Federal Agency Decisions
Federal workers' compensation appeals from the Department of Labor's Employees' Compensation Appeals Board (ECAB), federal-sector labor-relations cases from the Federal Labor Relations Authority (FLRA), mine-safety cases from the Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission (FMSHRC), workplace-safety cases from the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (OSHRC), Longshore Act and Black Lung Benefits Act appeals from the Department of Labor's Benefits Review Board (BRB), precedent decisions of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA), environmental permit and penalty appeals from the EPA's Environmental Appeals Board (EAB), and whistleblower and other labor appeals from the Department of Labor's Administrative Review Board (ARB), each with a plain-English summary, the law it cites, and whether it counts as precedent. More agencies are coming.
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G.C. and Department of the Navy, Norfolk Naval Shipyard
Board dismisses untimely appeal (ECAB 24-0500)
A Norfolk Naval Shipyard employee appealed an OWCP nonmerit decision issued on April 10, 2023. The Board found that the 180-day period ended on October 7, 2023, but the appeal was filed on April 8, 2024. Because the appellant did not provide sufficient support for compelling circumstances, the…
R.P. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Philadelphia
Board affirms denial of rib injury claim (ECAB 24-0424)
A Philadelphia postal processing clerk reported that a 40-pound package struck his ribcage while he placed it in a hamper. OWCP denied the claim after the medical record documented left rib pain and tenderness but no fracture or other firm diagnosis. The Board held that pain is a symptom rather…
B.A. and Department of the Army, New Mexico National Guard
Board affirms denial of repetitive strain claim (ECAB 24-0406)
An Army National Guard information technology manager claimed bilateral arm conditions from repetitive computer work. OWCP accepted that the work incident occurred but denied the claim because the medical evidence did not establish a causal connection. The Board found that the physician opinions…
T.E. and U.S. Postal Service, Processing & Distribution Center
Board remands shoulder impairment rating (ECAB 24-0369)
A postal mail handler with an accepted right shoulder strain sought more than the seven percent schedule award OWCP granted. The Board found that the medical record used inconsistent measurements and did not contain the three range-of-motion sets needed under the applicable impairment guidance. It…
J.M. and U.S. Postal Service, Philly Metro District Post Office
Board affirms insurance-premium overpayment recovery (ECAB 24-0356)
A postal letter carrier received FECA wage-loss compensation after an accepted stress injury and later elected to receive FECA benefits instead of Department of Veterans Affairs benefits. OWCP had not deducted postretirement basic life-insurance premiums for part of the compensation period…
Secretary of Labor obo Robert Baumann v. MOSenecaManufacturer LLC dba American Tripoli
Secretary of Labor obo Robert Baumann v. American Tripoli (FMSHRC CENT 2023-0251): Discrimination and interference violations proven
Robert Baumann served as a miners' representative and repeatedly raised safety concerns at American Tripoli's mill before the company terminated him. The judge found that his protected activity was the reason for the discharge and rejected the company's performance explanations as not credible. He…
R.W. and U.S. Postal Service, Market Street Post Office
Board affirms denial of reconsideration request (ECAB 24-0446)
A postal distribution clerk appealed OWCP’s denial of her request to reconsider a previously denied right shoulder injury claim. The Board found that her statement about unpaid time during surgery did not identify an error of law or a relevant legal argument. She submitted no new evidence that met…
M.F. and Department of Veterans Affairs, West Haven VA Medical Center, Veterans Canteen Service
Board affirms denial of short-term wage-loss claim (ECAB 24-0445)
A Veterans Canteen Service food service worker sought wage-loss compensation after an accepted right shoulder injury. He claimed total disability from July 20 through 25, 2023. The Board found that the medical reports either covered different dates, lacked an opinion connecting the claimed period…
J.H. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Santa Ana
Board denies stroke expansion of accepted back claim (ECAB 24-0415)
A postal computer systems clerk sought to add a May 2021 stroke to an accepted claim for lumbar strain, radiculopathy, and disc degeneration. One physician attributed the stroke to a fall caused by worsening back pain, while the OWCP referral neurologist attributed it to high cholesterol…
