Federal Agency Decisions
Federal workers' compensation appeals from the Department of Labor's Employees' Compensation Appeals Board (ECAB), federal-sector labor-relations cases from the Federal Labor Relations Authority (FLRA), mine-safety cases from the Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission (FMSHRC), workplace-safety cases from the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (OSHRC), Longshore Act and Black Lung Benefits Act appeals from the Department of Labor's Benefits Review Board (BRB), precedent decisions of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA), environmental permit and penalty appeals from the EPA's Environmental Appeals Board (EAB), and whistleblower and other labor appeals from the Department of Labor's Administrative Review Board (ARB), each with a plain-English summary, the law it cites, and whether it counts as precedent. More agencies are coming.
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Y.R. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Blue Springs, MO
Board upholds denial of right hip arthritis claim (ECAB 17-1521)
Y.R., a letter carrier, attributed right hip osteoarthritis to years of delivering mail. Her physicians said the duties contributed to progressive arthritis and a later hip replacement. The Board found that their reports did not sufficiently explain how the identified work factors caused or…
J.S. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Sterling Heights, MI
Board revises fault finding on $18,871.08 overpayment (ECAB 17-0260)
J.S. received compensation payments while also earning wages from part-time work. The Board agreed that the resulting overpayment totaled $18,871.08 for January 2012 through March 2015. It found that she was without fault for the first 14 days of 2012, so OWCP had to decide whether recovery of that…
T.W. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Bethesda, MD
Board orders new right knee impairment evaluation (ECAB 16-1818)
T.W. sought a larger right leg award after receiving an eight percent impairment award. OWCP’s medical adviser identified errors in the submitted ratings and recommended an orthopedic examination with right knee imaging. OWCP instead relied on his preliminary two percent rating to deny a further…
Bronco Oilfield Services, Inc.
High-pressure line item partly affirmed
Bronco Oilfield Services used truck-mounted pumps and rigid piping to pressure-test an oil well at up to 9,500 psi. The judge affirmed a general duty clause instance because most of the high-pressure line was not secured against movement if a connection failed, and the company’s buffer zone did not…
Secretary of Labor v. Revelation Energy, LLC
Emergency-tracking settlement lacked enough facts
MSHA cited Revelation Energy for eight deficiencies in its mine-wide tracking and communication system, including untracked miners, dead tracking pads, limited working text pagers, and missing examination and failure records. The parties proposed reducing the penalty from $2,665 to $2,265 because…
C.W. and Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Dublin, GA
Board orders complete record for disability claim (ECAB 17-1690)
C.W. sought wage-loss compensation after an accepted slip and fall at a Veterans Affairs facility. OWCP’s hearing representative relied on medical evidence from another claim file to deny the requested period of disability. The Board found that copies of that evidence were missing from the record…
E.R. and Department of the Air Force, Defense Agencies, Edwards Air Force Base, CA
Board upholds denial of elbow and arm injury claim (ECAB 17-1677)
E.R. said she hurt her right arm and elbow while restocking cans during a December 2016 shift. The Board accepted that she performed those store checker duties. She submitted no medical evidence before OWCP ruled, however. The Board affirmed the denial because no physician had explained a diagnosed…
N.G. and U.S. Postal Service, Main Post Office, Detroit, MI
Board upholds denial of shoulder injury claim (ECAB 17-1646)
N.G. claimed a left shoulder condition after an accepted January 2016 work incident. A diagnostic report identified rotator cuff tendinitis but did not explain whether the work event caused or aggravated it. The Board found no reasoned medical opinion linking the condition to the accepted incident…
J.Q. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Hartford, CT
Board upholds denial of emotional condition claim (ECAB 17-1276)
J.Q. alleged emotional harm from a supervisor’s August 2016 predisciplinary interviews and from broader workplace harassment. The Board found no evidence that the supervisor acted improperly in conducting the interviews. J.Q. also did not supply specific, corroborated facts supporting the…
P.T. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Catlettsburg, KY
Board upholds denial of one-day injury claim (ECAB 17-1189)
P.T. attributed an injury to working a nine-and-a-half-hour postal shift on May 31, 2016. The Board accepted the work incident but found that the medical evidence did not adequately explain how that shift caused the claimed condition. Some reports discussed a longer period of activity, and physical…
