Federal Agency Decisions

Workplace-safety cases from the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (OSHRC), mine-safety cases from the Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission (FMSHRC), and environmental appeals from the EPA's Environmental Appeals Board, each with a plain-English summary, the standards it cites, and whether it counts as precedent. More agencies are coming.

16,605 decisions and counting · Latest decision September 10, 2026
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COMM

Jindal United Steel Corp.

Recordkeeping penalties remanded after court review

The ALJ affirmed 110 violations for failing to properly record occupational injuries and illnesses at Jindal's steel facility. He treated 82 violations as willful and 28 as other-than-serious, but grouped the willful items into a single $70,000 penalty and assessed $7,000 for the remaining items…

August 16, 2007 ·OSHRC
Remanded
COMM

Independence Coal Company

Missed penalty contests remanded for good-cause review

Independence Coal sought to reopen four penalty assessments that became final when it did not contest them within 30 days. The company said its safety director faxed the assessment form to outside counsel, but transmission problems prevented counsel from receiving and filing the contests…

August 15, 2007 ·FMSHRC
Remanded
COMM

Marfork Coal Company, Inc.

Pre-penalty contests may proceed without an immediate hearing

Marfork Coal filed notices contesting three citations and orders before MSHA proposed civil penalties, then agreed to a continuance requested by the Secretary. An administrative law judge dismissed the contests because Marfork did not seek an immediate hearing and because he viewed the filings as a…

August 15, 2007 ·FMSHRC
Remanded
COMM

Vurnun Edwurd Jaxun v. Asarco, LLC

Pro se right clarified but dismissal left standing

Vurnun Edwurd Jaxun filed his own Mine Act discrimination complaint after MSHA found no violation, and an administrative law judge later dismissed it without prejudice after ordering him to obtain representation. On review, the Commission majority held that the Mine Act, the Administrative…

August 15, 2007 ·FMSHRC
Procedural
COMM

In re Luis Samuel JARA RIERO; In re Paul Andres JARA ESPINOL

In re JARA RIERO and JARA ESPINOL (BIA ID 3577): marriage-based adjustment denied

The Board reviewed a father and son from Ecuador who sought adjustment of status under section 245(i) based on a marriage-based visa petition filed for the father. The Board held that a petition must have been based on a bona fide marriage at its inception to be considered meritorious in fact and…

August 15, 2007
Citations affirmed
ALJ

San Juan Coal Company

Original settlement order superseded by corrected citation label

The Commission remanded San Juan Coal's case for further analysis of whether a coal-accumulation violation resulted from an unwarrantable failure. Judge T. Todd Hodgdon approved a settlement that reduced the penalty from $6,300 to $3,500 and modified two enforcement actions under section 104(d)(1)…

August 15, 2007 ·T. Todd Hodgdon ·FMSHRC
Settled
COMM

VersaCold Corporation

In re VersaCold Corporation (EAB CWA Appeal No. 07-02C): $6,431 settlement

VersaCold Corporation operated refrigerated warehouse facilities in the United States, including facilities in Darien, Wisconsin and Lynden, Washington. The Consent Agreement addressed alleged failures to prepare and implement spill prevention and stormwater plans, install adequate secondary…

August 14, 2007 ·EPA EAB
Settled
COMM

Elk Run Coal Company

Lost assessment remanded for good-cause review

Elk Run Coal timely contested a citation and order when MSHA issued them, but did not separately respond within 30 days after MSHA later proposed the penalties. The company said the assessment was inadvertently lost in its safety director's office and that counsel tried to file a response as soon…

August 10, 2007 ·FMSHRC
Remanded
ALJ

Premier Chemicals, LLC

Fatality-reporting citation vacated after brief hazard investigation

A Premier Chemicals mechanic collapsed shortly after arriving for work and died despite immediate lifesaving efforts. The safety coordinator reached the scene, confirmed that lifesaving measures had been taken, checked for hazards to other employees, and then reported the death to MSHA. The…

August 10, 2007 ·Richard W. Manning ·FMSHRC
Citations vacated
COMM

Copperstate Companies, Inc.

Misrouted assessment remanded for good-cause review

Copperstate Companies sought to reopen a penalty assessment that became final when it was not contested within 30 days. The company said it intended to appeal, but MSHA sent the assessment for its Alabama facility to an Arizona office where it was not expected. Copperstate discovered the omission…

August 10, 2007 ·FMSHRC
Remanded
ALJ

New Blue Shield Construction Inc.

