Can a guardian ad litem for a child disclose what the child told them, against the child's wishes, to investigate and report suspected abuse?

Plain-English summary

The opinion arises from a contentious custody dispute in which a guardian ad litem (GAL) appointed for a 7-year-old learns from the mother that the father has allegedly abused the child, hears the child ask the GAL not to repeat what she says, and hears the father deny the allegations. The question is whether the GAL may reveal information received from the child against the child's wishes. The controlling rule is Rule 1.6, confidentiality of information, together with Rule 1.6(b)(1), which permits disclosure to the extent reasonably necessary to comply with law.

The committee explains that a lawyer serving as a GAL is generally subject to the Rules of Professional Conduct, but that the relationship between a GAL and a child differs from the traditional attorney-client relationship, and that where a specific duty of the GAL conflicts with a rule, the GAL's specific duty prevails (citing LEO 1729). It situates the analysis in Supreme Court of Virginia Rule 8:6, which directs the GAL to vigorously represent the child and to advise the court of the child's wishes where they conflict with the GAL's view of the child's interest, and in the Standards to Govern the Performance of Guardian Ad Litem for Children, adopted by the Judicial Council and reviewed by the Supreme Court.

The committee concludes that the GAL's compliance with the Standards and Rule 8:6 may justify disclosing confidential information under Rule 1.6(b)(1). It reads the Standards to require the GAL to independently evaluate all allegations of abuse or neglect, to interview parties and others with relevant knowledge, and to advise the child that confidentiality is not absolute. Because the GAL must assess the risk of probable harm and advocate for the child's best interests, the committee concludes the GAL needs to investigate the information and may disclose to the court or appropriate authority the information necessary to safeguard the child's best interests, permitted under Rule 1.6(b)(1) as disclosure to comply with law.

In practice

Under the Virginia rules as they stood when the opinion issued, the committee holds that a lawyer serving as a GAL is bound by Rule 1.6 confidentiality except where the GAL's special duties conflict with a rule, in which case the special duty prevails. The opinion holds that the GAL must independently investigate allegations of abuse or neglect as the Standards require, and that the GAL may disclose information the child shared, even against the child's wishes, under Rule 1.6(b)(1) to comply with the duties imposed by the Standards and Supreme Court Rule 8:6, in order to safeguard the child's best interests. It also holds that the GAL must advise the child that confidentiality is not absolute and may not apply to all of their communications.

Common questions

Q: Is a guardian ad litem bound by the same confidentiality rule as other lawyers?

A: Generally yes, but with an exception. The opinion concludes a GAL is subject to Rule 1.6 except where the GAL's special duties conflict with a rule, in which case the GAL's specific duty prevails.

Q: Can a GAL reveal what a child told them in confidence?

A: Yes, where disclosure is necessary to carry out the GAL's duties. The opinion concludes that Rule 1.6(b)(1) permits the GAL to disclose information to comply with law, and that the duties imposed by the GAL Standards and Rule 8:6 may justify revealing the child's confidences to safeguard the child's best interests.

Q: Does the GAL have to investigate abuse allegations even if the child does not want it?

A: The opinion concludes the GAL must independently evaluate all allegations of abuse or neglect, interview parties and others with relevant knowledge, and assess the risk of harm, because the GAL is obliged to advocate for the child's best interests, not simply to follow the child's stated wishes.

Q: Should the GAL tell the child that what they say may not stay confidential?

A: Yes. The opinion notes the Standards require the GAL to advise the child that there may be circumstances when confidentiality will apply to their communications and circumstances when it will not.

Background and rules framework

The opinion interprets Rule 1.6 of the Virginia Rules of Professional Conduct (Model Rule 1.6), including Rule 1.6(b)(1), which permits disclosure to comply with law or a court order. It reads that rule alongside Supreme Court of Virginia Rule 8:6 (roles of counsel and guardians ad litem for children) and the Standards to Govern the Performance of Guardian Ad Litem for Children, and applies prior opinions LEOs 1725, 1729, and 1810 on the special role of a GAL.

