Shell Gulf of Mexico, Inc. and Shell Offshore, Inc. sought reconsideration or clarification of an earlier order remanding their OCS PSD permits for the Frontier Discoverer drillship and associated vessels. The Environmental Appeals Board denied Shell's request to reconsider the definition of when…

February 10, 2011 ·EPA EAB
Procedural
COMM

Signal Peak Energy LLC

Final assessment reopened and remanded

Signal Peak Energy asked the Commission to reopen a penalty assessment that had become final after the company did not contest it within 30 days. The Secretary did not oppose reopening, and Signal Peak later requested expedited consideration. After reviewing the circumstances, the Commission…

February 9, 2011 ·FMSHRC
Remanded
COMM

Powertech (USA) Inc.

In re Powertech (USA) Inc. (EAB UIC Appeal Nos. 11-01 and 11-02): petitions dismissed as moot

EPA Region 8 issued an Underground Injection Control permit to Powertech (USA) Inc. Coloradoans Against Resource Destruction and James B. Woodward petitioned the Environmental Appeals Board to review the permit. Before the Board ruled on the petitions, Region 8 withdrew the permit and said it…

February 9, 2011 ·EPA EAB
Procedural
ALJ

Centre Crown Mining, LLC

Sixty citations resolved for $37,069

The case resolved 60 citations issued at Centre Crown's underground Crown III Mine, including hazards involving conveyor belts, ventilation controls, parking brakes, roof support, and the mine's approved plans. The judge approved a settlement of 44 citations for $14,641 and decided 16 more after a…

February 9, 2011 ·Priscilla M. Rae ·FMSHRC
Modified
ALJ

ICG Knott County, LLC

Water-inundation violations affirmed and modified

ICG cut from an active section into a bleeder area without drilling boreholes or conducting a preshift examination, allowing pooled water to enter the Calvary Mine's working section. The judge affirmed that violation as S&S and an unwarrantable failure, assessed ICG $35,000, and held superintendent…

February 9, 2011 ·Michael E. Zielinski ·FMSHRC
Modified
COMM

US Pagoda, Inc.

Post-retirement decision remanded for further action

OSHA inspected US Pagoda, Inc.'s construction work site and issued a citation and proposed penalty. The employer filed its notice of contest more than ten weeks after the statutory deadline, and former Chief Administrative Law Judge Irving Sommer denied relief and affirmed the citation. The…

February 8, 2011 ·OSHRC
Remanded
COMM

North American Dismantling Corp.

The deciding judge had already retired when his decision issued, so the Commission remands

The company and the work. North American Dismantling Corp. is a demolition contractor with its main office in Lapeer, Michigan. In September 2007 it owned and was demolishing a pulp mill in Berlin, New Hampshire. Part of the job was bringing down three large smokestacks, and the company hired Dykon…

February 8, 2011 ·OSHRC
Remanded
COMM

Coalfield Services, Inc.

Reopening denied without prejudice

Coalfield Services asked the Commission to reopen a final penalty assessment, stating only that a clerical error caused it to miss the contest deadline. The Secretary did not oppose reopening but urged the company to improve its procedures. The Commission found the explanation too conclusory and…

February 7, 2011 ·FMSHRC
Procedural
COMM

Nevada Ready-Mix Corporation

Final assessment reopened and remanded

Nevada Ready-Mix asked the Commission to reopen a penalty assessment that had become final after the company did not contest it within 30 days. The Secretary did not oppose the request. After reviewing the circumstances, the Commission reopened the assessment and remanded the matter to the Chief…

February 7, 2011 ·FMSHRC
Remanded
COMM

Harvey W. Buche Road Building, Inc.

Miscommunication supported reopening

Harvey W. Buche Road Building missed a penalty-contest deadline after its president and consultant each believed the other would submit the contest form. The Secretary opposed reopening, arguing that an unreliable internal process and an inadequately detailed explanation did not justify relief…

February 7, 2011 ·FMSHRC
Remanded
COMM

Fairbanks Gold Mining, Inc.