Six-month filing delay was not excusable neglect

OSHA inspected a New Blue Shield Construction work site in the Bronx and issued a citation on August 8, 2006. The company did not file a notice of contest by the 15-working-day deadline, then waited nearly six months after OSHA explained the late-contest procedure before writing to the Commission…

August 10, 2007 ·Irving Sommer ·OSHRC
Procedural
ALJ

Praxair Distribution, Inc.

Liftgate citation vacated for lack of employer knowledge

Praxair Distribution supplied cylinder gases to customers and used delivery trucks equipped with hydraulic liftgates. A driver was killed when a liftgate suddenly fell while he was making a delivery at a Veterans' Administration medical center in Cleveland. OSHA cited Praxair under the general duty…

August 10, 2007 ·Stephen J. Simko, Jr. ·OSHRC
Citations vacated
COMM

In re J-Y-C-

REAL ID Act credibility review upheld

The Board reviewed a Chinese respondent's applications for asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the Convention Against Torture. The Immigration Judge found that the respondent's account of persecution based on Christian faith was not credible because of conflicting testimony…

August 9, 2007
Citations affirmed
ALJ

Geo-Environmental Associates

Penalty and fee cases dismissed after citation vacated

The Commission had earlier reinstated Citation No. 7044409 and remanded the civil penalty case for assessment of a penalty. The parties later reported that the underlying citation had been vacated and jointly asked to dismiss the penalty proceeding. Geo-Environmental Associates also agreed to…

August 6, 2007 ·Michael E. Zielinski ·FMSHRC
Procedural
ALJ

J. B. Coxwell Contracting, Inc.

Two excavation violations affirmed and two vacated

J. B. Coxwell Contracting was building an underground concrete junction box for a highway storm drain system in Florida. OSHA cited the company for four excavation violations after employees worked in an excavation about 6 feet 8 inches deep. The judge affirmed a serious violation because the…

August 6, 2007 ·Ken S. Welsch ·OSHRC
Mixed result
ALJ

Kenneth D. Bowles, employed by New River Mining Company

Late summary-decision motion denied

The Secretary asked for summary decision that mine manager Kenneth Bowles knowingly violated the mine's approved roof control plan and should pay a $1,500 individual penalty. Judge David F. Barbour found the motion persuasive on its face but denied it because it was filed fewer than 25 days before…

August 3, 2007 ·David F. Barbour ·FMSHRC
Procedural
COMM

In re S-Y-G-

Motion to reopen denied for insufficient changed-country evidence

The Board reconsidered a Chinese applicant's motion to reopen removal proceedings so she could pursue an asylum claim based on alleged family-planning consequences from having a second child in the United States. The Board held that the applicant had to provide material, previously unavailable…

August 2, 2007
Procedural
COMM

ICG Hazard, LLC

Misplaced assessment remanded after responsible employee's discharge

ICG Hazard sought to reopen a citation penalty assessment that became final when the company missed the 30-day contest deadline. ICG said the employee responsible for returning the assessment form was discharged during the response period, and the company did not find and submit the form until…

August 1, 2007 ·FMSHRC
Remanded
COMM

E.C.H. Construction

Dismissal set aside over possible service failure

OSHA cited E.C.H. Construction for failing to certify abatement of earlier uncontested violations and proposed a $300 penalty. After E.C.H. contested the citation, later filings were sent to a Holmes Lumber Companies address shown on the employer's handwritten notice of contest. The judge dismissed…

July 31, 2007 ·OSHRC
Remanded
COMM

Oak Grove Resources, LLC

Unchecked citation remanded for good-cause review

Oak Grove timely returned an MSHA assessment form and contested two orders, but failed to check the contest box for Citation No. 7687956. Its safety director submitted an affidavit stating that he intended to contest the citation and inadvertently omitted the check mark. The Secretary opposed…

July 30, 2007 ·FMSHRC
Remanded
COMM

Environmental Disposal Systems, Inc.

