Federal Agency Decisions
Federal workers' compensation appeals from the Department of Labor's Employees' Compensation Appeals Board (ECAB), federal-sector labor-relations cases from the Federal Labor Relations Authority (FLRA), mine-safety cases from the Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission (FMSHRC), workplace-safety cases from the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (OSHRC), Longshore Act and Black Lung Benefits Act appeals from the Department of Labor's Benefits Review Board (BRB), precedent decisions of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA), environmental permit and penalty appeals from the EPA's Environmental Appeals Board (EAB), and whistleblower and other labor appeals from the Department of Labor's Administrative Review Board (ARB), each with a plain-English summary, the law it cites, and whether it counts as precedent. More agencies are coming.
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Pajany v. Capgemini, Inc.
Unsupported review claims left dismissal intact
Peroumal Pajany alleged that his former employer, Capgemini, violated the H-1B provisions of the Immigration and Nationality Act. The Wage and Hour Division found no violation, and an ALJ dismissed the complaint for failure to state a claim under 20 C.F.R. § 655.805(a). On review, Pajany accused…
Secretary of Labor v. Coal-Mac, LLC
Existing-litigation mistake supported reopening
Coal-Mac had unsuccessfully conferenced and timely contested the underlying citation. When the proposed penalty assessment arrived, the operator believed the matter was already in litigation and did not file a separate penalty contest. The Secretary did not oppose reopening but urged better…
Secretary of Labor v. Limestone Dust Corp.
Pandemic email miscommunication supported reopening
Limestone Dust timely completed its penalty-contest form and emailed it to an attorney at a firm it had used before, but the attorney was away from the firm. The Commission found that the missed filing resulted from an email miscommunication during the pandemic and that the operator acted promptly…
Secretary of Labor v. Peabody Southeast Mining, LLC
Mistaken payment supported reopening
Peabody intended to contest a citation connected to an ongoing dispute over a failure-to-abate order, but a company official recommended paying all 27 assessments in the batch. The citation was paid inadvertently, and the proposed assessment became a final Commission order. The Secretary did not…
Secretary of Labor v. Nyrstar Tennessee Mines, Strawberry Plains, LLC
Misdirected contest supported reopening
Nyrstar intended to contest part of a proposed penalty assessment but inadvertently mailed the contest to MSHA's St. Louis payment address with payment for the uncontested penalties. MSHA received the partial payment, but the assessment later became final and the agency sent a delinquency notice…
Matter of Mikhail Petrovich DIKHTYAR
Matter of Dikhtyar (BIA ID 4007): the specific controlled substance can be an element of a Utah drug offense
The Board reviewed the Department of Homeland Security’s appeal after an Immigration Judge terminated removal proceedings against a lawful permanent resident with a Utah conviction for possessing a controlled substance. The Board held that the identity of the specific controlled substance was an…
American Federation of Government Employees, Council 119 (Union) and United States Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (Agency)
AFGE Council 119 and USCIS (FLRA 0-NG-3479): Three bargaining proposals rejected
The union representing USCIS employees sought to negotiate proposals on pilot programs, pay for moving work files to telework sites, and temporary assignments. The Authority found the pilot program and internal detail proposals affected management's right to assign work, and the union did not argue…
United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Benefits Administration and American Federation of Government Employees, National VA Council
Veterans Benefits Administration and AFGE National VA Council (FLRA 0-AR-5619): Authority lets national grievance proceed
AFGE filed a local grievance after the Veterans Benefits Administration restricted when employees could request time excluded from productivity measurements. It then filed a national grievance alleging similar but not identical violations at the national level. An arbitrator ruled that the national…
Secretary of Labor v. Northshore Mining Company, Roger Peterson, employed by Northshore Mining Company, and Matthew Zimmer, employed by Northshore Mining Company
Secretary of Labor v. Northshore Mining Company (FMSHRC LAKE 2017-0248): Walkway violations affirmed, individual penalties vacated
Northshore received an engineering report stating that deteriorated outer conveyor walkways were unsafe for personnel until repaired, but the company relied on fall protection and did not repair or barricade the walkways. During a cleanup job, a structural member failed and part of an elevated…
Davis v. Mexia State Supported Living Center
State immunity barred wage review
Jonathan Davis petitioned for review of the special minimum wage paid by the Mexia State Supported Living Center, an arm of the State of Texas. The ALJ held that the proceeding resembled a private lawsuit against a state and was therefore barred by Eleventh Amendment sovereign immunity. The ALJ…
American Federation of Government Employees, Local 446 and United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Medical Center, Asheville, North Carolina
AFGE Local 446 and VA Medical Center Asheville (FLRA 0-AR-5627): Authority dismisses deficient and late exceptions
AFGE Local 446 challenged an arbitrator's denial of its grievance. Its timely electronic filing contained no supporting arguments and mistakenly attached its post-hearing brief instead of an exceptions brief. The Union filed the correct brief two days later but did not establish that the second…
Secretary of Labor v. KC Transport, Inc.