R.M. and Department of Agriculture, National Resources Conservation Service, Stillwater, OK
Board orders review of overlooked lumbar surgery reports (ECAB 17-1162)
R.M. sought authorization for lumbar fusion surgery. OWCP said it had not received additional material from his physician and denied the request. The Board identified three physician reports that OWCP had received before issuing the denial but had not considered. It ordered OWCP to review the…
J.T. and Department of Defense, Defense Commissary Agency, St. Clair, IL
Board upholds two percent left arm award (ECAB 17-1116)
J.T. sought a schedule award greater than the two percent left arm award already paid. OWCP obtained a second opinion after medical reports showed differing examination findings. The second opinion physician and medical adviser found no additional ratable impairment under the guides. The Board…
E.S. and Department of the Air Force, Travis Air Force Base, CA
Board orders reconstruction of travel-payment record (ECAB 17-1041)
OWCP alleged that E.S. received duplicate or excessive mileage reimbursements for medical travel. The Board found that the record lacked the signed travel claim forms needed to verify her submissions and the claimed overpayment. The available payment history did not itself show duplicate payments…
J.P. and Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Sheridan, WY
Board upholds refusal of late reconsideration request (ECAB 17-1024)
J.P. sought reconsideration of a June 2015 merit ruling more than one year after it was issued. He disputed when counsel sent the request and submitted additional psychiatric evidence. The Board used OWCP’s receipt date and found the request late. The new material did not show clear error on the…
T.B. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Levittown, NY
Board orders consolidation of carpal tunnel claim files (ECAB 17-0845)
T.B., a letter carrier, claimed carpal tunnel syndrome from repetitive work. OWCP had noted an earlier carpal tunnel claim but did not include or address that file in its later decision. The Board found that the earlier record could contain relevant evidence about prior conditions and treatment. It…
W.M. and Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration Loma Linda Healthcare System, Loma Linda, CA
Board upholds denial of disputed work incident claim (ECAB 17-0835)
W.M. alleged that she was injured at a Veterans Affairs facility on June 5, 2015. The employer disputed her account, and the Board found inconsistencies between her descriptions and the surrounding records. A roommate described what happened after W.M. got home but had not seen the alleged…
T.D. and Department of Defense, Defense Finance & Accounting Service, Columbus, OH
Board again orders findings on injury-date pay rate (ECAB 16-1883)
T.D. disputed the pay rate used for compensation after two accepted injuries. The Board had previously ordered OWCP to calculate the rate for the October 1995 injury under the statute. OWCP instead said a shorter workday meant that rate must be lower than the earlier $376.19 weekly rate. The Board…
United States Department of the Navy, Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Mid-Atlantic (NAVFAC MIDLANT), Norfolk, Virginia (Agency) and Tidewater Virginia Federal Employees, Metal Trades Council (Union)
NAVFAC Mid-Atlantic and Tidewater Metal Trades Council (FLRA 0-AR-5305): Late exceptions dismissed
NAVFAC Mid-Atlantic and the Tidewater Metal Trades Council agreed that the arbitrator would serve her award by email. The arbitrator emailed the award on July 17, 2017, which made August 16 the deadline for filing exceptions. The agency filed on August 17 and did not answer the Authority's order to…
American Federation of Government Employees, Local 12 (Union) and United States Department of Labor (Agency)
AFGE Local 12 and Department of Labor (FLRA 0-AR-5250): Staffing grievance remains nonarbitrable
The Department of Labor selected a candidate for a contract-specialist vacancy after using an Office of Personnel Management waiver of the work-experience requirement. AFGE Local 12 challenged the selection, but the arbitrator found that the merit-staffing certificate was properly prepared and that…
A.L. and U.S. Postal Service, Hyannis Post Office, Hyannis, MA
Board orders clearer opinion on hip and knee aggravation (ECAB 17-0909)
A.L. claimed permanent aggravation of left hip and knee conditions from accepted postal work factors. OWCP relied on a second opinion finding only temporary aggravation. The Board found that the physician and medical adviser did not adequately explain why progressed arthritic conditions would…
M.K. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Brooklyn, NY
Board upholds refusal to add neck, back, and shoulder conditions (ECAB 16-1865)
OWCP accepted M.K.’s claim for a right wrist ganglion cyst. He also attributed cervical, lumbar, and right shoulder conditions to repetitive lifting, pushing, and overhead postal work. His physician described symptoms and said work aggravated the conditions. The Board found that the reports did not…
