Is it unethical for a lawyer, or another lawyer in the same firm, to begin a sexual relationship with a firm client during the representation?

Plain-English summary

Building on Ethics Opinion 88-1, which set criteria for when a lawyer's sexual relationship with the lawyer's own client is unethical, the Committee was asked whether those standards reach a sexual relationship between a lawyer and a client of the lawyer's firm, in a case arising during a termination-of-parental-rights proceeding. The opinion concluded that the conduct is unethical if any of four circumstances is present: (1) the relationship adversely affects the lawyer's ability to protect the client or is otherwise prejudicial to the client's case; (2) it creates the potential that the attorney will be called as a witness for the client or on issues prejudicial to the client; (3) the client's matter is of a type generally recognized as emotionally charged; or (4) the sexual conduct is exchanged for legal services, non-consensual, coercive, or illegal.

The opinion concluded that a relationship between a lawyer and a client of the lawyer's firm is improper to the same extent as one with the lawyer's own client, with two qualifications: the firm lawyer not directly representing the client must know or have reason to know of the firm's attorney-client relationship, and that lawyer may rebut the criterion (3) presumption with objective evidence. The Committee framed its core concern as preventing exploitation of the attorney-client relationship, stressing that the lawyer's foremost duty is loyalty to the client, not personal gratification.

Applying the criteria, the opinion concluded that the termination-of-parental-rights matter would trigger the criterion (3) presumption of harm, not rebutted by the client's subjective statement of no harm, and that if any criterion is met the conduct is unethical and the whole firm must withdraw under the imputed-disqualification principle of DR 5-105(d). The opinion stated it does not prohibit representing a client with whom a mutually consensual relationship pre-existed the representation; its concern is a relationship commenced during, or as a condition of, the representation.

Currency note

This opinion was issued in 1992, before Alaska's adoption of the 2009 revisions to the Alaska Rules of Professional Conduct (and before Alaska adopted the Rules of Professional Conduct at all; it applies the former Code of Professional Responsibility). Subsequent rule amendments or later opinions may have changed the analysis. Treat this page as historical context, not current guidance. Verify against current rules before relying on any specific rule, deadline, or requirement mentioned here.

Common questions

Q: Was it automatically unethical for a lawyer to date a client during a case?

A: Not automatically. The opinion concluded the conduct is unethical only if one of four circumstances applies, including harm to the client's case, a risk of the lawyer becoming a witness, an emotionally charged matter, or coercion.

Q: Did it matter that a different lawyer in the firm, not the client's own lawyer, was involved?

A: No. The opinion concluded the relationship is improper to the same extent as with the lawyer's own client, so long as the firm lawyer knew or had reason to know of the firm's representation.

Q: What happened if one of the criteria was met?

A: The opinion concluded the conduct is unethical and, under the imputed-disqualification principle of DR 5-105(d), no member of the firm may continue the representation, so the firm must withdraw.

Q: Did the opinion reach relationships that predated the representation?

A: No. The opinion stated it does not prohibit representing a client with whom the lawyer had a mutually consensual, ongoing relationship before the representation began.

Background and rules framework

The opinion was decided under the former Alaska Code of Professional Responsibility, the analog to today's conflict-of-interest rules (Model Rules 1.7 and 1.8). It applied DR 5-101 and DR 7-101(A)(3) (personal-interest conflicts and prejudicing the client), DR 5-102 (lawyer as witness), DR 5-105(d) (imputed disqualification), and DR 1-102(A)(3) (illegal conduct involving moral turpitude), drawing on disciplinary cases and sister-state ethics opinions.

