Federal Agency Decisions
Federal workers' compensation appeals from the Department of Labor's Employees' Compensation Appeals Board (ECAB), federal-sector labor-relations cases from the Federal Labor Relations Authority (FLRA), mine-safety cases from the Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission (FMSHRC), workplace-safety cases from the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (OSHRC), Longshore Act and Black Lung Benefits Act appeals from the Department of Labor's Benefits Review Board (BRB), precedent decisions of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA), environmental permit and penalty appeals from the EPA's Environmental Appeals Board (EAB), and whistleblower and other labor appeals from the Department of Labor's Administrative Review Board (ARB), each with a plain-English summary, the law it cites, and whether it counts as precedent. More agencies are coming.
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AFGE Interdepartmental Local 3723 and Department of the Navy, Navy Exchange, Naval Station San Diego
AFGE Local 3723 and Navy Exchange (FLRA 8-CO-6): union complaint dismissed
The Navy Exchange filed a grievance against AFGE Local 3723, but the union refused to refer it to arbitration because it disputed management's right to grieve. An Administrative Law Judge found that refusal to be an unfair labor practice. The Authority disagreed, reasoning that the Navy Exchange…
Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital and AFGE Local 3399
Truman Veterans Hospital and AFGE Local 3399 (FLRA 7-CA-118): conflict-of-interest complaint dismissed
A part-time equal employment opportunity counselor at the Truman Veterans Hospital also served as vice-president of AFGE Local 3399. The hospital told her it might ask her to leave the counselor role if she performed specified union duties that created a conflict of interest. The union alleged that…
Army Materiel Readiness Support Activity and Army Central Test Measurement Diagnostic Equipment Activity and AFGE Local 894
Army Lexington activities and AFGE Local 894 (FLRA 4-CU-22): two team leaders excluded from unit
Two Army activities in Lexington, Kentucky sought to exclude 15 team leaders from AFGE Local 894's bargaining unit as supervisors or management officials. The Authority found that William C. Dates and Gayle H. Rees effectively exercised supervisory powers and removed them from the unit. It kept the…
Department of the Navy, U.S. Marine Corps and American Federation of Government Employees
Marine Corps (FLRA 3-UC-10): Authority approves consolidated bargaining unit and directs election
AFGE sought to consolidate 22 bargaining units of civilian Marine Corps employees into one unit. The Marine Corps argued that the installations' different functions, locations, and local labor relations made consolidation inappropriate. The Authority found a shared mission, overlapping work, common…
National Treasury Employees Union Chapter 70 and Internal Revenue Service, Atlanta Service Center
NTEU Chapter 70 and IRS Atlanta (FLRA 0-NG-354): mixed ruling on carpool proposals
NTEU Chapter 70 proposed five terms concerning a carpool program at the IRS Atlanta Service Center. The Authority held that three reserved-parking proposals conflicted with government-wide parking priority rules and were outside the duty to bargain. It dismissed a proposal about alternate work or…
National Treasury Employees Union and Internal Revenue Service
NTEU and IRS (FLRA 0-NG-331): performance data verification proposals negotiable
The IRS planned to collect work measurement and telephone performance data through two systems. NTEU proposed that evaluative conclusions from those statistics be supported by other evidence, such as observation of employee behavior. The Authority read the proposals as requiring confirmation of the…
American Federation of Government Employees, Local 3098 and Indiana Air National Guard
AFGE Local 3098 and Indiana Air National Guard (FLRA 0-NG-301): grievance proposals partly negotiable
AFGE Local 3098 proposed employee appeal and grievance options and a stay of personnel actions while a grievance or arbitration was pending. The Authority held that National Guard technicians' adverse action appeals could fall within a negotiated grievance procedure. It rejected the part that would…
International Association of Fire Fighters, Local F-109 and Department of the Army, Carlisle Barracks
Fire Fighters Local F-109 and Carlisle Barracks (FLRA 0-NG-298): work assignment proposal rejected
Fire Fighters Local F-109 proposed limits on assignments at the Army's Carlisle Barracks. The proposal tied work to fire department functions and job classifications, required rotation of certain temporary assignments, and barred assigning firefighters specified maintenance and snow removal tasks…
National Treasury Employees Union and U.S. Customs Service
NTEU and Customs Service (FLRA 0-NG-281): disputed uniform, identity, and grievance terms outside duty to bargain
NTEU challenged the Customs Service's refusal to bargain over parts of three proposals concerning hats, disclosure of employees' names to the public, and statutory appeals of grievances. The Authority found the disputed hat and name provisions concerned the means of performing law enforcement work…
American Federation of Government Employees, Local 1533 and Naval Supply Center Oakland
AFGE Local 1533 and Naval Supply Center Oakland (FLRA 0-NG-263): repromotion proposal rejected
AFGE Local 1533 proposed that employees affected by a reduction in force be repromoted in retention order as vacancies arose at the Naval Supply Center in Oakland. The agency argued that the proposal would restrict its right to select employees for appointments. The Authority agreed that the…
Olga Coal Company
Coal accumulation citation upheld with $1,200 penalty
MSHA cited Olga Coal Company for loose coal and coal fines along an active shuttle car road at its Olga Mine. Judge George A. Koutras found that the accumulations extended about 200 feet and took roughly 11 hours to remove. He rejected the company's argument that it should have been allowed more…
Youngstown Mines Corp.