Missed internal routing supported reopening
KC Transport failed to contest two proposed penalty assessments because an administrative assistant believed she had sent them to company counsel but had not done so. The operator learned that the assessments were delinquent from counsel and described improvements to its internal processing system…
Secretary of Labor v. Ludwig Explosives, Inc.
Deadline confusion supported reopening
Ludwig Explosives relied on a risk-management consultant who calculated the penalty-contest deadline as 30 business days instead of 30 calendar days. The consultant explained that a family medical emergency and a separate docket confirmation contributed to his confusion. The Secretary did not…
United States Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Prisons, Federal Transfer Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma and American Federation of Government Employees, Local 171, Council of Prison Locals #33
Federal Transfer Center Oklahoma City and AFGE Local 171 (FLRA 0-AR-5592): Authority vacates backpay award
The Federal Bureau of Prisons reassigned a correctional officer during an investigation, temporarily preventing him from working overtime. An arbitrator found the grievance timely and awarded backpay for a delay in returning the officer to his former position after the investigation. The Authority…
Schaad Detective Agency, Inc.
Bulletproof-vest citation vacated because the PPE standard did not apply
Schaad Detective Agency provided armed guards for Pennsylvania Turnpike employees who collected and transported toll revenue. After a guard who was not wearing a bulletproof vest was shot and killed during an attempted robbery, OSHA cited Schaad under the personal protective equipment standard and…
Matter of A-B-
Government protection and protected-ground causation in asylum claims
The Acting Attorney General reviewed the Board’s decision in an asylum case involving alleged persecution by non-government actors. The decision stated that the “unable or unwilling” standard for whether a government can prevent private persecution was not changed by the earlier Matter of A-B-…
Jones Brothers, Inc. v Secretary of Labor and Secretary of Labor v. Jones Brothers, Inc.
Jones Brothers, Inc. v. Secretary of Labor (FMSHRC SE 2016-0218 RM): Lay testimony allowed, expert testimony excluded
The Secretary asked the judge to limit testimony from six Jones Brothers witnesses before a hearing on Mine Act jurisdiction and the underlying violations. Judge Priscilla Rae allowed all six to testify as fact witnesses but barred Steve Wright from offering expert testimony because his proposed…
C.D. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Harrisburg, PA
Back injury claim denied for insufficient medical evidence
C.D., a postal rural carrier, reported back pain after lifting a mail tub at work on December 11, 2019. OWCP accepted the incident but denied the claimed back condition. The Board found that physician assistant and physical therapy notes could not supply the required physician opinion under FECA…
Helgeson v. Soo Line Railroad Co.
