Federal Agency Decisions
Federal workers' compensation appeals from the Department of Labor's Employees' Compensation Appeals Board (ECAB), federal-sector labor-relations cases from the Federal Labor Relations Authority (FLRA), mine-safety cases from the Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission (FMSHRC), workplace-safety cases from the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (OSHRC), Longshore Act and Black Lung Benefits Act appeals from the Department of Labor's Benefits Review Board (BRB), precedent decisions of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA), environmental permit and penalty appeals from the EPA's Environmental Appeals Board (EAB), and whistleblower and other labor appeals from the Department of Labor's Administrative Review Board (ARB), each with a plain-English summary, the law it cites, and whether it counts as precedent. More agencies are coming.
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Burgess Mining and Construction Corporation
Motion to vacate review denied
Burgess Mining and Construction asked the Commission to cancel its direction for review after the Secretary mailed a brief 25 days after that direction. Burgess relied on a rule requiring a petitioner to file a brief within 20 days. The Commission held that another rule added five days because the…
Matter of Lett
Investor management was not unauthorized employment
The Board reviewed a Canadian respondent's appeal from the denial of a motion to reopen so he could seek adjustment of status as an investor. The Immigration Judge had treated the respondent's management of his investment as unauthorized self-employment that barred adjustment. The Board held that…
AFGE Local 15 (Union) and Department of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Service, North Atlantic Region (Activity)
IRS visible identification badge requirement upheld (FLRA O-NG-137)
The IRS planned to require employees to wear visible identification badges as part of its internal security program. AFGE Local 15 proposed that certain appeals offices use no badges or, alternatively, let employees carry identification and show it only when challenged. The union called these…
Matter of Wadas
Immigration Judge could change venue in an exclusion case
The Board reviewed an interlocutory appeal from an Immigration Judge's order moving an exclusion hearing from New York to Boston. The applicant had been paroled into the United States, permitted to travel outside the New York district, and had possible witnesses in Massachusetts, where the alleged…
Veterans Administration Regional Office, Denver, Colorado (Respondent) and AFGE Local 1557 (Complainant)
Denver VA reprimands for union bargaining letter ordered removed (FLRA 61-4255(CA))
Two AFGE Local 1557 stewards wrote to the Denver VA regional office seeking bargaining over proposed changes to veterans' representatives' assignments and sent copies to outside groups. The VA reprimanded them for the letter, claiming it misstated plans and disclosed agency information. The judge…
Veterans Administration Hospital, Lexington, Kentucky (Respondent) and NAGE Local R5-185 (Complainant)
Lexington VA police chief selection ordered redone (FLRA 41-6178(CA))
NAGE Local R5-185 challenged the Lexington VA hospital's selection for a supervisory police officer position. The judge found that the hospital had considered union membership in the promotion process, and the Authority adopted that violation finding. It ordered the hospital to rescind the…
Tidewater Virginia Federal Employees Metal Trades Council and Norfolk Naval Shipyard, Portsmouth, Virginia
Norfolk shipyard productivity monitoring appeal dismissed (FLRA 0-NG-256)
The Metal Trades Council sought negotiability review concerning a Norfolk Naval Shipyard directive for foremen to monitor employee productivity. The Authority found that the union's general request to bargain did not present a specific, delimited proposal it could evaluate. It dismissed the appeal…
AFGE Local 2840 and Blytheville Air Force Base, Arkansas
Blytheville Air Force Base negotiability appeal dismissed as moot (FLRA 0-NG-221)
AFGE Local 2840 petitioned for review after Blytheville Air Force Base alleged that disputed matters were outside the duty to bargain. In its statement to the Authority, the agency effectively withdrew that allegation. The Authority held that the withdrawal made the appeal moot and dismissed it. It…
Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization, AFL-CIO and Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration
Air traffic controllers' broad bargaining appeal dismissed (FLRA 0-NG-209)
The Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization asked to negotiate changes to an FAA regulation and petitioned the Authority for negotiability review. The Authority said the union had not stated a proposal with enough detail to permit a negotiability decision under the statute and its…
AFGE Local 3488 and Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, New York Regional Office
FDIC negotiability petition dismissed after late filing (FLRA 0-NG-192)
AFGE Local 3488 petitioned for review of an FDIC New York office nonnegotiability allegation. The Authority calculated that the petition was due October 26, 1979, but it arrived on October 29. The union explained that it had mailed the petition instead of delivering it by hand and sought a waiver…
Service Employees' International Union, Local 556 and Navy Exchange, Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
Pearl Harbor Navy Exchange negotiability appeal dismissed as moot (FLRA 0-NG-187)
SEIU Local 556 petitioned for a ruling on whether a Navy regulation barred bargaining over its reduction in force proposal at the Pearl Harbor Navy Exchange. The Navy then withdrew its allegation that the proposal conflicted with the regulation. With that allegation gone, the Authority found no…
AFGE Local 2272 (Union) and Department of Justice, U.S. Marshals Service, District of Columbia (Activity)
Marshals Service local bargaining appeal denied without prejudice (FLRA 0-NG-101)
AFGE Local 2272 proposed terms for a local agreement with the U.S. Marshals Service in Washington, D.C. The Service said five proposals conflicted with its nationwide master agreement, while the union disagreed about what that agreement allowed. The Authority held that the parties first had to…
Army and Air Force Exchange Service, Dallas, Texas
AAFES bargaining unit consolidation review denied (FLRA 0-AS-11)
The National Association of Government Employees sought to consolidate 13 bargaining units of Army and Air Force Exchange Service employees across the continental United States. The Assistant Secretary found the combined unit appropriate because the employees shared a mission and personnel policies…
Matter of Poon
Hong Kong possession offense required guilty knowledge
The Board reviewed a deportation case involving a Hong Kong citizen who had two convictions for possessing morphine and opium under Hong Kong's Dangerous Drugs Ordinance. The respondent argued that the convictions could not support deportability because the ordinance did not require guilty…
Matter of McKee
Separation alone did not justify visa-petition denial
The Board reviewed a United States citizen's appeal from the denial of a visa petition filed for his Australian wife. The District Director denied the petition because the spouses were no longer living together. The Board held that when the parties entered into a valid marriage and there was no…
Secretary of Labor (MSHA) v. Sunbeam Coal Corporation
Sunbeam Coal Corporation (FMSHRC PITT 79-210): Late review petition dismissed
A petition sought Commission review of a judge's January 29, 1980 decision involving Sunbeam Coal Corporation. The Mine Act required filing and service within 30 days, and Commission rules made filing effective when the Commission received the petition. The certificate of service said the petition…
Secretary of Labor (MSHA) v. Davis Coal Company
Davis Coal Company (FMSHRC HOPE 78-627-P): Judges' settlement approvals affirmed
Administrative law judges approved civil penalty settlements in several cases involving Davis Coal Company. The Commission reviewed whether the reasons and supporting facts warranted approval. The majority found that the motions addressed the Mine Act's six penalty factors, including Davis's…
Federal Aviation Science and Technological Association Division, National Association of Government Employees (Respondent) and Leland L. Spargo, Warner M. Hussong, Edwin L. Reisinger (Complainants)
Aviation union unequal representation finding upheld (FLRA 72-7821(CO))
Three aviation employees complained that their union would not process their grievances because they were not union members. An administrative law judge found that the union had given different representation to bargaining unit employees based on membership and recommended an unfair labor practice…
Environmental Protection Agency (Respondent) and American Federation of Government Employees, Local 3331, AFL-CIO (Complainant)
EPA union role inquiry violation upheld with narrower order (FLRA 22-09116(CA))
EPA asked employees to report their current and anticipated union roles. An administrative law judge found the inquiry interfered with protected activity and recommended an unfair labor practice order. The Authority upheld that finding but agreed with EPA that the order should allow a valid request…
Department of Energy (Respondent) and National Treasury Employees Union (Complainant)