Citations and references

Rules of Professional Conduct:

• Model Rule 1.6 / Va. Rule 1.6(a), (b)(1) (confidentiality; disclosure to comply with law)

Court rules and standards:

• Va. S. Ct. Rule 8:6 (roles of counsel and guardians ad litem when representing children)
• Standards to Govern the Performance of Guardian Ad Litem for Children (Judicial Council of Virginia, eff. Sept. 1, 2003)

Other opinions cited:

• Va. LEOs 1725, 1729, 1810: the special role and ethical duties of a guardian ad litem

See also

• VSB Ethics Op. 1859: Client Confidences After an Ineffective-Assistance Habeas Claim
• VSB Ethics Op. 1853: Sexual Relationship With a Client

Source

• Landing page: https://vsb.org/Site/about/rules-regulations/leo-opinions.aspx
• Original PDF: https://www.vsb.org/common/Uploaded%20files/LEOs/1844.pdf

Original opinion text

Reproduced from the official source for research purposes. The linked source is authoritative.

Committee Opinion
December 18, 2008
LEGAL ETHICS OPINION 1844

ETHICAL DUTY OF A GUARDIAN AD LITEM
TO INVESTIGATE AND REPORT
ALLEGATIONS OF CHILD ABUSE AND
NEGLECT.

In this hypothetical, a husband and wife are involved in a contentious custody and visitation
dispute over the couple’s 7-year-old daughter. A guardian ad litem (“GAL”) is appointed to the
case. In meeting with the GAL, the mother asserts that the father has subjected the daughter to
abuse and the daughter does not want continued visitation with the father. Further, the mother is
asking for any visitation, if ordered, to be supervised because of the father’s continued abuse.
The GAL then meets with the daughter who asks the GAL not to repeat what she tells her
because she is afraid her parents might get angry with her and also says she is afraid of her father
and does not want to visit him. When the GAL meets with the father, the father denies all such
allegations as being contrived by the mother in an effort to deny him custody and visitation. The
mother insists that the GAL proceed with an investigation into the allegations of child abuse in
spite of daughter’s reluctance and father’s denial.
This hypothetical involves the special role of a GAL and the question of whether a GAL may
reveal information received from the child, against the child’s wishes.
The fundamental ethics rule involved in this analysis is Rule 1.6 1, which deals with the
lawyer’s duty of confidentiality of information. While Rule 1.6 safeguards information that the
lawyer gains in a professional relationship, Rule 1.6(b)(1) specifically allows a lawyer to reveal
information to the extent reasonably necessary to comply with law. 2
The Committee’s analysis also considers the role of a GAL as outlined in Rule 8:6 of the Rules
of the Supreme Court of Virginia:
RULE 8:6. The Roles of Counsel and of Guardians Ad Litem When Representing
Children.
The role of counsel for a child is the representation of the child’s legitimate
interests.
When appointed for a child, the guardian ad litem shall vigorously represent the
child, fully protecting the child’s interest and welfare. The guardian ad litem shall
advise the court of the wishes of the child in any case where the wishes of the
1

RULE 1.6
Confidentiality of Information
(a) A lawyer shall not reveal information protected by the attorney-client privilege under applicable law or other
information gained in the professional relationship that the client has requested be held inviolate or the disclosure of
which would be embarrassing or would be likely to be detrimental to the client unless the client consents after
consultation, except for disclosures that are impliedly authorized in order to carry out the representation, and except
as stated in paragraphs (b) and (c).
2

RULE 1.6
Confidentiality of Information
(b) To the extent a lawyer reasonably believes necessary, the lawyer may reveal:
(1) such information to comply with law or a court order;