Coal accumulation citation upheld with $1,000 penalty
MSHA cited Youngstown Mines Corp. for coal, coal dust, grease, and oil accumulated inside a continuous miner at its DeHue Mine. The company argued that a broken hydraulic hose had taken the machine out of service and workers were cleaning it when the inspector arrived. Judge George A. Koutras…
Secretary of Labor on behalf of John Griffin v. Peabody Coal Company
Discrimination complaint dismissed
Peabody Coal Company suspended repairman John Griffin for three days after he refused an order to turn on power to a continuous miner. Griffin claimed that airborne rock dust made the task unsafe and that the suspension punished protected safety activity. Judge James A. Broderick found that dust…
Ernie Brock
Individual penalty case dismissed after delayed filing
MSHA sought a $300 individual civil penalty against Ernie Brock, a former foreman at Peabody Coal Company's Ken No. 4 North Mine, under section 110(c) of the Mine Act. The underlying citation concerned roof conditions; the proposal named 30 C.F.R. § 75.200, while the attached citation showed a…
Matter of Hann
Foreign divorce was not final at remarriage
The Board reviewed a certified visa petition filed by a United States citizen for his spouse. The petitioner obtained a divorce judgment in the Dominican Republic on December 7, 1979, but the divorce was pronounced and registered on February 9, 1980, after he married the beneficiary in Japan on…
Colorado Westmoreland, Inc.
Roof-control citations vacated
MSHA cited Colorado Westmoreland, Inc. twice for alleged violations of the roof control plan at its Orchard Valley coal mine, and attached a withdrawal order to the second citation. The first citation concerned a widened entry with unsupported roof, while the second alleged that roof bolters worked…
Massey Sand and Rock Company
Access citation upheld, penalty cut to $500
MSHA cited Massey Sand and Rock Company for failing to provide safe access to a conveyor head pulley at its Indio Pit and Mill. A worker climbed the conveyor to grease the pulley, and the belt started, throwing him into a silo. Judge John J. Morris rejected Massey's argument that the safe-access…
Sierra Blanca Milling & Processing Co.