A.R. and U.S. Postal Service, Burlington Post Office
Board affirms dual-benefit overpayment recovery (ECAB 24-0399)
A rural postal carrier elected OPM retirement benefits effective June 1, 2022 while continuing to receive FECA wage-loss compensation. OWCP found a $38,106.41 overpayment for the overlapping period, reduced the balance to $27,471.36 based on a partial waiver, and found the claimant without fault…
M.G. and U.S. Postal Service, Boggs Road Post Office
Board affirms denial of causal injury claim (ECAB 24-0323)
M.G., a mail handler equipment operator, injured her right shoulder, elbow, lower back, and hip when a pallet jack wheel caught while she was working. OWCP accepted that the employment incident occurred and later accepted that she had diagnosed conditions, but denied the claim because the medical…
D.K. and U.S. Postal Service, Boggs Road Post Office
Board affirms denial of postal worker's fall claim (ECAB 24-0195)
A rural postal delivery specialist fell on concrete while loading parcels into her vehicle and later sought compensation for back and other conditions. OWCP accepted that the fall occurred but denied the claim for lack of medical evidence connecting it to a diagnosed condition. Her physician said…
A.J. and Department of Homeland Security, Customs and Border Protection
Board returns border officer's COVID claim for further development (ECAB 23-0883)
A Customs and Border Protection employee claimed he contracted COVID-19 after contact with travelers while working at an airport in the United Arab Emirates. OWCP denied continuation of pay because the claim form in its record was filed after the 30-day limit, and it denied the injury claim for…
R.S. and U.S. Postal Service, Kilmer Post Office
Board finds occupational disease claim timely and remands for merits review (ECAB 24-0419)
A retired city carrier claimed that years of walking, carrying loads, bending, squatting, and using stairs caused or worsened his bilateral knee osteoarthritis. He filed the claim in November 2023, after knee replacement surgeries and retirement, and reported that he had last been exposed to the…
R.C. and Department of the Navy, Naval Air Station Meridian
Board affirms denial of schedule award for hearing loss (ECAB 24-0389)
A Navy fire chief developed employment-related sensorineural hearing loss and tinnitus after federal noise exposure. OWCP accepted both conditions, but the district medical adviser calculated zero percent monaural and binaural hearing loss using the sixth edition of the A.M.A. Guides. The Board…
A.R. and U.S. Postal Service, Stratford Post Office
Board affirms untimely occupational disease claim denial (ECAB 24-0385)
A city carrier filed an occupational disease claim for psychiatric conditions in February 2022. She reported becoming aware of the condition in 2008 and its relationship to federal employment in March 2018. The Board held that the claim was filed more than three years after that awareness, and…
P.B. and Department of Veterans Affairs, Audie L. Murphy Memorial Veterans’ Hospital
Board remands disability claim for review of omitted medical evidence (ECAB 24-0368)
A VA vocational rehabilitation specialist sought wage-loss compensation after a motor vehicle accident. OWCP’s denial discussed only one clinic note even though it had received reports addressing his diagnoses and disability, including reports from Dr. Scribbick and Dr. Allen. The Board found that…
J.M. and Department of Agriculture, U.S. Forest Service, Masthead Annex
Board affirms knee and hip claim denial (ECAB 24-0310)
J.M., a forestry technician, developed knee and hip pain during a work fitness test while hiking three miles with a 45-pound pack. OWCP accepted that the incident occurred but denied the claim because the medical evidence did not establish causal relationship. The Board found that the treating…
W.R. and Department of Veterans Affairs, Texarkana VA Outpatient Clinic
Board upholds rejection of late VA worker reconsideration request (ECAB 24-0244)
A retired VA patient services assistant sought compensation for neck and shoulder conditions he associated with years of clerical work. OWCP denied the claim in 2010, and he asked it to reconsider again in November 2023. The Board held that the request came more than one year after the last merit…
C.L. and U.S. Postal Service, Miami Processing & Distribution Center
Board affirms denial of postal worker's ankle claim (ECAB 24-0243)
A postal tractor trailer operator rolled her left ankle while walking at work and was diagnosed with a sprain. OWCP accepted the incident but denied her claim because the medical evidence did not connect the ankle condition to it. The Board found that the treating physician's reports gave diagnoses…
Patrick Lock v. Pasha Stevedoring & Terminals, LP and Signal Mutual Indemnity Association Ltd.