Citations and references

Rules of Professional Conduct (former Code of Professional Responsibility):

• DR 5-101; DR 7-101(A)(3) (personal-interest conflict; prejudicing the client) (cf. Model Rule 1.7)
• DR 5-102 (lawyer as witness)
• DR 5-105(d) (imputed disqualification)
• DR 1-102(A)(3) (illegal conduct involving moral turpitude)

Other opinions cited:

• Alaska Ethics Opinion 88-1: sexual relationship with the lawyer's own client
• Oregon State Bar Op. 429; Maryland Ethics Op. 84-9

See also

• ABA Formal Op. 92-364: Sexual Relations With Clients
• Alaska Ethics Op. 96-6: Lawyer as Arbitrator and Advocate
• Alaska Ethics Op. 2012-3: Closely-Held Organization Owner Conflicts

Source

• Landing page: https://alaskabar.org/ethics-discipline/ethics-opinions/adopted-ethics-opinions-chronological/
• Original PDF: https://alaskabar.org/wp-content/uploads/92-6.pdf

Original opinion text

Reproduced from the official source for research purposes. The linked source is authoritative.

ALASKA BAR ASSOCIATION
ETHICS OPINION NO. 92-6
Propriety of an Intimate Relationship
Between an Attorney and a Client
of the Attorney's Law Firm
The Committee has been asked previously whether it is in violation of the
Code of Professional Responsibility for an attorney to commence a sexual
relationship with a client during the time the attorney is representing that
client. In Ethics Opinion 88-1, the Committee responded by setting forth
criteria that would render such a relationship unethical. More recently, we
have been asked to assess whether Ethics Opinion 88-1 applies to a sexual
relationship commenced between an attorney and a client of the attorney's law
firm. Specifically, we have been asked to determine whether it was unethical
for a lawyer to become intimately involved with a client of the firm during the
course of the firm's representation in a termination of parental rights
proceeding.
The Committee has concluded that this conduct is unethical if:1
(1)
The sexual relationship has an adverse affect on the lawyer's
ability to protect the client's interests, or is otherwise prejudicial or
damaging to the client's case;
(2)
The sexual relationship creates the potential that the attorney will
be called as a witness on behalf of the client or to testify on issues
prejudicial to the client;
(3)
The client is involved in a legal matter of the type that is generally
recognized to be emotionally charged; or
(4)
The sexual conduct is exchanged for legal services, nonconsensual, coercive, or illegal.
These factors recognize that there are some circumstances and types of
representation under which a sexual relationship is inconsistent with a
professional relationship between an

1 The Committee has taken this opportunity to expand and clarify the standards for
determining when an intimate relationship is unethical and warrants withdrawal or
disqualification. Most notable changes are those now set forth in criteria (2) and (3).
1

attorney and client. The Committee's basic concern is that the attorney-client
relationship, once established, should not be exploited by the attorney. The
attorneys' foremost duty must be loyalty to the client, not personal
gratification.
It is the opinion of the Committee that a sexual relationship between an
attorney and a client of the attorney's firm is improper to the same extent as a
relationship between an attorney and the attorney's own client, with certain
limited exceptions. First, an attorney not directly involved in representing the
client must know or have reason to know of the attorney/client relationship
existing between the client and the attorney's firm. Second, such attorney may
rebut with objective evidence the presumption established in criterion (3),
which assumes that an attorney who is sexually involved with a client during
cases that are by nature emotionally charged is unethically exploiting the
attorney-client relationship.
In the case presented, the Committee has not been provided with
sufficient facts to determine whether the attorney's sexual relationship with the
firm's client was proper. However, the fact that the client was involved in a
proceeding to terminate parental rights would trigger the presumption in
criterion (3), which is not satisfactorily rebutted by the client's subjective
statements that he or she was not harmed by the short-lived affair. The
attorney must carefully consider this and the remaining criteria to determine
the propriety of his or her conduct. If any of the criteria are met, the attorney's
conduct is unethical, and no member of the attorney's firm may continue to
represent the client under principles of imputed disqualification embodied in
DR 5-105(d). Accordingly, the firm must withdraw.
For further guidance, the above criteria are discussed separately below.
(1) Adverse Impact on Client's Case
In some situations, a sexual relationship with a client during the course
of representation may adversely affect the client's case or otherwise prejudice
or damage the client's position. The Oregon State Bar has evaluated the
propriety of an attorney's sexual relationship with an unemployed woman he
was representing in a divorce proceeding. Oregon State Bar Ethics Opinion
429 (May 1979). The opinion stressed that the particular facts are extremely
important in each case. It concluded that there were several facts militating in
favor of a finding that the lawyer's conduct was improper under DR 5-101,
which prohibits a lawyer from accepting employment if the exercise of his
professional judgment on behalf of the client will be affected by personal
interests. First, the lawyer's conduct could significantly aggravate the other
spouse and threaten a reasonable settlement. Second, in the event of a trial,
the potential for an embarrassing disclosure of the lawyer's affair might cause
him to curb effective and aggressive representation.
Similarly, Maryland Ethics Opinion 84-9 (September 7, 1983), advises
that a lawyer must withdraw from employment when he is sexually involved
with a client who is seeking advice regarding the sale of property owned by the
client and her husband, the transfer of property from the husband and wife,
and a possible divorce. In these circumstances, an intimate personal
relationship between the lawyer and the client may have an adverse effect on
the lawyer's ability to protect his client's interests.
Although not directly discussed by the Oregon or Maryland opinions, a
sexual relationship may also prove damaging to the merits of a client's case in
2