S.C. and Department of Transportation, U.S. Coast Guard Air Station, Cape Cod, MA
Board upholds $47,003.18 dual-benefit overpayment (ECAB 17-1567)
S.C. received both FECA compensation and Social Security benefits during the period OWCP identified as overlapping. The Board agreed that the overlap produced a $47,003.18 overpayment. It upheld OWCP’s denial of waiver and found that the record supported repayment at $475 every 28 days despite…
D.J. and General Services Administration, Washington, DC
Board upholds two late reconsideration refusals (ECAB 17-1556)
D.J. twice asked OWCP to reconsider an earlier denial of disability recurrence. Both requests were late relative to the August 2011 merits decision. Her medical records either predated the claimed February 2007 recurrence or did not address whether the accepted injury caused disability at that…
A.S. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Greensboro, NC
Board orders further review of retirement-benefit overpayment (ECAB 17-1459)
OWCP said A.S. had received a $1,948.76 overpayment because FECA benefits overlapped with Social Security retirement benefits. The Board found that his pre-1987 federal work history left unclear whether he was covered by the retirement system requiring that offset. OWCP had not sought clarification…
J.B. and Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Horseheads, NY
Board upholds denial of injury during off-premises break (ECAB 17-0378)
J.B., an air traffic controller, was injured after leaving the airport during a break near the end of her shift. She had been at a union meeting and went to her car to leave meeting materials and mail a personal item. The Board found that she had departed the employer’s premises for personal…
Michael K. McNary v. Alcoa World Alumina LLC
Interference complaint dismissed after emergency dispute
Michael McNary, an Alcoa employee and miners' representative, confronted a department superintendent during an emergency involving hot, pressurized slurry. McNary alleged that the superintendent threatened to remove him as a miners' representative, from the department, and from the plant because…
S.H. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Charlotte, NC
Board upholds denial of repetitive-work hand claim (ECAB 17-1524)
S.H. attributed right carpal tunnel syndrome and ulnar nerve problems to repetitive sorting and package handling at the post office. His physician recorded the work history and diagnosed arm and hand conditions. The Board found that the physician had not independently explained how the identified…
I.S. and Department of Homeland Security, Transportation Security Administration, Sanford, FL
Board upholds denial of leg impairment award (ECAB 17-1257)
I.S. sought a leg impairment award for accepted lumbar conditions. Her physician proposed a nine percent rating for both legs, while OWCP’s medical adviser applied the approved spinal nerve method and found no ratable impairment. The Board accepted the adviser’s assessment because the record did…
P.A. and U.S. Postal Service, Postal Security Force, Boston, MA
Board finds criminal restitution did not settle FECA debt (ECAB 17-0687)
P.A. argued that restitution ordered in a criminal case fully settled his FECA overpayment debt. The Board found no language in the court order stating that the payment satisfied all debt owed to the government. The sentencing court had set an amount of criminal restitution rather than a global…
A.S. and Department of the Navy, Naval Air Station Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL
Board upholds $9,367.45 overpayment and repayment rate (ECAB 17-0606)
A.S. disputed a $9,367.45 compensation overpayment and its recovery. The Board upheld OWCP’s amount and finding that he was at fault, so waiver was unavailable. OWCP had asked for an overpayment questionnaire and financial records, but A.S. did not supply them before the final decision. The Board…
S.S. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Shasta Lake, CA
Board reverses zero wage-loss reduction (ECAB 17-0557)
OWCP reduced S.S.’s wage-loss compensation to zero based on what she could earn in a light-duty postal assignment. The Board found that the medical record did not adequately establish she could perform the offered duties, including their bending requirements. OWCP had also failed to clarify whether…
F.K. and Department of the Army, Savanna Army Depot, Savanna, IL
Board upholds refusal to reopen impairment claim (ECAB 17-0308)
F.K. requested reconsideration of a schedule award ruling and said OWCP’s second opinion examination was incomplete. The Board found no support for that allegation. Her additional medical submissions addressed other body parts, predated the date of maximum medical improvement identified by her own…
K.L. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Boston, MA
Board upholds refusal to reopen heart attack claim (ECAB 17-1479)