Rail-safety settlement approved
Jeffrey Helgeson alleged that Soo Line Railroad Company, doing business as Canadian Pacific, violated the Federal Railroad Safety Act when it terminated him. An ALJ found a violation and awarded damages and other relief, after which the railroad petitioned for Board review. The parties then…
K.G. and Department of Veterans Affairs, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC
Shuttle collision claim denied for lack of physician diagnosis
K.G., a VA medical support assistant, claimed back and leg injuries after an employer shuttle was struck by a van. The Board accepted that the March 3, 2020 incident occurred. Her supporting treatment notes came from a physician assistant and physical therapists, rather than a qualifying physician…
Y.R. and U.S. Postal Service, Burbank Post Office, Burbank, CA
New notice evidence warrants review of knee claim
Y.R. sought reconsideration of a postal knee injury claim. She submitted a new statement that a supervisor came to the accident location, photographed her knees and the site, and informed other managers. The Board found the statement relevant to whether the employer knew of the alleged injury…
L.M. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Sausalito, CA
Supplemental ankle report requires merits reconsideration
L.M., a postal carrier, claimed a left ankle injury after slipping near her delivery vehicle. OWCP had identified a discrepancy between her account of wet debris and a doctor’s reference to a pine cone. On reconsideration, her doctor submitted a supplemental report addressing that discrepancy and…
B.F. and U.S. Postal Service, Crown Point Post Office, Crown Point, IN
Neck injury claim needs specialist causation opinion
B.F., a postal rural carrier, reported pain while reaching for mail during his route. OWCP accepted the May 16, 2019 incident but denied medical causation. His doctor gave a detailed explanation linking the work movements to a cervical disc herniation. The Board found the report insufficient to…
M.W. and U.S. Postal Service, Monticello Post Office, Williamsburg, VA
Intermittent wage-loss claim needs work availability records
M.W., a postal rural carrier associate, sought compensation for scattered periods after an accepted lumbar strain. Her forms indicated that modified work was sometimes unavailable and that she attended medical treatment. The Board found that the record did not establish whether her limited-duty…
R.M. and U.S. Postal Service, Southern Florida Processing & Distribution Center, Pembroke Pines, FL
Retirement offset overpayment period needs verification
R.M. received FECA wage-loss compensation while also receiving Social Security retirement benefits attributable to federal service. The Board found that an overpayment occurred because the benefits overlapped without an offset. But Social Security had identified only the month, not the exact date…
T.W. and U.S. Postal Service, Old Greenwich Post Office, Old Greenwich, CT
Thumb and wrist occupational claim denied
T.W. claimed right thumb, hand, and wrist conditions from his postal duties. Some medical reports listed pain, which the Board said was a symptom rather than a diagnosis, and others did not address causation. A doctor attributed osteoarthritis to repetitive work but did not explain how the duties…
Secretary of Labor v. W.W. Clyde & Co.
Timely contest made reopening moot
W.W. Clyde received a proposed assessment by email before MSHA recorded delivery of the certified-mail copy. With telephone help from an MSHA employee, the safety director completed the contest form and mailed it by certified mail to the correct address. The Commission found that the contest was…
Secretary of Labor v. Nyrstar Tennessee Mines, Strawberry Plains, LLC
Misdirected contest supported reopening
Nyrstar intended to contest part of a proposed penalty assessment but inadvertently mailed the contest to MSHA's St. Louis payment address with payment for the uncontested penalties. The assessment became a final Commission order before the mistake was corrected. The Secretary did not oppose…
Secretary of Labor v. Central Sand Co., Inc.
Pandemic staffing shortage supported reopening
Central Sand missed its penalty-contest deadline while its office was short-staffed because of COVID-19. The company filed its reopening motion five days after the assessment became a final Commission order. The Secretary did not oppose reopening but urged the operator to ensure future contests are…
Secretary of Labor v. GCC Dacotah, Inc.