Five citations upheld, three vacated
MSHA cited Sierra Blanca Milling & Processing Co. for eight alleged violations at a developing mill site. The company said it had subleased the property to other companies and contested all eight citations, although MSHA had treated only one as contested. Judge Jon D. Boltz held that the company's…
National Treasury Employees Union and Department of Health and Human Services, Region X
NTEU and HHS Region X (FLRA O-NG-371): experience factor proposals too indefinite for review
NTEU proposed bargaining with HHS Region X over experience factors and their weights for rating and ranking employees. The Authority found that neither proposal identified the particular factors or weights to be negotiated. It held the proposals too general to support a negotiability decision and…
National Treasury Employees Union and U.S. Customs Service
NTEU and Customs Service (FLRA O-NG-370): training center bargaining dispute dismissed without prejudice
NTEU proposed terms for Customs Service employees assigned to a federal law enforcement training center. The parties disputed whether Customs officials controlled conditions at the center enough to create a duty to bargain. The Authority found that the immediate issue was the agency's bargaining…
American Federation of Government Employees, Local 1858 and U.S. Army Missile Command
AFGE Local 1858 and Army Missile Command (FLRA O-NG-358): performance appraisal terms partly negotiable
AFGE Local 1858 proposed terms for performance appraisals at the Army Missile Command. The Authority held that requiring critical elements to follow grade controlling factors and bargaining to impasse over performance measures would interfere with management's rights. It also rejected arbitral…
National Treasury Employees Union and Department of Health and Human Services, Region X
NTEU and HHS Region X (FLRA O-NG-336): general promotion proposals dismissed as too indefinite
NTEU proposed bargaining over experience factors, their weights, performance appraisal factors, and a personnel form used in merit promotions at HHS Region X. The Authority found that the proposals did not identify the particular factors, methods, forms, or weights at issue. It held them too…
American Federation of Government Employees, National Council of Social Security Payment Center Locals and Social Security Administration
AFGE and Social Security Administration (FLRA O-NG-297): one work assignment proposal negotiable
The Social Security Administration assigned claims cases to authorizers using the last two digits of claimants' Social Security numbers. AFGE proposed terms governing assignments, employee evaluations, and audits under the new method. The Authority found that a requirement to assign digit ranges…
American Federation of Government Employees, Local 2094 and Veterans Administration Medical Center, New York
AFGE Local 2094 and VA Medical Center (FLRA O-AR-328): arbitration exceptions one day late
AFGE Local 2094 challenged an arbitrator's award concerning the Veterans Administration Medical Center in New York. The award was dated November 30, 1981, so the exceptions were due by December 29 under the then applicable 30-day filing rule. The Authority received the exceptions on December 30. It…
Bremerton Metal Trades Council, United Association, Local 631 and Puget Sound Naval Shipyard
Bremerton Metal Trades Council (FLRA O-AR-320): arbitration exceptions filed late
Bremerton Metal Trades Council, United Association Local 631, filed exceptions to an arbitrator's award concerning Puget Sound Naval Shipyard. The award was dated September 21, 1981, making the exceptions due by October 20 under the then applicable 30-day rule. The Authority received them on…
Veterans Administration Medical Center, New York and American Federation of Government Employees, Local 2094
VA Medical Center in New York (FLRA O-AR-238): removal award beyond Authority review
An arbitrator found that a Veterans Administration medical center did not violate its agreement by removing an employee for absence without leave. AFGE Local 2094 filed exceptions to the award with the Authority. The Authority held that 5 U.S.C. § 7122(a) excludes removal awards from its…
Community Services Administration and National Council of CSA Locals, American Federation of Government Employees
Community Services Administration (FLRA O-AR-181): career mobility award appeal moot after agency closure
An arbitrator ordered the Community Services Administration to reserve a percentage of positions for career mobility opportunities, and the agency filed an exception. The agency then closed under a federal budget law and asked the Authority to dismiss the appeal as moot. The Authority agreed that…
Better Baked Foods, Inc.
Notice-of-contest dismissal set aside
A chief administrative law judge dismissed Better Baked Foods' notice of contest after the company failed to prove it had posted the notice and did not respond to a show-cause order. The company's general manager later said a mail clerk had signed for the order but management never saw it, and he…
General Services Administration, Region 9 and American Federation of Government Employees, Local 3723
GSA Region 9 (FLRA 8-CA-790): stipulated dispute returned for regional settlement action
An unfair labor practice case involving GSA Region 9 and AFGE Local 3723 had been transferred to the Authority on the parties' stipulation. After the parties agreed to settle, counsel for the Authority's General Counsel asked that the case be returned to Region 8. The Authority granted that request…
S. Zara & Sons Contracting Co.
Fatal excavation violation found willful
A Zara employee was killed when an inadequately protected, approximately seventeen-foot-deep manhole excavation collapsed and a broken water main flooded it. Zara had extensive sewer-construction experience, trained supervisors, several prior trenching citations, and repeated warnings, yet its rule…
American Can Company
Noise standard upheld and cases remanded
OSHA alleged that American Can exposed employees to excessive noise without feasible engineering or administrative controls and, in one case, without an effective hearing conservation program. American Can argued that the federal noise standard was invalid because OSHA did not adopt scope and…
Edward Kelly & Sons, Inc.