In re Environmental Disposal Systems, Inc. (EAB UIC Appeal No. 07-01): reconsideration denied

Environmental Geo-Technologies, LLC sought to transfer two underground injection control permits from Environmental Disposal Systems, Inc. to Environmental Geo-Technologies for Class I commercial hazardous-waste injection wells in Romulus, Michigan. The Board had previously declined to review the…

July 27, 2007 ·EPA EAB
Procedural
ALJ

Higgins Ranch

Off-site quarry scale falls within MSHA jurisdiction

Higgins Ranch contested two citations involving its quarry operations, including a guardrail citation at a truck scale located about 0.59 mile from the mine entrance. The company argued that MSHA lacked jurisdiction because the scale was separated from the quarry, reached by public roads, and also…

July 27, 2007 ·Richard W. Manning ·FMSHRC
Citations affirmed
ALJ

NCS, LLC.

Ladder-lashing citation affirmed after fatal fall

NCS provided telecommunications support services and assigned an employee to relocate overhead telephone cable in Florida after hurricane damage. The employee died after he and a 28-foot extension ladder fell while he was working alone at a utility pole. The Secretary withdrew one citation item and…

July 27, 2007 ·Nancy J. Spies ·OSHRC
Mixed result
ALJ

Wampum Hardware Company

Hearing request assigned for further consideration

Wampum Hardware Company asked for a prompt hearing on its contest of an MSHA citation but gave no reason for expedited treatment. Chief Judge Robert J. Lesnick explained that a formal expedited hearing under Commission Rule 52 requires extraordinary or unique circumstances causing continuing harm…

July 26, 2007 ·Robert J. Lesnick ·FMSHRC
Procedural
ALJ

West Valley Construction Company, Inc.

Two trench items affirmed and three vacated

West Valley Construction employees briefly entered a six-foot-deep trench at a naval air station in Washington while their superintendent watched. The trench had vertical walls in disturbed Type C soil and no cave-in protective system. The judge affirmed a repeat cave-in-protection violation…

July 26, 2007 ·James H. Barkley ·OSHRC
Mixed result
COMM

In re Ernst SOLON

Third-degree assault is a crime involving moral turpitude

The Board reviewed a Haitian respondent's appeal from the denial of a waiver under former section 212(c) of the Immigration and Nationality Act. The respondent had convictions for conspiracy to import cocaine and third-degree assault under New York law, and the Immigration Judge found him removable…

July 25, 2007
Citations affirmed
COMM

In re Liber Remberto SEJAS

Virginia domestic assault not categorically turpitudinous

The Board reviewed a Bolivian respondent's appeal after an Immigration Judge found him inadmissible based on two Virginia convictions for assault and battery against a family or household member. The Board held that the Virginia offense is not categorically a crime involving moral turpitude because…

July 25, 2007
Citations vacated
ALJ

Phelps Dodge Tyrone, Inc.

Late fire-reporting citation affirmed with low negligence

Contractors using torches to dismantle a shovel body at Phelps Dodge's surface copper mine ignited accumulated grease. The company argued that visible flames occurred only in short intervals and that no single fire lasted more than 30 minutes. Judge Richard W. Manning found that flames began soon…

July 25, 2007 ·Richard W. Manning ·FMSHRC
Modified
COMM

The American Coal Company

Personnel-change default remanded for good-cause review

American Coal asked to reopen penalty assessments that became final after it missed the 30-day contest deadline. Its counsel said a personnel change in the company's in-house legal department caused the failure, and the Secretary did not oppose reopening but noted that three penalties had already…

July 24, 2007 ·FMSHRC
Remanded
ALJ

Higgins Stone, Inc.

Noise penalty reduced for partial good-faith abatement

Higgins Stone stipulated that a hydro-splitter operator was exposed to noise above the permissible level and contested only the penalty credit for good-faith abatement. The company redirected mufflers, moved one splitter, wrapped an engine, and arranged for a sound-absorbing enclosure, but it did…

July 19, 2007 ·David F. Barbour ·FMSHRC
Modified
COMM

Salco Construction, Inc.

Attorney-fee application denied

Salco Construction prevailed on one scaffold fall-protection item after the judge found that the Secretary had not proved a platform moved more than 14 inches from a building's eaves. Salco then sought $29,735.82 in fees and expenses under the Equal Access to Justice Act. The Commission found that…

July 18, 2007 ·OSHRC
Procedural
COMM

Town of Marion, Massachusetts

In re Town of Marion, Massachusetts (EAB NPDES Appeal No. 06-15): petition dismissed

The Town of Marion, Massachusetts withdrew its petition for review of NPDES Permit No. MA0100030 and jointly moved with EPA Region 1 to dismiss the appeal. The parties reported that they had settled their differences through a permit modification issued by Region 1 on May 22, 2007. No other entity…

July 17, 2007 ·EPA EAB
Procedural
COMM

DHL Express, Inc.