Lock v. Pasha Stevedoring (BRB 23-0127): Ongoing disability benefits returned for wage review
Patrick Lock injured his left shoulder in a fall while working as a longshoreman at the Port of Grays Harbor. He received some disability benefits and later resumed longshore work. The judge denied ongoing permanent partial disability benefits after September 24, 2019, because he could perform his…
E.O. and U.S. Postal Service, Merrick Post Office
Board upholds suitable-work termination for postal carrier (ECAB 24-0365)
A letter carrier with an accepted lumbar injury declined a four-hour modified carrier technician position and planned to retire. OWCP found the position suitable based on a second opinion physician’s restrictions and terminated benefits after the claimant did not accept it. The Board found that…
M.M. and U.S. Postal Service, University Station Post Office
Board upholds 18 percent left leg impairment award (ECAB 24-0347)
A letter carrier had previously received an 18 percent schedule award for a left knee injury. He later sought an increase based on updated examinations and a physician’s 30 percent range-of-motion rating. The Board accepted the district medical adviser’s reasoned eight percent diagnosis-based…
B.J. and U.S. Postal Service, Ashford West Post Office
Board remands stress claim for factual development (ECAB 24-0322)
B.J., a postal supervisor, claimed chest pain, headaches, anxiety, and stress after an employee allegedly harassed her, defamed her, and made false accusations. OWCP denied the claim after finding that the incident had not been established, but it did not directly obtain a detailed factual response…
J.M. and U.S. Postal Service, Brandon Post Office
Board affirms postal worker's claim denial and hearing abandonment (ECAB 24-0268)
A postal carrier sought compensation for a stress-related condition, describing prejudice, racism, and threatening encounters at work and on his delivery route. OWCP denied the claim, and the Board found that the record lacked the details needed to establish the alleged work incidents as…
K.M. and U.S. Postal Service, North Texas Processing & Distribution Center
Board affirms denial of postal carrier's additional conditions claim (ECAB 24-0046)
A postal carrier with accepted work-related knee conditions sought compensation for additional neck, shoulder, back, and foot conditions. He attributed them to years of lifting, carrying, casing, and delivering mail. His orthopedic surgeon said the same repetitive duties that affected his knees had…
K.H. and U.S. Postal Service, Jacksonville Post Office
Board dismisses postal worker's appeal filed one day late (ECAB 23-1162)
A postal worker filed an appeal on September 12, 2023 from OWCP's March 15, 2023 decision. The Board calculated that the 180-day deadline expired on September 11. It found no documented compelling circumstances explaining the late filing and dismissed the appeal without deciding the underlying…
American Federation of Government Employees, Local 4010, Council of Prison Locals 33 and United States Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Prisons, Federal Correctional Institution Cumberland, Maryland
AFGE Local 4010 and Federal Correctional Institution Cumberland (FLRA 0-AR-5944): Authority upholds parental-leave overtime denial
A Federal Correctional Institution Cumberland employee sought voluntary overtime on days when he was using paid parental leave for his regular tour. The agency denied the requests, treating paid parental leave as unearned leave comparable to Family and Medical Leave Act leave, and an arbitrator…
United States Department of the Army, Kentucky National Guard and Association of Civilian Technicians, Bluegrass Chapter and Kentucky Army Chapter
Kentucky National Guard and Association of Civilian Technicians (FLRA 0-AR-5918): Authority upholds FLSA reclassification and backpay
Kentucky National Guard military and family readiness specialists were classified as exempt from the Fair Labor Standards Act and received compensatory time rather than overtime pay. An arbitrator found their routine, repetitive work did not satisfy the administrative exemption and that the agency…
Secretary of Labor v. Continental Cement Company, LLC
Prompt motion excused missed petition and show-cause order
Continental Cement's counsel received two penalty petitions but mistakenly forwarded one to himself instead of an assistant, leaving 11 citations unanswered. Counsel later overlooked a show-cause order while engaged in trial, and his tracking system incorrectly showed an active docket. He…
Belvra Crider, Jr. v. Perry County Coal Corporation and New Hampshire Insurance/AIG
Crider v. Perry County Coal (BRB 23-0373): Black lung benefits award affirmed