Layered-soil trench citation vacated
Edward Kelly & Sons sloped the upper seven feet of soft soil in a twelve-foot trench but left the bottom five feet of hard, compact clay vertical. The Commission read the soft-soil trenching rule together with the rule for hard or compact soil. Because the trench wall had distinct layers and the…
E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc.
Spray-room item remanded and eyewash item vacated
OSHA cited DuPont for conducting pump spray-painting without a spray booth or spray room and for allegedly lacking suitable emergency eye-flushing facilities where corrosive liquids were handled. The Commission ruled that the spray-painting item required more evidence on whether the pump shop…
Social Security Administration and American Federation of Government Employees, Local 1923
Social Security Administration (FLRA 3-CA-486, 3-CA-990): threats and union meeting interference found unlawful
AFGE Local 1923 charged that a supervisor threatened a union steward's employment and interfered with a meeting between the steward and another employee at a Social Security Administration facility in Baltimore. The Judge found that the threat and the supervisor's repeated entry into the union…
Sheet Metal Workers International Association, Local 97, Philadelphia Metal Trades Council, and Robert Cosden
Sheet Metal Workers Local 97 (FLRA 23-CO-21): union unfair labor practice complaint dismissed
The complaint alleged that union officials caused the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard to discipline an employee because of his opposition to the union and unfairly refused his choice of representative in the resulting grievance process. The Judge found that the record did not establish those…
Baroid Division of N. L. Industries Inc.
Remanded on Tenth Circuit order to try whether gas detection by smell can be taught
The Commission had earlier found that Baroid violated the general duty clause by failing to protect its mud man, Boden, from fire and explosion hazards caused by natural gas accumulation at an oil drilling site. Part of that holding was that Baroid had not trained Boden well enough to detect and…
U.S. Department of Labor, Office of Inspector General, Region I and National Council of Field Labor Locals, AFGE Local 948
DOL Inspector General (FLRA 1-CU-27): audit staff excluded from bargaining unit
AFGE Local 948 sought to add nonsupervisory audit employees in the Labor Department Inspector General's Boston region to an existing field employee bargaining unit. The agency argued that their internal audit work fell under the statutory exclusion for employees who audit or investigate agency…
Valley Rock and Sand Corporation
Sand and gravel citations upheld
MSHA pursued eight safety citations and eleven alleged failures to comply with withdrawal orders at Valley Rock and Sand Corporation's Quail Canyon Pit and Mill. The parties stipulated that further inspector testimony would establish the violations and that the withdrawal and termination orders had…
American Federation of Government Employees, Local 1786 and Marine Corps Development and Education Command
AFGE Local 1786 and Marine Corps Command (FLRA O-NG-608): leave proposal appeal moot
AFGE Local 1786 proposed leave time for temporary and intermittent employees at the Marine Corps Development and Education Command. The command initially said the proposals were outside the duty to bargain, and the union appealed. The agency then withdrew that allegation. The Authority found no…
American Federation of Government Employees, Local 1170 and Public Health Service Hospital, Seattle
AFGE Local 1170 and Seattle Public Health Service Hospital (FLRA O-NG-503): appeal dismissed after hospital transfer
AFGE Local 1170 petitioned for review of a proposal concerning the Seattle Public Health Service Hospital. While the appeal was pending, the hospital transferred from federal control to a Washington municipal corporation. The hospital moved to dismiss, and the union filed no opposition. The…
International Association of Fire Fighters, Local F-116 and Department of the Air Force, Vandenberg Air Force Base
Fire Fighters Local F-116 and Vandenberg Air Force Base (FLRA O-NG-327): training schedule proposal nonnegotiable
The firefighters' union proposed limits on when Vandenberg Air Force Base could schedule training during employees' 24-hour shifts. The Authority found that restricting training to certain hours or days would interfere with management's statutory right to assign work. It held the disputed proposal…
American Federation of Government Employees, Local 3098 and Indiana Air National Guard
AFGE Local 3098 and Indiana Air National Guard (FLRA O-NG-233): technician appeal procedures negotiable
AFGE Local 3098 proposed that National Guard technicians facing adverse actions could use a negotiated grievance and binding arbitration route as an alternative to a statutory appeal procedure. The Indiana Air National Guard argued that the proposals conflicted with law governing technicians. The…
Utah Army National Guard and National Federation of Federal Employees, Local 1724
Utah Army National Guard (FLRA O-AR-85): award rejecting established beard practice set aside
A Utah Army National Guard technician challenged an order to shave his beard during deer hunting season. The arbitrator found a past practice permitting seasonal beards but declined to enforce it because the employees also served in the National Guard and were subject to military grooming rules…
Rock Island Arsenal and National Association of Government Employees, Local R7-72
Rock Island Arsenal (FLRA O-AR-83): nonselection arbitration award upheld
A Rock Island Arsenal employee claimed that he did not receive the priority consideration for an accounting technician vacancy required by an earlier grievance result. The arbitrator found that the employee was considered alone three times before other applicants and that the agency later remedied…
Department of the Army, Fort Drum and National Association of Government Employees, Local R2-61
Fort Drum (FLRA O-AR-323): agency arbitration exceptions dismissed as late
Fort Drum filed exceptions to an arbitrator's award in a dispute with NAGE Local R2-61. The award was dated October 28, 1981, and the Authority identified November 27 as the filing deadline under the then applicable 30-day rule. The exceptions reached the Authority on December 7. The Authority held…
Pipe-Rite Utilities Ltd., Inc.