Internal procedure error supported reopening
GCC Dacotah failed to contest two proposed penalty assessments because of an improper understanding and implementation of its internal procedure. The company paid the uncontested portions before the respective contest deadlines. The Secretary did not oppose reopening but urged the operator to…
Santos Feria Jimenez v. SOC-SMG, Incorporated and Allied World National Assurance Company
Feria Jimenez v. SOC-SMG (BRB 20-0555): appeal dismissed as premature
Santos Feria Jimenez appealed an administrative law judge's benefits award after also asking the judge to reconsider it. The judge's decision was filed August 17, 2020, Feria Jimenez appealed September 14, and the reconsideration order was filed September 29. The Board's rule requires dismissal of…
Billy R. Wright v. RBJ Coal Company, Incorporated and Old Republic Insurance Company, Incorporated
Wright v. RBJ Coal (BRB 20-0111): denial of Black Lung benefits affirmed
Billy Wright appealed the denial of his later Black Lung claim without a lawyer. The judge credited him with twelve years of coal mine employment and found no proof of total respiratory disability. The Board upheld the judge's decision to discount the one lung function study with qualifying values…
Robert T. Cunningham v. Southern Ohio Coal Company and East Coast Risk Management, LLC
Cunningham v. Southern Ohio Coal (BRB 20-0089): Black Lung benefits award affirmed
Robert Cunningham sought Black Lung benefits after twenty-four years of underground coal mine work. His total respiratory disability triggered the statutory presumption that pneumoconiosis caused it. The Board upheld the judge's rejection of two employer doctors who attributed his chronic…
Billy M. Bryant v. Mill Branch Coal Corporation and American Mining Insurance Company
Bryant v. Mill Branch Coal (BRB 20-0054): denial of Black Lung benefits affirmed
Billy Bryant appealed the denial of his later Black Lung claim without a lawyer. He had 15.8 years of underground coal mine work, but the judge found that he had not proved a totally disabling respiratory condition. The Board found that some X-ray interpretations exceeded the rules' evidence limits…
Christopher Polly v. Bates Contracting & Construction and Brickstreet Mutual Insurance
Polly v. Bates Contracting & Construction (BRB 20-0053): Black Lung benefits award affirmed
Christopher Polly sought Black Lung benefits after 13.23 years of credited coal mine work, too little to use the fifteen-year presumption. The Board held that the employer waived its challenge to that employment total by failing to provide its own calculation when the judge directed it to do so…
Rudolph J. Yurkovich v. Eighty Four Mining Company and Consol Energy, Incorporated
Yurkovich v. Eighty Four Mining (BRB 20-0051): Black Lung benefits award affirmed
Rudolph Yurkovich sought Black Lung benefits after twenty-six years of underground coal mine work. The employer conceded total respiratory disability, and the judge applied the statutory presumption that pneumoconiosis caused it. The Board upheld the judge's rejection of the employer's medical…
Joel Edwin Miles v. 17 West Mining, Incorporated and 17 West Mining/MAPCO, Incorporated
Miles v. 17 West Mining (BRB 20-0007): Black Lung benefits award affirmed
Joel Miles sought Black Lung benefits through a later claim after an earlier denial. With nine years of credited coal mine work, he could not use the fifteen-year presumption and had to prove entitlement directly. The Board upheld the judge's finding of total respiratory disability because…
Virginia Melton, widow of Paul Douglas Melton, v. Trinity Coal Corporation
Melton v. Trinity Coal Corporation (BRB 19-0515 BLA): survivor claim returned for disability review
Virginia Melton appealed a denial of survivor benefits after her husband, Paul Melton, died. The judge credited thirty-seven years of qualifying surface coal mine employment and found clinical pneumoconiosis, but found no total respiratory disability and no proof that the disease caused his death…
Dale L. Allen v. Island Creek Kentucky Mining Company and Island Creek Coal Company
Allen v. Island Creek Kentucky Mining (BRB 19-0201 BLA): reconsideration denied while benefits case remained open
Island Creek Kentucky Mining Company and its carrier sought Board reconsideration of an earlier ruling on Dale Allen's black lung benefits claim. That ruling affirmed part of the administrative law judge's award but vacated another part, leaving further proceedings. The Director supported the…
Ronald F. Clothier v. Heritage Coal Company, LLC and Peabody Energy Corporation
Clothier v. Heritage Coal Company (BRB 19-0192 BLA): reconsideration denied
Heritage Coal Company and Peabody Energy Corporation asked the Board to reconsider an earlier decision in Ronald Clothier's black lung benefits case. They argued that the Board had wrongly found their challenge to the district director's appointment waived. The Board found no error in that waiver…
Cheri Lynn Webb, executrix of the estate of William E. Vincent, v. Peabody Coal Company and Peabody Energy Corporation
Webb v. Peabody Coal Company (BRB 19-0122 BLA): reconsideration denied
Peabody Coal Company and Peabody Energy Corporation asked the Board to reconsider an earlier decision in a black lung benefits case involving William Vincent's estate. They challenged the Board's ruling that their objection to the district director's appointment was untimely. The Board found no…
Doris Sloan, widow of Gurstle L. Sloan, v. Drummond Company, Incorporated
Sloan v. Drummond Company (BRB 19-0056 BLA): second reconsideration request denied
Doris Sloan, the widow of Gurstle Sloan, asked the Board to reconsider its earlier denial of reconsideration in a black lung benefits case. Drummond Company opposed the second request. No Board member voted to reconsider the prior orders, so the Board denied the motion. The PDF's printed year is…
LaQuey v. UnitedHealth Group, Inc.