Energy Department dues withholding refusal reversed (FLRA 22-09034(CA))
The National Treasury Employees Union represented employees of the former Federal Energy Administration before they moved to the newly created Department of Energy. The department continued existing dues deductions but refused new employee authorizations while a representation petition was pending…
Norfolk Naval Shipyard, Portsmouth, Virginia (Respondent) and Tidewater Virginia Federal Employees Metal Trades Council, AFL-CIO (Complainant)
Norfolk Naval Shipyard dirty pay complaint dismissed (FLRA 22-08539(CA))
The Tidewater Metal Trades Council accused Norfolk Naval Shipyard of bargaining in bad faith and changing its environmental pay criteria, including who could approve dirty pay, without bargaining. The union had already raised the issues in arbitration proceedings under its labor agreement with the…
American Federation of Government Employees, AFL-CIO, Local 3488 (Union) and Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, New York Region (Activity)
FDIC bank assignment negotiability appeal dismissed (FLRA 0-NG-61)
The FDIC assigned banks to specific field offices for examinations, and its bank examiners' union proposed changes to the plan. FDIC asserted in 1977 that the proposals were outside its duty to bargain under the executive order then in effect. The union waited more than 18 months before seeking a…
American Federation of Government Employees, AFL-CIO, Local 1760 (Union) and Social Security Administration, Northeastern Program Service Center, Flushing, New York (Activity)
Social Security negotiability appeal denied for lack of a specific proposal (FLRA 0-NG-168)
Social Security officials assigned temporary employees to a mailroom, assigned certain work to union officials, and began auditing samples of employees' work. The local union sought bargaining over the changes and appealed the agency's refusal to bargain over the decisions themselves. The union…
National Labor Relations Board Union, Local 19 (Union) and NLRB Region 19 (Activity)
NLRB clerical assistant work assignment proposal rejected (FLRA 0-NG-131)
The union for NLRB Region 19 proposed limiting a clerical assistant's performance of office manager duties to times when the assistant was formally acting as office manager. The agency said this restricted its right to assign work. The Authority agreed: the proposal conditioned those assignments on…
Headquarters, U.S. Army Communications Command, Fort Huachuca, Arizona (Activity) and American Federation of Government Employees, Local 1662 (Union)
Union request for court enforcement of boiler award denied (FLRA 0-MC-1)
An Army union won an arbitration award concerning the frequency of boiler inspections at Fort Huachuca. It later asserted that the Army had not followed the award and asked the Authority to petition a federal appeals court for enforcement. Neither party had filed an exception to the award with the…
Matter of Cote
International truck driver qualified as a business visitor
The Board reviewed the Service's appeal from an Immigration Judge's decision admitting a Canadian truck driver as a temporary visitor for business. The driver worked for a United States company and transported General Motors vehicles between Canada and the United States, delivering vehicles in the…
Association of Civilian Technicians, New York Council (Union) and Division of Military and Naval Affairs, State of New York (Activity)
National Guard technician vacancy arbitration award left in place (FLRA FLRC 78A-149)
A New York National Guard vacancy notice limited applicants for a personnel job to officers and warrant officers, although the official job description also allowed enlisted technicians. An arbitrator found that the notice violated the parties' merit promotion agreement and ordered the Guard to…
Employment and Training Administration, Veterans Employment Service, Department of Labor (Respondent) and American Federation of Government Employees, Local 2513 (Complainant)
Labor Department grievance retaliation complaint dismissed (FLRA CSC 110)
A federal employees' union alleged that the Labor Department harassed three Veterans Employment Service employees after they filed grievances against a supervisor. A Civil Service Commission hearing officer examined allegations concerning performance reviews, memoranda, and a delayed promotion. He…
Brown & Root, Inc.
Rock-crusher platform guarding violation affirmed
Brown & Root operated a rock crusher at a nuclear power plant construction site. A demolition-machine operator worked on a small platform with two unguarded openings above a moving conveyor that led to the crusher. The Commission allowed OSHA to amend the citation from a general-industry…
Diamond Roofing Company, Inc.