Belvra Crider received a black lung benefits award after a judge found complicated pneumoconiosis from his coal mine work. In an earlier appeal, the Board had required a fresh assessment of CT scans and medical opinions. On this appeal, it held that the judge reasonably credited a CT interpretation…
Jonathan S. DeLotta v. GFC Crane Consultants, Incorporated and Alma Mutual
DeLotta v. GFC Crane Consultants (BRB 23-0083): Injury and medical benefit issues remanded
Jonathan DeLotta was injured when a ladder collapsed while he was troubleshooting a crane. The parties agreed that his left knee and abdominal injuries were work related, but other claimed injuries and additional treatment were disputed. The Board affirmed the finding that a left shoulder injury…
Stephen J. Newmaster v. Heritage Coal Company, LLC and Peabody Energy Corporation
Newmaster v. Heritage Coal (BRB 23-0082): Benefits denial remanded for disability review
Stephen Newmaster sought black lung benefits after 29 years of qualifying mine work. A judge denied the claim because he found no totally disabling breathing impairment. The Board majority held that the judge had not fully explained why he discounted a doctor who described how Newmaster’s…
Labinka Howard v. DynCorp International and Allied World National Assurance Company
Howard v. DynCorp (BRB 22-0466): Compensation suspension affirmed
Labinka Howard received compensation under the Defense Base Act but declined to attend a medical examination requested by DynCorp with its chosen doctor. The district director suspended payments for the period from May 22, 2020, until she agreed to attend the examination on May 9, 2022. The Board…
J.G. and U.S. Postal Service, Mishawaka Post Office
Board affirms denial of rural carrier’s motor vehicle injury claim (ECAB 24-0403)
A rural carrier reported a left rib injury after a motor vehicle accident while working. The only medical evidence before OWCP was a return-to-work note that imposed a lifting restriction but gave no diagnosis or opinion connecting a condition to the accident. The Board found that the note could…
M.D. and Department of the Army, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Board affirms denial of bilateral knee claim expansion (ECAB 24-0387)
An Army administrative support assistant tripped over an uncovered wire at work and sought to add bilateral knee conditions to an accepted head injury claim. Her orthopedic surgeon attributed meniscal tears and accelerated arthritis to the incident but did not explain how the event caused the…
L.B. and U.S. Postal Service, Cleveland Post Office
Board affirms denial of disability claim for March 21 through April 7, 2023 (ECAB 24-0381)
A postal mail handler claimed disability after smoke inhalation during a February 2, 2023 workplace fire. OWCP accepted unspecified dyspnea and uncomplicated asthma, but denied compensation for March 21 through April 7 because the medical evidence did not establish disability during that period…
R.B. and U.S. Postal Service, East Islip Post Office
Board reverses compensation termination for suitable-work procedure error (ECAB 24-0358)
A limited-duty postal carrier declined to accept a modified carrier technician position after responding to OWCP’s suitability notice with reasons and medical evidence. OWCP terminated his compensation under 5 U.S.C. § 8106(c)(2), but did not provide the additional 15-day acceptance period required…
M.S. and U.S. Postal Service, Saint Louis Post Office
Board orders review of new evidence in postal shoulder claim (ECAB 24-0258)
A postal mail handler claimed that repeatedly lifting heavy trays caused a left shoulder injury. The Board affirmed OWCP's initial denial because the record at that point did not adequately describe the work factors alleged to have caused the condition. On reconsideration, the employee submitted…
S.S. and U.S. Postal Service, Westville Post Office
Board denies larger right arm schedule award (ECAB 24-0252)
A postal carrier sought a larger schedule award for lasting right arm impairment after a work-related clavicle fracture. He had already received an award based on 10 percent impairment. A second opinion physician and OWCP's medical adviser compared the diagnosis and range of motion rating methods…
S.S. and U.S. Postal Service, Parkhill Post Office
Board reverses termination of postal worker's wage-loss benefits (ECAB 24-0247)
A postal employee fractured her right little finger after slipping on an icy sidewalk while working, and OWCP paid wage-loss compensation. OWCP later ended those benefits based on a second opinion that she could return to unrestricted work. The Board found that the physician had also documented…
Matter of Delis Ismael FURTADO, Beneficiary of a visa petition filed by Helena Eloisa Johnson
Hague Convention proof required for an adopted-child visa petition