Reconsideration and fee requests denied
Michael LaQuey sought reconsideration after the Board affirmed dismissal of his Sarbanes-Oxley retaliation complaint against UnitedHealth Group. Most of his arguments repeated matters the Board had already addressed and did not meet the limited grounds for reconsideration. His new causation…
G.G. and Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Medical Center, Canandaigua, NY
Related back claim files must be combined
G.G., a VA employee, claimed a lower back condition after a June 2019 workplace incident. She had an earlier back claim in a separate OWCP file, and a doctor linked the later incident to aggravation of those prior conditions. The Board found that OWCP needed both files to evaluate the medical and…
N.D. and U.S. Postal Service, Baldwin Post Office, Baldwin, LA
Injury claim denied for lack of reasoned medical causation
N.D., a postal employee, sought benefits for conditions she attributed to an accepted October 24, 2018 workplace incident. The Board found that the medical reports lacked a reasoned physician opinion connecting the diagnosed conditions to that incident. An unidentified provider’s note and imaging…
S.C. and Department of Homeland Security, Federal Air Marshal Service, College Park, GA
Larger left leg impairment award denied
OWCP granted S.C. a 21 percent left leg schedule award on November 26, 2019, up from an earlier 2 percent award. He appealed for more. His physician proposed a higher rating, but the Board found that the method did not properly follow the A.M.A. Guides. It gave greater weight to OWCP’s medical…
J.S. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Portland, OR
Rib bruise recognized; wage-loss claim denied
J.S., a postal carrier, said a hamper struck her back at work. The Board found the incident and a visible bruise to her middle back and right rib established, so it directed OWCP to cover related medical expenses. It found no qualifying medical evidence establishing additional diagnoses or…
K.R. and U.S. Postal Service, Altoona Main Post Office, Altoona, PA
Intermittent disability claim denied for missing date-specific evidence
K.R. sought payment for intermittent hours away from work during a two-week period. She said work within her medical restrictions had not been available. The Board found that her physician’s forms did not address disability on the specific claimed dates. A physical therapist’s evaluation also did…
G.G. and Department of Homeland Security, Transportation Security Administration, West Palm Beach, FL
Termination of back injury benefits reversed
G.G. had received benefits for an accepted 2012 back injury. OWCP relied on a later examination to conclude that the accepted condition and disability had resolved. The Board found the examiner’s report internally inconsistent and insufficiently reasoned, especially in light of an earlier opinion…
T.W. and Department of the Air Force, Tinker Air Force Base, OK
Leg impairment and related overpayment returned for review
T.W. sought a larger schedule award than his previous 11 percent right leg impairment rating. OWCP’s medical adviser rejected a physician’s radiculopathy findings without explaining why those examination findings did not support an impairment rating. The Board found the medical review incomplete…
S.J. and Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Canteen Service, Chicago, IL
Shoulder injury claim denied for lack of medical causation
S.J., a VA food service worker, reported that a door struck her shoulder at work. The Board accepted the June 25, 2018 incident but found the medical evidence insufficient to connect it to a diagnosed condition. Her doctor discussed preexisting fibromyalgia and cervical radiculopathy but did not…
E.W. and Department of Veterans Affairs, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
Bilateral wrist occupational claim denied
E.W. sought benefits for bilateral wrist conditions she attributed to her VA work. The Board found that a doctor’s letter did not provide a reasoned causal explanation and used uncertain wording about the connection to work. Occupational and physical therapy notes did not supply qualifying…
A.D. and U.S. Postal Service, Post Office, Bellmawr, NJ
Knee claim returned for specialist opinion
A.D. claimed that years of postal duties affected her knees. Her doctor described knee osteoarthritis and explained how standing on concrete and repeated kneeling, lifting, pushing, and pulling could aggravate it. The Board found that his reports did not fully prove causation but raised enough of a…
E.M. and U.S. Postal Service, Beloit Post Office, Beloit, WI
Lumbar claim denied for insufficient aggravation opinion
E.M. slipped on ice and fell against stairs during an accepted work incident. He claimed that the fall aggravated preexisting lumbar spondylolysis. The Board found that his doctors had not explained the medical process by which the fall aggravated the condition. The onset of symptoms after the fall…