Final assessment reopened and remanded

Fairbanks Gold Mining asked the Commission to reopen a penalty assessment that had become final after the company did not contest it within 30 days. The Secretary did not oppose the request. After reviewing the circumstances, the Commission reopened the assessment and remanded the matter to the…

February 7, 2011 ·FMSHRC
Remanded
COMM

Oak Grove Resources LLC

Reopening denied pending fuller explanation

Oak Grove sought to reopen an assessment of nearly $125,000 covering 80 citations and orders, intending to contest 27 penalties totaling nearly $111,000. It blamed a miscommunication between counsel and its safety director and said a contest form went to MSHA's payment address, while the Secretary…

February 7, 2011 ·FMSHRC
Procedural
COMM

Oak Grove Resources LLC

Late renewed reopening motion denied

Oak Grove sought permission to file a renewed motion to reopen a final penalty assessment after the deadline set by the Commission. The Commission had denied its first request without prejudice and expressly required any renewed motion within 30 days. Oak Grove waited nearly 90 days. The Commission…

February 7, 2011 ·FMSHRC
Procedural
COMM

Detroit Salt Company, LLC

Second reopening request denied

Detroit Salt asked the Commission to reopen a final penalty assessment, saying it intended to contest one citation but may have omitted the contest form from documents sent with its payment. The company did not explain why the contest was late. The Secretary opposed reopening because an earlier…

February 7, 2011 ·FMSHRC
Procedural
COMM

Nally & Hamilton Enterprises, Inc.

Reopening denied without prejudice

Nally & Hamilton asked the Commission to reopen an assessment covering eight citations, saying clerical staff failed to route it and the employee who normally handled assessments was ill. The Secretary opposed reopening because the assessment was signed for, no backup employee had been assigned…

February 7, 2011 ·FMSHRC
Procedural
COMM

Iron Eagle Enterprises LLC

Final assessment reopened and remanded

Iron Eagle Enterprises asked the Commission to reopen a penalty assessment that had become final after the company did not contest it within 30 days. The Secretary did not oppose the request. After reviewing the circumstances, the Commission reopened the assessment and remanded the matter to the…

February 7, 2011 ·FMSHRC
Remanded
ALJ

Beckley Crane & Construction, Inc.

Tagline violation affirmed

A Beckley Crane crew moved and positioned a 13,000-to-14,000-pound powder-storage bin by crane without attaching a tagline, while a ground worker pushed and held a bin leg to align it over anchor bolts. The judge found that the suspended bin required guidance and steadying, so the tagline standard…

February 4, 2011 ·Thomas P. McCarthy ·FMSHRC
Citations affirmed
ALJ

Consolidation Coal Company

Accumulation and preshift citations vacated

MSHA cited Consol after an inspection of the Buchanan No. 1 Mine for combustible accumulations and an inadequate preshift examination, proposing $1,934 in penalties. The judge credited evidence that the section and equipment had been cleaned before coal production began and that the observed coal…

February 4, 2011 ·Jacqueline R. Bulluck ·FMSHRC
Citations vacated
ALJ

Jim Walter Resources, Inc.

Contractor fall citation affirmed with no operator negligence

An employee of contractor O & O Services fell 25 feet onto a concrete platform while working over an opening without fall protection at Jim Walter Resources' No. 4 Mine. The judge held that O & O violated the fall-protection standard and that JWR was strictly liable as the mine operator, even…

February 3, 2011 ·Gary Melick ·FMSHRC
Citations affirmed
COMM

Matter of Alla Adel ALYAZJI

The five-year removal period follows the admission supporting current presence

The Board reconsidered when the five-year period for a crime involving moral turpitude is measured for removability. It overruled part of Matter of Shanu and held that the relevant admission is the one by virtue of which the person was present in the United States when the crime was committed, not…

February 3, 2011
Other
COMM

City & County of Honolulu

In re City & County of Honolulu (EAB NPDES Appeal No. 09-01): petition dismissed with prejudice

The City and County of Honolulu sought review of NPDES permits for the Honouliuli and Sand Island wastewater treatment plants. Honolulu filed a notice withdrawing its petition for review while proceedings before the Environmental Appeals Board were temporarily stayed by the Ninth Circuit. After the…

February 2, 2011 ·EPA EAB
Procedural
COMM

United States General Services Administration, et al.

In re United States General Services Administration, et al. (EAB CAA Docket No. CAA-HQ-2011-0001): consent agreement approved

The United States General Services Administration, Goody Clancy and Associates, Inc., ATC Associates Inc., Suffolk Construction Company, Inc., and Fleet Industrial Services, LLC were respondents in a Clean Air Act penalty proceeding. The parties entered into a Consent Agreement. The Environmental…

February 2, 2011 ·EPA EAB
Settled
COMM

Lee Builders, Inc.

The judge decided the case under a standard the Secretary never cited, so the Commission remands

The inspection. OSHA inspected a Lee Builders jobsite at 600 McDonald Avenue in Albertville, Alabama, beginning April 22, 2010. An employee was working on a scaffold platform 13 feet 2 inches above the ground, drilling plywood onto the platform. He had no personal fall arrest system and there were…

February 2, 2011 ·OSHRC
Remanded
ALJ

Lehigh Southwest Cement Co.