Default vacated after internal miscommunication

OSHA issued DHL Express thirteen serious citation items and one other-than-serious item after inspecting its Miami Gateway facility, with $25,500 in proposed penalties. DHL's site manager timely contested the citations but did not answer the complaint or respond to a show-cause order after…

July 16, 2007 ·OSHRC
Remanded
COMM

Performance Coal Company

Missed penalty boxes remanded for good-cause review

Performance Coal timely contested two MSHA citations but later failed to mark the corresponding penalties as contested on an assessment form. MSHA treated the penalties as closed, and a judge dismissed the citation contests after the Secretary reported that the penalties had been paid. Performance…

July 13, 2007 ·FMSHRC
Remanded
COMM

Performance Coal Company

Three-month contest delay remanded for fact-finding

Performance Coal timely contested two MSHA orders but did not contest the later penalty assessment within 30 days. It waited until after receiving a delinquency notice and sent its hearing request almost three months after receiving the assessment. The company attributed the delay to internal mail…

July 13, 2007 ·FMSHRC
Remanded
ALJ

Emerald Coal Resources, LP

Manufacturer-installed insulation satisfied the standard

Emerald Coal Resources contested a citation alleging that a telephone communication wire at its longwall belt starter lacked additional insulation where it contacted energized 480-volt power cables. The evidence showed that the wire had additional insulation supplied by its manufacturer, that the…

July 13, 2007 ·Gary Melick ·FMSHRC
Citations vacated
COMM

United Mine Workers of America, on behalf of Local 1248, District 2 v. Maple Creek Mining, Inc.

UMWA Local 1248 v. Maple Creek Mining, Inc. (FMSHRC PENN 2002-23-C): Vacated withdrawal order defeats week-pay claim

The UMWA sought up to one week's pay for miners idled by a section 104(b) withdrawal order at Maple Creek's underground coal mine. The operator later contested a penalty form labeled for both the underlying citation and the withdrawal order, and a settlement approved by another judge vacated the…

July 13, 2007 ·FMSHRC
Remanded
ALJ

Valley Interior Systems, Inc.

Malfunctioning aerial lift should have been removed from service

Valley Interior Systems used a rented 80-foot articulating aerial lift to install exterior framing at an Ohio college construction project. The lift's tower assembly stopped operating properly, but the field foreman allowed an employee to continue working from it while waiting for a service…

July 13, 2007 ·Ken S. Welsch ·OSHRC
Citations affirmed
COMM

Major Drilling America, Inc.

Vacated citation made penalty dispute moot

Major Drilling America asked the Commission to reopen a proposed penalty that had become final when the company did not return the assessment form. The contractor said it believed that e-mail exchanges with local MSHA officials had already contested the citation. After Major supplied details and…

July 12, 2007 ·FMSHRC
Procedural
COMM

Burkes Mechanical, Inc.

Conveyor lockout violations affirmed but willful item reduced to serious

Burkes Mechanical employees cleaned debris beneath a running fuel-wood conveyor at a paper mill, and one employee was killed when his arm and shovel became caught between an idler and the belt. The Commission held that both the general lockout/tagout standard and the paper-mill-specific lockout…

July 12, 2007 ·OSHRC
Modified
COMM

Environmental Disposal Systems, Inc.

In re Environmental Disposal Systems, Inc. (EAB UIC Appeal No. 07-01): appeal declined as premature

Environmental Geo-Technologies, LLC appealed EPA Region 5's alleged denial of its request to transfer two Safe Drinking Water Act underground injection control permits from Environmental Disposal Systems, Inc. to Environmental Geo-Technologies. The Board concluded that the petition was premature…

July 11, 2007 ·EPA EAB
Procedural
COMM

In re Kattia Guadalupe ESCOBAR

Parent's lawful permanent residence cannot be imputed to a child

The Board reviewed a Salvadoran respondent's appeal from an Immigration Judge's finding that she was removable for alien smuggling and ineligible for cancellation of removal. She argued that her mother's years as a lawful permanent resident should count toward the five-year lawful permanent…

July 11, 2007
Citations affirmed
COMM

City of Wilkes-Barre, A.R. Popple, Inc., & Wyoming S. & P.