E.S. and Department of the Army, Military Entrance Processing Station, Miami, FL
Termination of compensation benefits upheld
E.S. had received compensation for accepted sprains and related conditions from an August 2017 work injury. OWCP’s second opinion physician examined the accepted conditions and concluded that they had resolved and she could return to full duty. The Board found that opinion reasoned and based on the…
J.D. and Department of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Service, Corona, NY
Lumbar fracture claim expansion denied
J.D. had an accepted March 2018 workplace fall and sought to add an L1 lumbar endplate fracture to her claim. Her doctor attributed the fracture to the fall but did not explain the medical mechanism or why it was absent from earlier imaging reports. The Board found that other reports, chiropractic…
Bremerton Metal Trades Council, District 160, Local 282 and United States Department of the Navy, Puget Sound Naval Shipyard and Intermediate Maintenance Facility
Bremerton Metal Trades Council and Puget Sound Naval Shipyard (FLRA 0-AR-5645): Authority upholds medical-certification ruling
The Navy continued a letter requiring an employee to provide medical certification for sick leave. An arbitrator found that the agency had just cause for that action and denied the Union's grievance. The Union argued that the award rested on a nonfact, failed to draw its essence from the agreement…
United States Department of the Army, Fort Stewart and Hunter Army Airfield, Fort Stewart, Georgia and American Federation of Government Employees, Local 1922
Fort Stewart and AFGE Local 1922 (FLRA 0-AR-5538): Authority dismisses challenge to information ruling
AFGE Local 1922 filed a grievance alleging employee-classification and overtime violations at Fort Stewart and Hunter Army Airfield. When the Union said it could not continue without requested information, the arbitrator directed it to narrow and investigate its requests but expressly postponed…
Matter of O-M-O-
Obvious document defects can support a fraud finding without forensic analysis
The Board reviewed a Nigerian respondent’s appeal after an Immigration Judge denied deferral of removal under the Convention Against Torture and ordered removal. The Immigration Judge found that a “wanted” flier and a letter submitted by the respondent showed obvious signs of fraud, and the Board…
Denneny v. MBDA, Inc.
Speculative concerns were not protected by SOX
Missile-systems executive Douglas Denneny alleged that MBDA fired him for raising concerns about a munitions program, the loss of a production-facility lease, and a board member's potential conflict of interest. MBDA was privately held but had relationships with publicly traded companies, including…
What these documents are
- The agencies: Federal workers' compensation appeals from the Department of Labor's Employees' Compensation Appeals Board (ECAB), federal-sector labor-relations cases from the Federal Labor Relations Authority (FLRA), mine-safety cases from the Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission (FMSHRC), workplace-safety cases from the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (OSHRC), Longshore Act and Black Lung Benefits Act appeals from the Department of Labor's Benefits Review Board (BRB), precedent decisions of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA), environmental permit and penalty appeals from the EPA's Environmental Appeals Board (EAB), and whistleblower and other labor appeals from the Department of Labor's Administrative Review Board (ARB). Each decision page names its agency.
- Commission, Board and Authority decisions: Rulings by the agency's highest review level (the Commission at OSHRC and FMSHRC, the Authority at FLRA, the Board of Immigration Appeals, the Administrative Review Board at Labor, and the Environmental Appeals Board at EPA). These are citable as precedent, though a decision may have been appealed to a U.S. Court of Appeals after issuance.
- ALJ decisions: Rulings by the agency's Administrative Law Judges after a hearing. When no Commissioner directs review, an ALJ decision becomes a final order that binds the parties in that case but is not binding precedent: under 29 U.S.C. § 661(j) at OSHRC, and after the 40-day window of 30 U.S.C. § 823(d)(1) at FMSHRC.
- Why finality matters: Every page here says which kind of decision you are reading, so you know whether it is precedent you can cite or a final order that only shows how one judge ruled on one set of facts.
- Where they come from: Every page links the official public release from the deciding agency, and the full text on the page is that release. The plain-English summaries are written by Ezel.