K.L. asked OWCP to reconsider a denied claim that physical activity in cold weather at work triggered a myocardial infarction. Her physician submitted a later report repeating his earlier causation opinion. The Board found that the new report was substantially duplicative of evidence OWCP had…
M.C. and Department of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Service, San Diego, CA
Board upholds denial of left arm schedule award (ECAB 17-1242)
M.C. sought an impairment award after an accepted left shoulder condition. Her physician rated five percent impairment using a rotator cuff tear diagnosis. OWCP had not accepted a rotator cuff tear as work related, and the physician did not establish that the accepted injury caused the rated…
A.T. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Akron, OH
Board upholds forfeiture and $31,600.83 overpayment (ECAB 17-0953)
A.T. failed to report employment earnings on a required compensation form covering October 24, 2011 to October 14, 2012. The Board found that she knowingly omitted material work activity. It upheld forfeiture of compensation for that period and the resulting $31,600.83 overpayment. Because she was…
S.J. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Hamilton, MT
Board upholds disability denial and late hearing refusal (ECAB 17-0828)
S.J. claimed disability from work beginning July 9, 2016. The Board found that she had not established that disability was caused by her accepted injury. She also requested written-record review more than 30 days after the October 2016 decision. The Board found the request untimely and held that…
T.P. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Grand Rapids, MI
Board splits ruling on intermittent wage-loss periods (ECAB 17-0423)
T.P. sought wage-loss compensation for intermittent absences after an accepted injury. The Board found she had not established total disability for the earlier period ending December 1, 2014. For the later period, the record did not show whether the employer had offered light duty within her…
N.D. and Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, St. Petersburg, FL
Board orders new pay-rate analysis before overpayment ruling (ECAB 17-0233)
N.D. disputed the pay rate used to calculate disability compensation after an accepted injury. OWCP used January 24, 2000, the date he entered nonpay status for administrative reasons, as the recurrent pay-rate date. The Board found that this was not a work-injury disability date and that returning…
P.B. and Department of the Air Force, Randolph Air Force, TX
Board orders new right shoulder impairment rating (ECAB 15-0344)
P.B. sought a larger right arm schedule award after shoulder injuries and surgery. His treating physician rated 12 percent impairment using range of motion, while OWCP’s adviser rated five percent using a diagnosis-based method. The Board found that OWCP had applied these upper extremity methods…
Assistant Secretary of Labor and Becker v. Smithstonian Materials, LLC
Becker v. Smithstonian Materials (DOL ARB 2015-0081): Discharge question remanded
Michael Becker, a field supervisor at a landscaping company, refused to drive a dump truck that he believed had unsafe steering and lacked registration. An administrative law judge found that Smithstonian retaliated against him for protected activity but concluded that the company suspended him for…
V.D. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Clinton, SC
Board upholds motor vehicle injury claim denial (ECAB 17-1463)
V.D. alleged shoulder and back injuries after a motor vehicle accident during postal work. The Board found that her physician did not adequately explain how the accident caused a rotator cuff tear or worsened a preexisting spinal condition. Other medical reports did not establish the needed causal…
L.G. and Department of the Treasury, Office of the Secretary, Washington, DC
Board upholds disability compensation denial (ECAB 17-1448)
L.G. sought disability compensation after an accepted August 16, 2013 fall at work. Her treating physicians described disability but did not explain how her accepted conditions prevented work beginning January 15, 2014. Two second opinion physicians found no work-related disability based on the…
B.B. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Kenosha, WI
Board upholds worsening claim and reconsideration denials (ECAB 17-1227)
B.B. alleged that postal work worsened conditions in her neck, lumbar spine, and right arm. The Board found that the medical evidence did not adequately explain how employment factors caused or aggravated those conditions. Her later reconsideration request repeated a physician report OWCP had…
T.T. and U.S. Postal Service, Jennings Branch Post Office, St. Louis, MO
Board upholds eight percent left arm award (ECAB 17-1060)
T.T. sought a larger award after accepted shoulder and bilateral carpal tunnel injuries. OWCP’s medical adviser rated her left shoulder at eight percent and found no ratable postsurgical impairment from carpal tunnel syndrome in either arm. The Board found the adviser’s calculations and explanation…
P.H. and Department of Labor, Office of Workers’ Compensation Programs, Division of Energy Employees’ Compensation, Jacksonville, FL