Excavation citation vacated because danger from moving ground was never proved
Pipe-Rite was digging an excavation in sandy soil for a wet well at a sewage treatment plant. The water table sat 2 to 3 feet below the surface, so a wellpoint system was installed around the site three days before digging to draw the water out and dry the walls. The Secretary cited the excavation…
Community Services Administration and National Council of CSA Locals, American Federation of Government Employees
Community Services Administration (FLRA 7-CA-456, 5-CA-294): two complaints moot after agency closure
The two complaints concerned a supervisor's statements to employees and the agency's refusal to provide information about a supervisor's prior training. The Community Services Administration closed under a federal budget law while the matters were pending before the Authority. The union objected to…
U.S. Coast Guard Headquarters and American Federation of Government Employees, Local 3313
Coast Guard Headquarters (FLRA 3-CU-57, 3-CU-58): analyst included and engineer excluded from unit
AFGE Local 3313 asked the Authority to include two Coast Guard Headquarters positions in its existing bargaining unit. The Authority found that the electronics engineer effectively influenced agency policy on remote sensing programs and was a management official who must be excluded. It found that…
Department of the Navy, Portsmouth Naval Shipyard and Portsmouth Federal Employees Metal Trades Council
Portsmouth Naval Shipyard (FLRA 1-CA-127, 1-CA-128, 1-CA-129): implied threats violated employee rights
The Portsmouth Federal Employees Metal Trades Council brought consolidated unfair labor practice complaints against the naval shipyard. The Judge found that implied threats discouraged one employee from filing or processing grievances and another from acting as a union representative. The Judge…
Northeastern Program Service Center, Social Security Administration and American Federation of Government Employees, Local 1760
SSA Northeastern Program Service Center (FLRA 0-AR-128): medical leave award upheld
The Social Security Administration denied an employee's request for leave without pay for medical reasons and recorded her absence as leave without authorization. An arbitrator found that supervisors had predetermined the denial and acted arbitrarily, and ordered leave granted and the absence…
Consolidation Coal Company
Roof violation upheld and two settlements approved
MSHA brought three citations against Consolidation Coal Company at its Blacksville No. 2 Mine. After a hearing conducted by another judge, Judge George A. Koutras approved the parties' $195 settlement of an electrical citation and $400 settlement of a coal accumulation citation. For the contested…
Scotia Coal Company
$200,000 settlement approved after Scotia Mine disaster
Two methane explosions at Scotia Coal Company's Scotia Mine in March 1976 killed 23 miners and three mine inspectors. This decision addressed a proposed settlement of 28 contested violations, including ventilation, mine examination, electrical, and coal dust matters examined after the disaster…
Allis-Chalmers Corporation
Spray-booth ignition-source item vacated
Allis-Chalmers used a gasoline-powered forklift to move engines and generators into and out of a spray booth. OSHA alleged that the forklift was prohibited spark-producing equipment in or near a spraying area. The Commission found that OSHA had not proved dangerous quantities of flammable vapors or…
Kaiser Cement Corporation
Jenkins discrimination complaint dismissed
The Secretary brought a Mine Act discrimination complaint for Kaiser Cement employee Daniel Jenkins, who was discharged after refusing to load explosives. Another employee's complaint in the same proceeding had been settled earlier. Judge Virgil E. Vail held that the delay in bringing Jenkins's…
National Association of Government Employees, Local R7-23 and 375th Air Base Group, Scott Air Force Base
Scott Air Force Base discipline proposal (FLRA O-NG-344): Proposal outside duty to bargain
NAGE Local R7-23 proposed that management consider union recommendations for punitive or remedial action against managers and supervisors who violated employee rights. The Authority held that the proposal concerned discipline of managers and supervisors outside the bargaining unit, rather than unit…