Six violations upheld, six vacated

MSHA issued ten citations and two orders at Lehigh's Tehachapi limestone quarry and cement plant and proposed $43,356 in penalties. The judge vacated six matters involving break-room lighting, a parking-lot drop-off, machine guarding, hydraulic-fluid cleanup, and an uncovered opening because the…

February 1, 2011 ·Richard W. Manning ·FMSHRC
Mixed result
COMM

Sikes Pipe Company

Unclaimed assessment reopened

Sikes Pipe asked the Commission to reopen a final assessment that it said it never received. Its records keeper discovered the penalties in MSHA's data system and learned that FedEx had returned the assessment as unclaimed, possibly after attempting delivery while she was traveling. The Secretary…

February 1, 2011 ·FMSHRC
Remanded
COMM

City of Caldwell

In re City of Caldwell (EAB NPDES Appeal No. 09-11): permit review denied

The City of Caldwell operated a small municipal separate storm sewer system in Idaho under an NPDES permit. Pioneer Irrigation District asked the EAB to review the permit, arguing that it should include a condition barring discharges into irrigation waterways owned or maintained by irrigation…

February 1, 2011 ·EPA EAB
Citations affirmed
ALJ

Allgeier Martin & Associates

Surveyors needed comprehensive underground-miner training

Allgeier Martin & Associates provided underground surveying services at the Carthage Crushed Limestone mine. MSHA cited the contractor because three surveyors had received hazard training but not the comprehensive new-miner training required by 30 C.F.R. § 48.5(a). The judge found that the workers…

February 1, 2011 ·Margaret A. Miller ·FMSHRC
Citations affirmed
COMM

Pattison Sand Company, LLC

Three reopening requests denied without prejudice

Pattison Sand asked to reopen three final assessments, saying two had slipped through the cracks and a third was delayed after an assessment was misplaced and counsel missed an email while on vacation. The Secretary opposed reopening two assessments and did not oppose the third. The Commission…

February 1, 2011 ·FMSHRC
Procedural
COMM

Frasure Creek Mining, LLC

Final penalty assessment reopened over dissent

Frasure Creek Mining asked the Commission to reopen a penalty assessment that had become final when the company did not contest it within 30 days. The Secretary did not oppose reopening. The Commission majority granted the request and remanded the matter to the Chief Administrative Law Judge…

January 31, 2011 ·FMSHRC
Procedural
COMM

National Cement Company of Alabama, Inc.

Final penalty assessment reopened

National Cement Company of Alabama asked the Commission to reopen a penalty assessment that had become final when it was not contested within 30 days. The Secretary did not oppose the request. After reviewing the request and response, the Commission reopened the matter and remanded it to the Chief…

January 28, 2011 ·FMSHRC
Procedural
COMM

Cemex Construction Materials, Florida, LLC

One-day-late contest reopened

Cemex asked the Commission to reopen a penalty assessment after its contest form was filed one day late. The form showed that the company intended to contest 27 penalties, and the Secretary did not oppose reopening. The Commission granted the request and remanded the matter to the Chief…

January 28, 2011 ·FMSHRC
Procedural
ALJ

Mainline Rock & Ballast, Inc.

Unguarded roller and late MSHA notice bring $66,000 penalty

A miner at Mainline's Torrance Quarry was pulled into an unguarded conveyor return roller and sustained serious injuries that required helicopter evacuation. The judge rejected MSHA's account of exactly how the accident occurred but found that the roller was readily accessible, required a guard…

January 28, 2011 ·William B. Moran ·FMSHRC
Modified
COMM

Mirant Kendall, LLC, Kendall Cogeneration Station

In re Mirant Kendall, LLC, Kendall Cogeneration Station (EAB NPDES Appeal Nos. 06-12, 06-13, and 09-04): petitions dismissed with prejudice

EPA Region 1 issued a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permit regulating discharges from the Kendall Cogeneration Station in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The permit included thermal discharge limits under Clean Water Act section 316(a) and cooling water intake structure requirements…

January 26, 2011 ·EPA EAB
Procedural
ALJ

FedEx Express, Inc.

Late recordkeeping violation reduced to de minimis

A FedEx employee cut his forehead while exiting a vehicle and received sutures and prescription medication. A supervisor entered the injury into FedEx's electronic system but did not mark that medical treatment was received, so the case did not appear on the 2007 OSHA 300 Log within seven days…

January 26, 2011 ·Ken S. Welsch ·OSHRC
Modified
ALJ

Consolidation Coal Company

Seven unwarrantable-failure orders affirmed

MSHA issued seven section 104(d)(2) orders at Consolidation Coal's Loveridge No. 22 underground mine. The orders involved extensive combustible coal and coal-dust accumulations, inadequate preshift examinations that failed to report those hazards, a continuous miner returned to service with major…

January 25, 2011 ·Gary Melick ·FMSHRC
Modified
COMM

North County Sand & Gravel, Inc.