The Board reviewed a U.S. citizen grandmother’s appeal from the denial of a Form I-130 petition for her adopted grandchild from Cabo Verde. It held that when the child’s country of origin is a party to the Hague Convention, the petitioner must provide a statement from that country’s Central…
Secretary of Labor v. Alleyton Resource Company, LLC
Timely citation contest and proactive check supported reopening
Alleyton Resource timely contested a citation, but administrative staff later sent the related assessment for payment without realizing the citation was disputed. Counsel found the mistaken payment while proactively reviewing MSHA's data system and moved to reopen within 30 days after the…
G.L. and U.S. Postal Service, Sioux City Post Office
Board affirms denial of postal carrier’s back condition claim (ECAB 24-0366)
A city letter carrier alleged that heavier package loads and repetitive bending, lifting, twisting, and sitting aggravated her back and leg conditions. The Board found that the chiropractors’ reports did not establish an x-ray demonstrated subluxation, a neurosurgeon did not give a causal opinion…
S.A. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Jamaica
Board reverses termination of postal carrier’s compensation (ECAB 24-0353)
A letter carrier’s claim for injuries from a 2012 vehicle collision was accepted for several conditions. OWCP terminated her compensation and medical benefits based on a second opinion physician’s conclusion that there were no remaining residuals, but the physician also said the additional shoulder…
J.S. and U.S. Postal Service, Vehicle Maintenance Facility
Board affirms denial of mechanic's collision injury claim (ECAB 24-0349)
A postal vehicle maintenance mechanic reported back and leg symptoms after a head-on collision while working. OWCP accepted that the collision occurred but denied the injury claim for lack of medical causation evidence. The Board found that the physician reports diagnosed symptoms and a spinal…
J.O. and Department of Veterans Affairs, Minneapolis VA Medical Center
Board reverses VA worker's suitable-work penalty (ECAB 24-0278)
A VA nurse with an accepted neck injury was offered a sedentary medical support assistant position and accepted it. The VA later delayed her onboarding and said it would provide a new start date, but no new date appeared in the record. OWCP ended her wage-loss compensation and schedule award…
J.A. and U.S. Postal Service, Boston Post Office
Board denies continuation of pay for late-filed knee claim (ECAB 24-0277)
A postal carrier injured his right knee while descending steps at work, and OWCP accepted a meniscus tear and knee effusion. He filed the injury claim on December 5, 2023, nearly four months after the incident. The Board held that continuation of pay requires filing the approved claim form within…
B.E. and Department of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Service
Board orders independent exam for IRS worker's leg impairment claim (ECAB 24-0122)
An IRS employee sought a schedule award for permanent right leg impairment linked to her accepted work injury. Her treating physician rated 12 percent impairment based on sensory loss, while OWCP's second opinion physician found no objective residuals and rated zero percent. The Board found a…
JK Proctor, LLC
Roofing violations affirmed but willful classifications rejected
A nine-person JK Proctor crew replaced shingles on a one-story house in Canandaigua, New York. The crew worked more than nine feet above the ground without compliant fall protection and used a ladder whose rails extended less than three feet above the roof. A foreman incorrectly measured the roof…
Secretary of Labor v. Giant Cement Company
One timely contest dismissed, one misaddressed contest reopened
Giant Cement sought relief in two assessment matters with different filing problems. In SE 2024-0022, the company had timely filed two contest notices, but their separate processing confused MSHA's system and produced an erroneous delinquency notice. The Commission dismissed that reopening motion…
Secretary of Labor v. Hamilton County Coal, LLC
Default vacated for excusable neglect and case remanded
Hamilton County Coal timely contested a penalty but did not answer the Secretary's later petition, leading to a default order. In its reopening request, the safety director reported an incorrect email address on the order's distribution list, said he had not received the petition, and said he had…
Secretary of Labor v. Westfall Aggregate & Materials, Inc.
Eight-year delay exceeded the reopening limit
Westfall Aggregate received a $16,400 proposed assessment in July 2011, missed the contest deadline, and did not seek reopening until July 2019. The Commission had previously treated the request as moot because it believed the assessment never became final. The D.C. Circuit reversed that conclusion…
Secretary of Labor v. Morton Salt, Inc.