Committee Opinion
December 18, 2008
child conflict with the opinion of the guardian ad litem as to what is in the child’s
interest and welfare.
This Committee has also previously addressed the unique role of a GAL. In LEO 1729 this
Committee opined as follows:
In determining the ethical duties of an attorney serving as GAL, this committee
has recognized that the relationship of the GAL and child is different from the
relationship of attorney and client. 3 In reconciling the differences between the
traditional ethical duties an attorney owes to a client, and the legal obligations that
a GAL must discharge, the committee believes that where fulfilling a specific
duty of the guardian ad litem conflicts with the traditional duties required of an
attorney under the Code of Professional Responsibility, the specific duty of the
guardian ad litem should prevail. When the duties do not conflict, the GAL
should follow traditional course of action required under the Code of Professional
Responsibility.
The Standards to Govern the Performance of Guardian Ad Litem for Children 4 (“The
Standards”) outline the specific duties and qualifications of a GAL appointed by the court. The
Standards were formally adopted by the Judicial Council of Virginia and reviewed by the
Supreme Court in September of 2003, after this Committee issued its then latest ethics opinions
addressing a GAL’s duties. The Standards inform Virginia courts as to the expectations
regarding the conduct of GALs and provide additional guidance for a GAL’s conduct.
As outlined in The Standards, and as agreed to in past opinions from this Committee, lawyers
serving as GALs are subject to the Rules of Professional Conduct as they would be in any other
case, except when the special duties of a GAL conflict with such rules. 5 Therefore, although the
lawyer serving as a GAL for the child must generally protect the child’s confidences and secrets
as required by Rule 1.6, Rule 1.6 (b)(1) permits the disclosure of information protected by Rule
1.6, if disclosure is necessary for the GAL to comply with the law. The Committee believes that
the GAL’s compliance with The Standards and Rule 8:6 may justify the disclosure of
confidential information pursuant to Rule 1.6 (b)(1). 6 For example, the GAL may learn from
the child that a custodian is taking illegal drugs and may use that information to request that the
court order drug testing of the custodian.

3

See LEO 1725.
See Standards to Govern the Performance of Guardian Ad Litem for Children (“The Standards”), at
http://www.courts.state.va.us/gal/gal_standards_children_080403.html (effective September 1, 2003).
5
The Standards, supra at “Introductory Comment.” (“Attorneys who serve as GALs are subject to the Rules of
Professional Conduct promulgated by the Virginia State Bar as they would be in any other case, except when the
special duties of a GAL conflict with such rules.”); See also Va. Legal Ethics Op. 1810 (2004) citing Va. Legal
Ethics Op. 1729 (1999).
In addition, The Standards describe the GAL as representing the child as a lawyer and advocate.
Therefore, even though the relationship is not strictly that of lawyer and client, a lawyer serving as a GAL is
generally subject to the Rules of Professional Conduct except where compliance therewith will conflict with his or
her specific duties as a GAL.
6
Id., at Standard C.
4

Committee Opinion
December 18, 2008
The Standards outline, in terms of the GAL’s relationship with the child, that the duty of
confidentiality is not absolute. 7 In fact, The Standards require the GAL to advise the child of
the limitations on confidentiality and the fact that there may be circumstances when
confidentiality will not apply to their communications and times when it will. 8
Based upon the obligations set forth in The Standards, this Committee opines that the duties of
a GAL may extend further than those anticipated by the typical lawyer/client relationship, as the
GAL not only serves as the child’s advocate but is obliged to identify and recommend the
outcome that best serves the child’s interests. 9 Therefore, the GAL needs to investigate
information obtained from and about the child in order to ascertain certain facts. The GAL must
interview parties and other persons who have relevant knowledge of the child and facts that give
rise to the allegations. This duty is outlined in Standard B, which states that “GALs should
independently evaluate all allegations of child abuse or neglect, or of risk to the child’s safety or
welfare, including but not limited to physical or mental abuse, sexual abuse, lack of supervision,
educational neglect, and exposure of the child to domestic violence or substance abuse,
regardless of whether such abuse or neglect or risk is identified in the parties’ pleadings.”
Only after this investigation can the GAL independently make an evaluation. Through this
independent investigation, the GAL assesses the risk of probable harm to the child. That
assessment then leads to the determination of whether the GAL has a duty, as an advocate for the
child’s best interests, to disclose to the court or appropriate authority information necessary to
safeguard the best interests of the child. That disclosure would be permitted in light of the
Committee’s analysis earlier in this opinion of Rule 1.6(b)(1), where a lawyer can reveal
protected information to the extent reasonably necessary to comply with law.
This opinion is advisory only and not binding on any court or tribunal.

7

The Standards, supra note 1. Standard C states in pertinent part: “[t]he GAL must inform the child that there may
be circumstances when confidentiality will apply to communication between the child and GAL, and circumstances
when it may not.”
8
Id.
9
Id., at Introductory Comment (“The role and responsibility of the GAL is to represent, as an attorney, the child's
best interests before the court. The GAL is a full and active participant in the proceedings who independently
investigates, assesses and advocates for the child's best interests. Decision-making power resides with the court.”).