Reopening denied over unexplained delay

North County said it timely mailed a penalty contest form in a self-addressed envelope but had no proof of mailing, while MSHA said it does not provide such envelopes and had no record of receiving the form. The Secretary opposed reopening and noted that the operator waited more than six months…

January 25, 2011 ·FMSHRC
Procedural
ALJ

Secretary of Labor, MSHA on behalf of Harry Lee Beckman v. Mettiki Coal (WV), LLC

Secretary of Labor on behalf of Harry Lee Beckman v. Mettiki Coal (WV), LLC (FMSHRC WEVA 2009-1526-D): Discrimination complaint denied

Harry Lee Beckman was a 28-year Mettiki employee, a longtime miners' representative, and the source of safety complaints about wet track and inadequate ballast. Mettiki discharged him six days after a diesel-locomotive collision injured two miners, one of whom required hospital treatment. The…

January 20, 2011 ·Jerold Feldman ·FMSHRC
Procedural
ALJ

Secretary of Labor, MSHA on behalf of Chad Alex Green and William Donnie Smith v. D & C Mining Corporation

Secretary of Labor on behalf of Chad Alex Green and William Donnie Smith v. D & C Mining Corporation (FMSHRC KENT 2010-535-D): Two miners win retaliation case and back pay

D & C Mining laid off Chad Alex Green and William Donnie Smith after water leaked from behind a mine seal and inspectors arrived at the mine. The judge found that the company believed the two miners had caused the inspection and then singled them out by refusing to recall them while other employees…

January 20, 2011 ·Janet G. Harner ·FMSHRC
Procedural
COMM

Northeast Solite Corporation

Final penalty assessment reopened

Northeast Solite asked the Commission to reopen a penalty assessment that had become final when it was not contested within 30 days. The Secretary did not oppose reopening. After reviewing the circumstances, the Commission granted the request and remanded the matter to the Chief Administrative Law…

January 19, 2011 ·FMSHRC
Procedural
COMM

White Flame Energy, Inc.

Final penalty assessment reopened

White Flame Energy asked the Commission to reopen a penalty assessment that had become final when it was not contested within 30 days. The Secretary did not oppose reopening. After reviewing the circumstances, the Commission granted the request and remanded the matter to the Chief Administrative…

January 19, 2011 ·FMSHRC
Procedural
ALJ

Triad Underground Mining, LLC

Lifeline and flood-protection violations yield $55,013 penalty

MSHA cited Triad's Freelandville underground coal mine for missing directional cones along primary-escapeway lifelines and for allowing flood water to make both mine portals impassable. The judge affirmed the two lifeline violations as S&S because missing cones over distances up to 300 feet could…

January 13, 2011 ·Margaret A. Miller ·FMSHRC
Modified
ALJ

E.S. Stone & Structure, Inc.

Late fatality report affirmed, penalty cut to $2,000

An employee at E.S. Stone's surface dimension-stone mine became unresponsive at work, received CPR and emergency treatment, and was pronounced dead at the mine. The operator first tried to contact MSHA about 40 minutes after the pronouncement and completed the call 47 minutes after it. The judge…

January 12, 2011 ·Patrick B. Augustine ·FMSHRC
Modified
COMM

Lehigh Cement Company

Prompt, detailed reopening request granted

Lehigh's counsel overlooked a proposed penalty assessment among materials the company had forwarded, causing the contest deadline to be missed. The Secretary opposed reopening, arguing that inadequate procedures and a busy workload did not establish sufficient grounds. The Commission granted relief…

January 12, 2011 ·FMSHRC
Procedural
ALJ

AMP Electrical, Inc.

Electrical training and energized-circuit violations affirmed

AMP Electrical was installing equipment for a store's new chiller when an electrician drilled through a switchboard back plate and contacted an energized circuit, causing a flash and burns to his face and neck. The judge found that the project was construction work and that AMP could have…

January 12, 2011 ·G. Marvin Bober ·OSHRC
Mixed result
COMM

Enos Miller

Default order left in place

The Chief Administrative Law Judge entered default judgment after Enos Miller did not answer the Secretary's penalty petition or respond to a show-cause order. Miller sent the Commission a timely letter asking to set the default aside, and the Secretary did not oppose his request. The Commission…

January 11, 2011 ·FMSHRC
Procedural
ALJ

Justin Nagel v. Newmont USA Limited

Discovery violations end discrimination case

Justin Nagel pursued a discrimination complaint without counsel after the Secretary declined to bring the case. Audio recordings in Nagel's possession concerned the safety complaints, discipline, suspension, and termination at the center of his allegations. The judge repeatedly ordered him to…

January 10, 2011 ·Thomas P. McCarthy ·FMSHRC
Procedural
ALJ

Blankenberger Bros., Inc.