Roof fall-protection case remanded for defenses
Diamond Roofing employees installed roofing on a narrow pedestrian walkway about 27 feet above a concrete sidewalk and a heavily traveled road. They worked near the roof edge without safety belts, nets, guardrails, or any other listed fall protection. The Commission held that the permanent metal…
Armstrong Cork Company
Defective tilt-table safety switch violation affirmed
Armstrong Cork used a hydraulic tilt table beside a paper rewinder, and an employee was fatally crushed when the table rose with a defective safety switch left in the raise position. The Commission held that the pulp and paper standards cited by Armstrong did not preempt the general duty clause…
Internal Revenue Service, Austin Service Center (Respondent) and National Treasury Employees Union and NTEU Chapter 72 (Complainants)
IRS one day shift change violated bargaining duty (FLRA 63-8897(CA))
The IRS changed three Austin Service Center employees from an evening shift to a day shift so they could testify at a Civil Service Commission hearing. It gave the union no advance notice, and the employees had only a short rest between shifts. The Authority accepted that the agency had to make the…
Veterans Administration Hospital, Temple, Texas (Respondent) and American Federation of Government Employees, Local 2109 (Complainant)
Veterans hospital grievance questioning violation upheld (FLRA 6-CA-2)
A union at the Veterans Administration hospital in Temple alleged that management questioned its chief steward and denied her a promotion because of union activity. The administrative law judge found that a supervisor's question about whether she would file a grievance if not selected for a…
Adjutant General, Georgia National Guard, Department of Defense (Respondent) and Georgia Association of Civilian Technicians (Complainant)
Georgia Guard dues withholding remedy narrowed to one employee (FLRA 40-9032(CA))
The Georgia National Guard changed 22 civilian technician position descriptions to supervisory jobs, removed the positions from a union unit, and stopped dues withholding. An administrative law judge found that seven affected employees were still nonsupervisory and that ending their dues deductions…
F. H. Lawson Company
An impossibility defense fails if the employer never considered changing how the machine is run
Lawson's Cincinnati plant runs three riveters and two power presses, all cited for unguarded points of operation. One riveter fastens casters to a circular dolly, with the operator's hands about a foot from a two inch opening. A press and a second riveter pierce and then rivet a steel band around a…
American Federation of Government Employees, AFL-CIO, Local 2879 (Union) and Social Security Administration, San Diego, California (Activity)
Social Security bargaining forum dispute dismissed from negotiability appeal (FLRA 0-NG-208)
A Social Security union local sought bargaining over promotion lists, flexible schedules, and district level changes. The agency argued that a later nationwide unit consolidation ended any duty to bargain separately with the local and that other agreements governed some proposals. The union…
American Federation of Government Employees, International Council of United States Marshals Service Locals (Union) and Department of Justice, United States Marshals Service (Activity)
Marshals Service vacancy announcement proposal held negotiable (FLRA 0-NG-118)
The Marshals Service union proposed that the agency announce all vacancies for which bargaining unit employees could apply, even if it planned to fill them from another source. The agency said the proposal would interfere with its right to select candidates. The Authority read the proposal as…
Matter of Toro
Illegally obtained evidence could still be fundamentally fair
The Board reviewed a deportation case in which an Immigration Judge admitted a Form I-213 containing the respondent's admissions after an immigration officer stopped and questioned her based only on her apparent Hispanic or Latin appearance. The Board held that a Fourth Amendment violation does not…
Matter of Garcia-Flores
Warning violation required prejudice analysis
The Board reviewed a Mexican respondent's appeal from a deportability finding based on entry into the United States without inspection. The Immigration Judge relied on statements and Service forms obtained after a Service investigator interviewed the respondent without advising her of the…
Secretary of Labor (MSHA) v. Van Mulvehill Coal Company, Inc.
Van Mulvehill Coal Company (FMSHRC SE 79-127): Penalty case restored after dismissal
An MSHA inspector issued Van Mulvehill Coal Company a combined citation and imminent danger withdrawal order alleging five violations at its Black Creek No. 1 mine. The Secretary later sought $164 in penalties, but an inspector then purported to vacate the document and the judge dismissed the…
Secretary of Labor (MSHA) v. Island Creek Coal Company
Island Creek Coal Company (FMSHRC KENT 79-129): Penalty case restored after dismissal
An MSHA inspector cited Island Creek Coal Company for an alleged combustible material accumulation and issued a withdrawal order. The Secretary later moved to dismiss the penalty case after learning that an earlier citation had been modified and could not support that type of withdrawal order. The…
Weyerhaeuser Co.; Konkolville Lumber Co.; Continental Kitchens, Inc.; Boise Cascade Corp.; Noblecraft Industries, Inc.; Diamond International Corp.; Louisiana-Pacific Corp.
The radial saw guarding standard reaches woodworking but not sawmilling, so the cases go back for a hearing on what the saws were doing
Eight cases against wood products companies, all charging the same thing: radial saws without the lower blade guard required by 29 C.F.R. § 1910.213(h)(1), the guard that rides against the stock and adjusts itself to the thickness of the cut. The Ninth Circuit decided the consolidated appeal in…
Connecticut Aerosols, Inc.