particular circumstances. For example, in matters involving child custody, a
parent's conduct is closely scrutinized, and the details of an intimate
relationship may conceivably become part of this scrutiny, particularly to the
extent it may affect the children in question. Not only could the parent's
conduct be negatively viewed by the court, but the lawyer would face a serious
risk of becoming a material witness and being required to withdraw.
Additionally, the lawyer's professional judgment and ability to render
competent representation may be compromised. Bourdon's Case, 565 A.2d
1052 (N.H. 1989); Kentucky Bar Assn. v. Meredith, 752 S.W.2d 786 (Ky. 1988).
Clearly, sexual relationships should be avoided because they pose a
number of potential violations of DR 7-101(A)(3), which prohibits a lawyer from
intentionally prejudicing or damaging his client during the course of the
professional relationship. The fact that a lawyer's associate, not the lawyer, is
sexually involved with the lawyer's client has little bearing on this analysis.
Like the lawyer, the associate is ethically bound to refrain from conduct that
prejudices or damages a client of the firm.
(2) Potential For Becoming a Witness
If an attorney or attorney's associate should be called as a witness on the
client's behalf, the continued representation of the client by the attorney or the
attorney's firm is jeopardized pursuant to DR 5-102. The risk of becoming a
witness is particularly great where the client's ongoing conduct is at issue,
such as in a divorce, custody or adoption dispute; a matter involving the
client's physical, mental or emotional limitations or injuries, including a
personal injury and wrongful death case; and a criminal matter where a client's
compliance with court orders may be at issue. In such cases, attorneys or
associates who place themselves in a position to know first-hand intimate
details of a client's life create a likelihood that they will learn information that
either (1) ought to be divulged in the client's behalf at trial, which would
require disqualification pursuant to DR 5-102(a), or (2) might prejudice the
client, if the attorney or associate is called as a witness other than on the
client's behalf. Such a risk is unacceptable because the potential of harm to
the client is too great. Again, whether the lawyer or lawyer's associate is
sexually involved with the client is irrelevant -- if either is in a position to be
called as a witness, continued representation by the firm is jeopardized.
(3) Presumed Emotional Vulnerability
The Committee is of the view that sexual relationships with clients must
be presumed to be harmful to clients in cases that can be viewed objectively as
emotionally traumatic. Examples of such cases include, but are not limited to,
divorce, child custody or adoption disputes, or criminal matters involving the
client, client's spouse or other family member. These cases involve the loss or
potential loss or incarceration of persons of significance to the client, such as
spouses or children. Because such cases by nature involve emotional issues,
clients' judgments on emotional matters can be expected to be impaired,
making them more vulnerable to the advances of a lawyer or more likely to
initiate advances of their own. A lawyer has a duty to be cognizant of this
vulnerability and to refrain from sexual relationships for the duration of
representation. See Drucker's Case, 577 A.2d 1198 (N.H. 1990); Levy,
Attorneys, Clients and Sex: Conflicting Interests in the California Rule, 5 GEO. J.
LEGAL ETHICS 649 (1992). This duty extends to the lawyer's associates, who
are also in a position to exploit a client's emotional vulnerability through their
affiliation with the firm and potential familiarity with the case.
3