Welding, berm, and equipment violations bring $1,087 penalty

Blankenberger was a contractor building slurry ponds and lakes at the Oaktown Fuels Mine No. 1. The judge affirmed an S&S violation for welding without shielding where flashes were visible to nearby heavy-equipment operators and other workers. She also affirmed an S&S violation for failing to berm…

January 10, 2011 ·Margaret A. Miller ·FMSHRC
Citations affirmed
ALJ

Burch Construction

Eye-protection violation affirmed for overhead joint-compound work

Burch Construction was performing drywall and stucco work when an employee applied wet joint compound at and above eye level without safety glasses. The product warnings and safety data sheets called for eye protection because contact could irritate the eyes. The judge found that the employee…

January 10, 2011 ·Dennis L. Phillips ·OSHRC
Citations affirmed
COMM

Secretary of Labor on behalf of Mark Gray v. North Fork Coal Corporation

Temporary reinstatement survives Secretary's no-discrimination finding

Mark Gray was temporarily reinstated after alleging that North Fork discharged him for safety complaints and a protected work refusal. When the Secretary later determined that she would not file a discrimination case, the judge dissolved reinstatement, but Gray filed his own section 105(c)(3)…

January 7, 2011 ·FMSHRC
Procedural
COMM

Loretto-Oswego Residential Health Care Facility

Repeat violations reduced to serious

Loretto-Oswego operated a nursing home affiliated with two other Loretto facilities that had prior final orders for substantially similar violations. The judge treated the related corporations as a single employer and affirmed seven items as repeat. The Commission reversed because the facilities…

January 7, 2011 ·OSHRC
Modified
COMM

Brown Excavation Company, Inc.

Show cause issued over paid penalties

Brown Excavation asked the Commission to reopen two final penalty assessments, and the Secretary opposed the requests. MSHA's data system later showed that Brown had paid the penalties, but neither party filed an update after the initial pleadings. The Commission ordered Brown to explain within 30…

January 6, 2011 ·FMSHRC
Procedural
COMM

A.B.C. Sand & Rock Co., Inc.

Final penalty assessment reopened

A.B.C. Sand & Rock asked the Commission to reopen a penalty assessment that had become final when it was not contested within 30 days. The Secretary did not oppose reopening. After reviewing the circumstances, the Commission granted the request and remanded the matter to the Chief Administrative…

January 6, 2011 ·FMSHRC
Procedural
COMM

Dynatec Mining Corporation

Default vacated after timely filings

A Chief Administrative Law Judge entered default judgment after concluding that Dynatec had not answered the Secretary's penalty petition or a later show-cause order. Dynatec told the Commission that it had timely filed both an answer to the petition and a response explaining that earlier filing…

January 6, 2011 ·FMSHRC
Remanded
COMM

Keokee Mining LLC

Final penalty assessment reopened

Keokee Mining asked the Commission to reopen a penalty assessment that had become final when it was not contested within 30 days. The Secretary did not oppose reopening. After reviewing the circumstances, the Commission granted the request and remanded the matter to the Chief Administrative Law…

January 6, 2011 ·FMSHRC
Procedural

What these documents are

  • The agencies: Workplace-safety cases from the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (OSHRC), mine-safety cases from the Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission (FMSHRC), and environmental permit and penalty appeals from the EPA's Environmental Appeals Board (EAB). Each decision page names its agency.
  • Commission and Board decisions: Rulings by the agency's highest review level (the Commission at OSHRC and FMSHRC, the Environmental Appeals Board at EPA). These are citable as precedent, though a decision may have been appealed to a U.S. Court of Appeals after issuance.
  • ALJ decisions: Rulings by the agency's Administrative Law Judges after a hearing. When no Commissioner directs review, an ALJ decision becomes a final order that binds the parties in that case but is not binding precedent: under 29 U.S.C. § 661(j) at OSHRC, and after the 40-day window of 30 U.S.C. § 823(d)(1) at FMSHRC.
  • Why finality matters: Every page here says which kind of decision you are reading, so you know whether it is precedent you can cite or a final order that only shows how one judge ruled on one set of facts.
  • Where they come from: Every page links the official public release from the deciding agency, and the full text on the page is that release. The plain-English summaries are written by Ezel.