A settlement cannot rewrite abatement dates that already became a final order
Connecticut Aerosols received two citations in December 1977 alleging 38 serious and 7 nonserious violations, each with a specified abatement date. The company's notice of contest challenged only the proposed penalties on certain items. That choice mattered a great deal. Under section 10(a), an…
National Treasury Employees Union and Internal Revenue Service
IRS negotiability petition under expired executive order dismissed (FLRA 0-NG-46)
The National Treasury Employees Union asked for review of the IRS agency head's ruling that its proposals were nonnegotiable under Executive Order 11491. By the time of review, that order had been superseded by the Federal Service Labor-Management Relations Statute. Neither the petition nor the…
American Federation of Government Employees, AFL-CIO, Local 2094 (Union) and Veterans Administration Hospital (Activity)
Veterans hospital blood bank admonishment award left in place (FLRA 0-AR-24)
A medical technician at a Veterans Administration hospital received an admonishment after failing to find a patient's blood bank record card. The arbitrator found that an inadequate search, rather than the explanation offered by the union, accounted for the missing card and denied the grievance…
American Federation of Government Employees, Local 1867 (Union) and United States Air Force Academy (Activity)
Air Force Academy temporary promotion award sustained (FLRA FLRC 78A-156)
An Air Force Academy printing plant employee claimed that he had acted as foreman long enough to earn a temporary promotion and backpay under his union agreement. The arbitrator sustained the grievance and awarded backpay after the first 60 days. The agency appealed, arguing that the award…
Federal Aviation Administration (Activity) and Federal Aviation Science and Technological Association (Union)
FAA standby overtime award set aside (FLRA FLRC 78A-147)
A snowstorm kept the next crew from reaching an FAA radar site, so two technicians worked extra duty that included eight hours of standby without performing work. An arbitrator ordered overtime pay for that standby period. The FAA appealed, and the Authority obtained an interpretation of the pay…
Amoco Chemical Corporation
Noise-abatement extension remanded for hearing
Amoco sought a second extension of the abatement deadline for a final noise-standard citation. The Secretary said he lacked enough data to support or oppose the request and asked for a hearing, but the judge treated that position as no objection and granted the extension. The Commission held that…
Babcock & Wilcox Co.
Settlement agreement approved
Babcock & Wilcox, the Secretary of Labor, and the employee representative submitted a stipulation and settlement agreement dated February 8, 1980. The Commission approved that agreement. The official order does not describe the citations, standards, settlement terms, or any penalty disposition.
Veterans Administration Regional Office, Denver, Colorado (Respondent) and American Federation of Government Employees, Local 1557 (Complainant)
VA reprimand for union grievance language ruled unlawful (FLRA 61-4246(CA))
A Denver Veterans Administration office reprimanded the local union president over language he used in a grievance filed for another employee. An administrative law judge found that the reprimand interfered with protected union activity and discriminated against the employee under sections 19(a)(1)…
Red River Army Depot, Texarkana, Texas (Activity-Petitioner) and National Federation of Federal Employees, Local 803 (Labor Organization)
Red River Depot legal secretary kept in bargaining unit (FLRA 6-CU-3)
Red River Army Depot sought to exclude a legal office secretary from the union unit as a confidential employee. Her supervisor advised management on labor relations, and she had access to his mail and files. The Authority found no evidence that she worked in a confidential capacity on his labor…
U.S. Air Force Military Airlift Command, Andrews Air Force Base (Activity) and 14th District Council of Air Force Locals, American Federation of Government Employees (Exclusive Representative)
Andrews Air Force Base small shop chiefs excluded from union unit (FLRA 22-09518(CU))
The Air Force asked the Authority to remove nine types of small shop chief positions from a bargaining unit at Andrews Air Force Base. The union argued that the employees were technical work leaders rather than supervisors. The Authority found that their job authority included recommending hiring…
Dun-Par Engineered Form Company
The perimeter guarding standard covers the second floor but not the roof, and a form subcontractor cannot hand the guardrails to the general contractor
Dun-Par was the forming subcontractor on a two story school in Kansas City, Kansas. Its crews put up four-by-four uprights, built an open gridwork of timbers across the top, dropped metal pans into the openings, and then cleared out so another subcontractor could pour concrete. When the slab cured…
Federal Aviation Science and Technological Association (Union) and Federal Aviation Administration, Albuquerque Airway Facilities Sector (Activity)
FAA property transfer suspension arbitration award left in place (FLRA 0-AR-20)
An FAA electronic technician delivered parts from an agency site to a bidder who had bought a surplus lathe. The FAA imposed a 20 day suspension for unauthorized receipt and disposal of government property. An arbitrator found cause for discipline but reduced the suspension to 10 days because the…
Matter of Kondo
Nonviable marriage could not support rescission in Ninth Circuit case
The Board reconsidered its earlier decision requiring rescission of the respondent's adjustment of status based on a marriage that was not viable at the time of adjustment. The Ninth Circuit had held that a marriage that was legally valid but factually dead could not support rescission. The Board…
Matter of Kumar
Later investment could not use superseded investor standard
The Board reviewed an Indian respondent's appeal from the denial of adjustment of status and the grant of voluntary departure. He had entered the United States as a visitor, invested in a clothing business before October 7, 1976, and later invested in a motel. He argued that the motel investment…
Otis Elevator Co.