Board upholds denial of emotional condition claim (ECAB 17-0673)
P.H. attributed an emotional condition to supervisory assignments, work evaluations, and alleged harassment. The Board found no evidence that management abused its discretion in assigning or reviewing work. It also found her allegation that she was singled out at meetings unsubstantiated. Because…
T.C. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Miami, FL
Board upholds shoulder injury claim denial (ECAB 17-0624)
T.C. felt a rip in her shoulder while unloading a postal vehicle on June 29, 2016. The Board found that a physician had diagnosed a right biceps tendon rupture, contrary to OWCP’s finding that no condition was diagnosed. His work-relatedness opinion, however, checked a box without explaining how…
M.S. and Department of Justice, U.S. Marshals Service, Alexandria, VA
Board orders new leg impairment examination (ECAB 16-0891)
M.S. sought larger schedule awards than the four percent right leg and three percent left leg ratings he had received. His treating physician found greater sensory and motor impairment than OWCP’s medical adviser. The Board found that the adviser had not adequately explained his different findings…
Secretary of Labor v. Mingo Logan Coal, LLC
Lifeline settlement rejected and hearing ordered
MSHA cited Mingo Logan Coal because loose rock, a track rail, and a wooden cable spoon lay beneath an alternate-escapeway lifeline for six crosscuts, allegedly making it ineffective during an emergency. The parties proposed cutting that citation's penalty in half while leaving its S&S designation…
Jerry A. Jarrett, Sr. v. C P & O, LLC
Jerry A. Jarrett, Sr. v. C P & O (BRB 17-0384): negligent driving did not establish intentional injury
Jerry Jarrett sought Longshore Act benefits after a collision between shuttle trucks at a port. An administrative law judge denied the claim, finding that Jarrett had deliberately caused his own injury by driving unsafely. In this decision, the Board reversed, holding that negligent driving did not…
H.H. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Whitehall, PA
Board upholds refusal to reopen emotional condition claim (ECAB 17-1545)
H.H. sought reconsideration of a denied emotional condition claim based on alleged workplace harassment. She submitted union articles and additional medical reports. The Board found the articles too general and the medical reports irrelevant to whether the alleged harassment occurred. It affirmed…
M.G. and Department of Health & Human Services, National Disaster Medical Services, Boston, MA
Board bars Ground Zero exposure claim as untimely (ECAB 17-1334)
M.G. alleged that toxic exposure while working at the World Trade Center rescue site caused Hodgkin’s lymphoma and lung disease. OWCP had reached the claim merits. The Board found that he suspected a connection by December 2005, yet did not file until April 2014, beyond the three-year filing…
C.S. and Defense Agencies, Defense Health Agency, Bethesda, MD
Board upholds left ankle injury denial (ECAB 17-1267)
C.S. reported that she slipped on wet stairs at work and injured her left ankle. OWCP accepted the incident, but the Board found her podiatrist’s opinion too speculative to show that it caused the diagnosed ankle condition. It affirmed the denial for lack of a reasoned medical explanation. The…
J.E. and Tennessee Valley Authority, Bellefonte Training Center, Hollywood, AL
Board upholds wage-earning capacity ruling (ECAB 17-1180)
J.E. sought to change a 2014 wage-earning capacity ruling after his employer could no longer accommodate his work restrictions. He argued that his modified lineman apprentice job was temporary or makeshift. The Board found that the job had an official title, detailed duties, and an employer…
F.E. and Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Valley Forge, PA
Board upholds denial of leg impairment award (ECAB 17-0584)
F.E. sought a schedule award for leg impairment after an accepted L2-3 disc injury. His physician rated impairment at other spinal nerve levels that OWCP had not accepted as work related. The Board found no evidence of permanent impairment to a scheduled member from the accepted L2-3 injury. It…
C.D. and U.S. Postal Service, Westchester Station, Los Angeles, CA
Board upholds $27,143.48 overpayment and fault finding (ECAB 17-0472)
C.D. received wage-loss compensation after returning to work on several days in January 2014 and during a later period ending May 30, 2015. OWCP found a $27,143.48 overpayment. The Board found that she had been told to report a return to work and should have known the continuing payments were…
W.W. and U.S. Postal Service, Philadelphia Processing & Distribution Center, Philadelphia, PA
Board orders waiver review of $2,661.52 overpayment (ECAB 17-0360)
W.W. appealed the end of her compensation and medical benefits and a later overpayment. The Board found no proven consequential emotional condition or continuing disability after the benefits ended. It upheld the $2,661.52 overpayment caused by one later direct deposit. Because the record did not…