In re City of Wilkes-Barre, A.R. Popple, Inc., & Wyoming S. & P. (EAB CAA Appeal No. 06-03): penalty assessment modified

EPA Region III appealed an administrative law judge's penalty assessment against the City of Wilkes-Barre, A.R. Popple, Inc., and Wyoming S. & P., Inc. The case arose from the 2002 demolition of a steam heat plant and alleged asbestos NESHAP violations involving notice, wetting asbestos material…

July 11, 2007 ·EPA EAB
Modified
ALJ

Marine Terminals Corp.

Four longshoring citation items vacated

Marine Terminals handled container cargo aboard the M/V Ever Deluxe at a California terminal. A hatch boss was killed when descending crane lifting gear struck him while he was on top of a container, although the record did not establish why he entered that location. OSHA cited the company for…

July 9, 2007 ·Sidney J. Goldstein ·OSHRC
Citations vacated
ALJ

Powder River Coal, LLC

Public county road fell outside MSHA jurisdiction

Powder River Coal contested a citation for failing to submit an injury report after an employee was seriously injured in a motorcycle accident on County Road 31 near its surface coal mine. The company had built and maintained the road, and most traffic served the mine, but Campbell County had…

July 6, 2007 ·Richard W. Manning ·FMSHRC
Citations vacated
ALJ

CSA Materials, Inc.

Loader citation modified and fuse citation vacated

CSA Materials contested two citations issued during an inspection of its crushed-limestone mine. Judge T. Todd Hodgdon affirmed a violation for a worker standing under an unsecured front-end-loader boom, but he removed the significant-and-substantial designation because a spontaneous hydraulic…

July 6, 2007 ·T. Todd Hodgdon ·FMSHRC
Mixed result
COMM

In re R-D-

Travel to Canada created a departure and arriving-alien status

The Board reviewed a Guinean respondent's removal case after she traveled from the United States to Canada to seek refugee status and was later returned to the United States. The Board held that she had departed the United States and was an arriving alien when she returned, so the Immigration Judge…

July 3, 2007
Mixed result
COMM

Cliffhangers, Inc.

Default set aside for settlement review

A judge entered default judgment against Cliffhangers in three consolidated cases. The Secretary then filed an unopposed request asking the Commission to vacate the default and approve a signed settlement that affirmed the violations as issued but changed the penalties. Citing its policy of…

July 2, 2007 ·OSHRC
Remanded
COMM

J. Phillip Adams

In re J. Phillip Adams (EAB CWA Appeal No. 06-06): farm-road exemption issue remanded

EPA Region 10 appealed an ALJ decision that dismissed an enforcement action against J. Phillip Adams over unpermitted work in wetlands during construction of a farm road crossing in Idaho. The ALJ treated the Clean Water Act farm-road exemption as a jurisdictional defense and found that it applied…

June 29, 2007 ·EPA EAB
Remanded
ALJ

Asphalt Paving Supply Inc.

Cable-bushing violation affirmed without negligence

Asphalt Paving Supply contested a citation involving a 110-volt cable whose outer jacket had pulled away from a junction-box bushing, leaving its insulated conductors exposed. The company did not dispute the condition but argued that it had arisen overnight, likely because of cattle near the pond…

June 28, 2007 ·Gary Melick ·FMSHRC
Citations affirmed
ALJ

Lone Mountain Processing, Inc.

Cable-splice violation affirmed as non-S&S

Lone Mountain Processing resolved several citations by settlement and litigated a citation involving a trailing-cable splice at an underground coal mine. The company conceded that the splice was not effectively insulated and sealed against moisture, but disputed whether the violation was…

June 28, 2007 ·Avram Weisberger ·FMSHRC
Mixed result
ALJ

Hein Masonry Inc.

Forklift operated too close to energized power lines

Hein Masonry used a rough-terrain forklift to raise masonry materials beside scaffolding at a Wisconsin construction site. The forklift's metal platform came within about three to five feet of energized 13-kilovolt power lines, although the standard required at least 10 feet of clearance. A utility…

June 28, 2007 ·Benjamin R. Loye ·OSHRC
Citations affirmed
COMM

Oxid L.P.