American Federation of Government Employees, Local 2953 and Nebraska Military Department, Office of the Adjutant General
Nebraska National Guard technician proposals (FLRA O-NG-302): Grievance terms negotiable, reduction-in-force term rejected
AFGE Local 2953 proposed grievance procedures for disciplinary actions involving National Guard technicians and a rule for ranking technicians during reductions in force. The Authority held that the three grievance proposals were within the duty to bargain despite the agency's argument about the…
National Treasury Employees Union and Department of Health and Human Services, Region 10
NTEU and HHS Region 10 (FLRA O-NG-299): performance and vacancy proposals nonnegotiable
NTEU proposed four terms governing critical elements in employee performance evaluations and one limiting applications for upward mobility positions to the regional office. The Authority held that negotiating or prescribing critical elements and standards would interfere with management's rights to…
National Federation of Federal Employees, Local 1940 and Department of the Air Force, Eglin Air Force Base
Eglin Air Force Base parking (FLRA O-NG-295): Bargaining dispute sent to a different procedure
NFFE Local 1940 proposed bargaining over changed parking-space allocation procedures at Eglin Air Force Base. The Air Force declined, saying the change affected only people outside the union's bargaining unit. The Authority held that the dispute concerned whether the agency had to bargain at all…
National Association of Government Employees, Local R7-23 and Headquarters, 375th Air Base Group, Scott Air Force Base
NAGE Local R7-23 and Scott Air Force Base (FLRA O-NG-285): supervisor rating proposal nonnegotiable
NAGE Local R7-23 proposed allowing employees at Scott Air Force Base to rate their supervisors twice a year. It also proposed that management consider those ratings in training, discipline, promotion, and related decisions about supervisors. The Authority found that the proposal primarily concerned…
National Federation of Federal Employees, Local 1724 and Utah National Guard
NFFE Local 1724 and Utah National Guard (FLRA O-NG-267): combat unit designation proposal nonnegotiable
NFFE Local 1724 proposed that affected Utah National Guard technicians remain in or return to their former civilian positions and grades. The proposal arose under the military assignment policies described in the 1982 decision, which affected women technicians assigned to units designated for…
What these documents are
- The agencies: Federal workers' compensation appeals from the Department of Labor's Employees' Compensation Appeals Board (ECAB), federal-sector labor-relations cases from the Federal Labor Relations Authority (FLRA), mine-safety cases from the Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission (FMSHRC), workplace-safety cases from the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (OSHRC), Longshore Act and Black Lung Benefits Act appeals from the Department of Labor's Benefits Review Board (BRB), precedent decisions of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA), environmental permit and penalty appeals from the EPA's Environmental Appeals Board (EAB), and whistleblower and other labor appeals from the Department of Labor's Administrative Review Board (ARB). Each decision page names its agency.
- Commission, Board and Authority decisions: Rulings by the agency's highest review level (the Commission at OSHRC and FMSHRC, the Authority at FLRA, the Board of Immigration Appeals, the Administrative Review Board at Labor, and the Environmental Appeals Board at EPA). These are citable as precedent, though a decision may have been appealed to a U.S. Court of Appeals after issuance.
- ALJ decisions: Rulings by the agency's Administrative Law Judges after a hearing. When no Commissioner directs review, an ALJ decision becomes a final order that binds the parties in that case but is not binding precedent: under 29 U.S.C. § 661(j) at OSHRC, and after the 40-day window of 30 U.S.C. § 823(d)(1) at FMSHRC.
- Why finality matters: Every page here says which kind of decision you are reading, so you know whether it is precedent you can cite or a final order that only shows how one judge ruled on one set of facts.
- Where they come from: Every page links the official public release from the deciding agency, and the full text on the page is that release. The plain-English summaries are written by Ezel.