A repeat citation fails on dates alone, because the Secretary never proved any earlier citation was a final order before this inspection
Two Otis employees, foreman Lomiento and helper Seipel, were installing an elevator in a pumping station under construction in Tarrytown, New York. The building had a grade level and two basement levels, roughly sixteen feet apart, with the walls up and the roof on but the interior unfinished. On…
Acme Fence & Iron Co., Inc.
A sincere belief is not a good faith belief when the employer never made the diligent inquiry that would have tested it
Acme Fence galvanized chain link fencing in Norman, Oklahoma by drawing wire through vats of molten zinc. The vats were company-built, sixteen to twenty feet long, with walls about four feet high and a standing surface on top only two and a half to three feet wide. Employees climbed onto that ledge…
University of Pittsburgh
Political-subdivision exemption rejected
OSHA cited the University of Pittsburgh's printing shop for inadequate exit capacity and an unguarded horizontal belt drive. A judge vacated the items after finding that Pitt was a political subdivision excluded from the OSH Act's definition of employer. The Commission reversed because Pitt was not…
Matter of Hinojosa
Parole did not end domicile needed for possible waiver
The Board considered the Service's motion to reconsider a prior decision about an applicant who had been convicted of a marijuana-law violation. The Board had previously found the applicant statutorily eligible to seek a waiver of excludability under § 212(c), subject to an Immigration Judge's…
What these documents are
- The agencies: Federal workers' compensation appeals from the Department of Labor's Employees' Compensation Appeals Board (ECAB), federal-sector labor-relations cases from the Federal Labor Relations Authority (FLRA), mine-safety cases from the Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission (FMSHRC), workplace-safety cases from the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (OSHRC), Longshore Act and Black Lung Benefits Act appeals from the Department of Labor's Benefits Review Board (BRB), precedent decisions of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA), environmental permit and penalty appeals from the EPA's Environmental Appeals Board (EAB), and whistleblower and other labor appeals from the Department of Labor's Administrative Review Board (ARB). Each decision page names its agency.
- Commission, Board and Authority decisions: Rulings by the agency's highest review level (the Commission at OSHRC and FMSHRC, the Authority at FLRA, the Board of Immigration Appeals, the Administrative Review Board at Labor, and the Environmental Appeals Board at EPA). These are citable as precedent, though a decision may have been appealed to a U.S. Court of Appeals after issuance.
- ALJ decisions: Rulings by the agency's Administrative Law Judges after a hearing. When no Commissioner directs review, an ALJ decision becomes a final order that binds the parties in that case but is not binding precedent: under 29 U.S.C. § 661(j) at OSHRC, and after the 40-day window of 30 U.S.C. § 823(d)(1) at FMSHRC.
- Why finality matters: Every page here says which kind of decision you are reading, so you know whether it is precedent you can cite or a final order that only shows how one judge ruled on one set of facts.
- Where they come from: Every page links the official public release from the deciding agency, and the full text on the page is that release. The plain-English summaries are written by Ezel.