Repeated process failures and long delay barred reopening
Morton Salt sought to reopen five orders after a new environmental, health, and safety manager failed to contest the associated penalties. The company had timely contested four underlying orders, but it did not identify concrete corrective steps for the penalty-processing failure. The Commission…
Kenneth F. Maney v. Al Hamilton Contracting Company and Rockwood Casualty Insurance Company
Maney v. Al Hamilton Contracting (BRB 23-0321): Black lung benefits denial affirmed
Kenneth Maney sought black lung benefits after at least 33 years of qualifying coal mine work. The judge found that his medical evidence did not establish a totally disabling breathing impairment and denied benefits. On appeal, Maney did not challenge the judge’s finding that the only doctor…
A.W. and Department of Veterans Affairs, Alexandria VA Medical Center
Board affirms disability denial and remands bilateral carpal tunnel issue (ECAB 24-0382)
A VA medical technician sought compensation for disability beginning April 15, 2019 after a 2017 right shoulder injury and sought to add bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome to her claim. The Board affirmed the disability denial because the submitted physicians’ reports did not provide a reasoned…
K.B. and U.S. Postal Service, Leesburg Post Office
Board affirms denial of injury from idiopathic fall after heart attack (ECAB 24-0352)
A mail handler collapsed outside his postal office after returning vehicle keys and suffered a left meniscus tear when his knee struck the ground. Medical evidence established that a heart attack caused the collapse. The Board found no workplace hazard or special employment condition contributed to…
P.D. and U.S. Postal Service, Broomall Post Office
Board affirms denial of carrier's knee injury claim (ECAB 24-0281)
A postal carrier tripped on uneven paving while delivering mail and later claimed a left knee condition. OWCP accepted that the fall occurred but denied the injury claim for lack of medical evidence connecting it to a diagnosed condition. The Board found that a physician described the incident and…
L.C. and U.S. Postal Service, Creve Coeur Post Office
Board orders combined review of postal worker's knee claims (ECAB 24-0206)
A postal operations manager claimed that work involving walking on concrete and stairs contributed to arthritis in both knees. OWCP denied the new claim and later found that she had abandoned a requested hearing. The Board found that she had several accepted claims involving her left knee in…
E.A. and U.S. Postal Service, Neil Street Post Office
Board affirms denial of carrier's carpal tunnel claim (ECAB 24-0181)
A rural postal delivery specialist sought compensation for hand symptoms and carpal tunnel syndrome that he associated with casing and delivering mail. OWCP accepted the described work duties but denied the claim for lack of medical causation evidence. The Board found that physician reports and a…
What these documents are
- The agencies: Federal workers' compensation appeals from the Department of Labor's Employees' Compensation Appeals Board (ECAB), federal-sector labor-relations cases from the Federal Labor Relations Authority (FLRA), mine-safety cases from the Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission (FMSHRC), workplace-safety cases from the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (OSHRC), Longshore Act and Black Lung Benefits Act appeals from the Department of Labor's Benefits Review Board (BRB), precedent decisions of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA), environmental permit and penalty appeals from the EPA's Environmental Appeals Board (EAB), and whistleblower and other labor appeals from the Department of Labor's Administrative Review Board (ARB). Each decision page names its agency.
- Commission, Board and Authority decisions: Rulings by the agency's highest review level (the Commission at OSHRC and FMSHRC, the Authority at FLRA, the Board of Immigration Appeals, the Administrative Review Board at Labor, and the Environmental Appeals Board at EPA). These are citable as precedent, though a decision may have been appealed to a U.S. Court of Appeals after issuance.
- ALJ decisions: Rulings by the agency's Administrative Law Judges after a hearing. When no Commissioner directs review, an ALJ decision becomes a final order that binds the parties in that case but is not binding precedent: under 29 U.S.C. § 661(j) at OSHRC, and after the 40-day window of 30 U.S.C. § 823(d)(1) at FMSHRC.
- Why finality matters: Every page here says which kind of decision you are reading, so you know whether it is precedent you can cite or a final order that only shows how one judge ruled on one set of facts.
- Where they come from: Every page links the official public release from the deciding agency, and the full text on the page is that release. The plain-English summaries are written by Ezel.