(4) Sex that is Non-consensual, Coercive, Illegal,
or Accepted in Exchange for Legal Services
A sexual relationship with a client that is initiated by an attorney under
circumstances reflecting that the client may have been deprived of free choice
with regard to the relationship is unethical. As an example, in
People v. Gibbons, 685 P.2d 168 (Co. 1984), an attorney undertook
representation of seven co-defendants charged with burglary. The lawyer, who
was sixty-six years of age, initiated a sexual relationship with a twenty-three
year old female defendant as a condition for his representation of her and her
husband. Following the conclusion of the criminal case, his clients filed a
complaint alleging blackmail because the sexual relationship was made a
condition of representation. In disbarring the attorney based upon the sexual
relationship and other matters relating to the attorney's responses to the
grievance proceeding, the court noted that the client was in a stressful
situation and she was placed "in a position in which she was unduly dependent
on the respondent and in which she may not have been able to exercise free
choice." Id. at 175.
If the sexual relationship with the client, or sexual conduct toward the client, is
illegal, the attorney is violating DR 1-102(A)(3), which prohibits a lawyer from
engaging in illegal conduct involving moral turpitude. An attorney who had
been retained to represent a female client on a drunk driving charge was found
to violate DR 1-102(A)(3) when he made sexual advances to the client in the jail
library and later in his car. In Re Littleton, 719 S.2d 772, 776 (Mo. en banc
1986). The Littleton court noted that DR 1-102(A)(3) does not require a
conviction of a crime, but only illegal conduct. The court further noted that
moral turpitude includes everything contrary to justice, honesty, modesty and
good morals. In holding that the attorney had violated his professional
obligations, the court stated:
Respondent and [client] entered into a professional relationship. [Client]
had a right to expect that Respondent would conduct himself in that
relationship in a manner consistent with the honorable position of the legal
profession -- a tradition founded on service, integrity, vigorous commitment to
the client's best interest, and that leads us to the rule of law. Instead of
remaining true to that tradition, however, Respondent chose to exploit it,
seeking to turn the professional relationship into a personal one. Id. The court
also emphasized that the non-consensual nature of the sexual relationship was
an important factor in the finding of impropriety. An attorney who grabbed his
female client, kissing her and raising her blouse, was also found to engage in
illegal conduct involving moral turpitude. In the Matter of Adams, 428 N.E.2d
786 (Indiana 1981).
Finally, an arrangement between an attorney and client under which the
client would provide sexual favors in exchange for legal representation would
also violate DR 1-102(A)(3). Iowa State Bar Assn. v. Hill, 436 N.W. 2d 57 (Iowa
1989); Carter v. Kritz, 560 A.2d 360 (R.I. 1989). Similarly, the withholding of
services or provision of damaging legal advice because of a client's refusal to
engage in sex is improper. McDaniel v. Gile, 281 Cal. Rptr. 242, 245-46 (Cal.
1991).
Again, no separate standard is warranted for a lawyer's associate. If the sexual
conduct is non-consensual, coercive, illegal, or induced in exchange for legal
services, it is improper regardless of whether the attorney involved represents
the client directly or is simply an associate of the client's attorney.
(5) Conclusion
4

The Committee concludes that sexual relationships with clients
commenced during the course of representation by either an attorney or the
attorney's law firm are unethical under any of the four circumstances
described above. This opinion is not intended to prohibit representation of a
client in a case where the attorney and client have been engaged in a mutually
consensual and on-going sexual relationship prior to the commencement of the
representation. In this regard, the Committee emphasizes that its chief
concern is to diminish the potential for legal or personal harm to a client, for
exploitation of a client's vulnerability, or for illegal coercion or force that are
posed by the commencement of sexual relationships during or as a condition of
representation by either a client's attorney or the attorney's associate. While
the Committee would recommend that a lawyer not represent any client with
whom he or she is sexually involved when the above circumstances exist, it is
the commencement of a sexual relationship during the course of representation
that is of greatest concern.
Approved by the Alaska Bar Association Ethics Committee on October 1, 1992.
Adopted by the Board of Governors on October 30, 1992.

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