T. E. Stevens Company, Inc.
Trench cave-in item affirmed
T. E. Stevens Company installed drain lines in a blasted and excavated trench at a grocery-store construction project. Testing classified the disturbed soil as Type B, and OSHA measured the trench at seven feet four inches deep and fourteen feet wide where two employees were working. The resulting…
Secretary of Labor v. N.J. Wilbanks Contractor, Inc.
Three brake violations upheld but penalties cut to $6,000
N.J. Wilbanks used three Caterpillar scrapers whose pedal-operated service brakes had not worked since the machines arrived at a future quarry site. The company argued that MSHA lacked jurisdiction before mineral production began and that operators could stop the machines by lowering their bowls…
J.D. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Danville, VA
Board orders new left arm impairment rating (ECAB 17-1470)
J.D. sought more than the 10 percent left arm impairment previously awarded. The Board found that OWCP had applied different diagnosis-based and range-of-motion methods inconsistently in upper extremity cases. It directed OWCP to use a uniform method, evaluate her impairment again, and issue a new…
L.C. and U.S. Government, Washington, DC
Board denies direct war hazards benefits claim (ECAB 17-0906)
L.C. sought direct War Hazards Compensation Act benefits for injuries alleged from work in Afghanistan. He had received medical benefits under the Defense Base Act, while his indemnity claim there was untimely. The Board held that a direct war hazards claim required a determination that no Defense…
What these documents are
- The agencies: Federal workers' compensation appeals from the Department of Labor's Employees' Compensation Appeals Board (ECAB), federal-sector labor-relations cases from the Federal Labor Relations Authority (FLRA), mine-safety cases from the Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission (FMSHRC), workplace-safety cases from the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (OSHRC), Longshore Act and Black Lung Benefits Act appeals from the Department of Labor's Benefits Review Board (BRB), precedent decisions of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA), environmental permit and penalty appeals from the EPA's Environmental Appeals Board (EAB), and whistleblower and other labor appeals from the Department of Labor's Administrative Review Board (ARB). Each decision page names its agency.
- Commission, Board and Authority decisions: Rulings by the agency's highest review level (the Commission at OSHRC and FMSHRC, the Authority at FLRA, the Board of Immigration Appeals, the Administrative Review Board at Labor, and the Environmental Appeals Board at EPA). These are citable as precedent, though a decision may have been appealed to a U.S. Court of Appeals after issuance.
- ALJ decisions: Rulings by the agency's Administrative Law Judges after a hearing. When no Commissioner directs review, an ALJ decision becomes a final order that binds the parties in that case but is not binding precedent: under 29 U.S.C. § 661(j) at OSHRC, and after the 40-day window of 30 U.S.C. § 823(d)(1) at FMSHRC.
- Why finality matters: Every page here says which kind of decision you are reading, so you know whether it is precedent you can cite or a final order that only shows how one judge ruled on one set of facts.
- Where they come from: Every page links the official public release from the deciding agency, and the full text on the page is that release. The plain-English summaries are written by Ezel.