In re Oxid L.P. (EAB TSCA Appeal No. 07-03C): $15,895 penalty

Oxid L.P. and EPA consented to entry of a Final Order in a Toxic Substances Control Act penalty matter. The released two-page Final Order incorporates the attached Consent Agreement by reference, orders Oxid L.P. to comply with its terms, and assesses a civil penalty of $15,895. The released order…

June 27, 2007 ·EPA EAB
Settled
ALJ

Emerald Coal Resources, LP, Cumberland Coal Resources, LP

Emerald Coal Resources, LP and Cumberland Coal Resources, LP (FMSHRC PENN 2007-252-E): Prompt refuge-chamber purchase orders required

Emerald Coal Resources and Cumberland Coal Resources proposed emergency response plans using refuge chambers to supply trapped miners with 96 hours of breathable air, but they wanted 60 days after plan approval to place purchase orders. MSHA required a much shorter commitment because refuge…

June 27, 2007 ·Michael E. Zielinski ·FMSHRC
Citations affirmed
COMM

In re Sandra Patricia GONZALEZ-SILVA

Pre-1996 conviction does not trigger child-abuse bar

The Board reviewed a Mexican respondent's appeal from an Immigration Judge's decision pretermitting her application for cancellation of removal. The Immigration Judge treated her 1994 California conviction for willful cruelty or unjustifiable punishment of a child as an offense under the…

June 27, 2007
Remanded
COMM

In re J-B-N- & S-M-

Protected ground must be a central reason for persecution

The Board reviewed a married couple's appeal from the denial of asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the Convention Against Torture. The respondents were natives of Burundi and citizens of Rwanda who said relatives threatened them after a land dispute and because of their background…

June 25, 2007
Citations affirmed
COMM

Hercules Incorporated

In re Hercules Incorporated (EAB CERCLA 106(b) Petition No. 98-2): petition dismissed with prejudice

The Environmental Appeals Board had stayed Hercules Incorporated's CERCLA reimbursement proceeding while related federal court litigation was pending. After that litigation concluded, Hercules moved to terminate the stay and withdraw its petition with prejudice. Hercules cited the federal court…

June 25, 2007 ·EPA EAB
Procedural
COMM

State of Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities

Timely penalty contest returned for proceedings

The Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities asked the Commission to reopen a proposed penalty after learning that a collection agency was seeking payment. The agency showed that it had filed a timely notice of contest shortly after MSHA issued the assessment, and the Secretary…

June 22, 2007 ·FMSHRC
Remanded
COMM

Don Erickson, employed by Raymond Sand & Gravel, Inc.

Individual penalty default remanded for good-cause review

MSHA assessed Don Erickson individually for three orders and one citation already contested by his employer, Raymond Sand & Gravel. Acting without counsel, Erickson believed the Secretary's petition against the company also covered his individual penalties and did not file a separate contest. After…

June 22, 2007 ·FMSHRC
Remanded
ALJ

All Around the House Services

Late contest dismissed and $1,500 penalty affirmed

OSHA issued All Around the House Services two serious citation items with proposed penalties totaling $1,500 after a worksite inspection. The employer mailed its notice of contest three days after the statutory deadline. It did not explain the delay, did not present a legally sufficient defense to…

June 22, 2007 ·Covette Rooney ·OSHRC
Procedural

What these documents are

  • The agencies: Workplace-safety cases from the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (OSHRC), mine-safety cases from the Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission (FMSHRC), and environmental permit and penalty appeals from the EPA's Environmental Appeals Board (EAB). Each decision page names its agency.
  • Commission and Board decisions: Rulings by the agency's highest review level (the Commission at OSHRC and FMSHRC, the Environmental Appeals Board at EPA). These are citable as precedent, though a decision may have been appealed to a U.S. Court of Appeals after issuance.
  • ALJ decisions: Rulings by the agency's Administrative Law Judges after a hearing. When no Commissioner directs review, an ALJ decision becomes a final order that binds the parties in that case but is not binding precedent: under 29 U.S.C. § 661(j) at OSHRC, and after the 40-day window of 30 U.S.C. § 823(d)(1) at FMSHRC.
  • Why finality matters: Every page here says which kind of decision you are reading, so you know whether it is precedent you can cite or a final order that only shows how one judge ruled on one set of facts.
  • Where they come from: Every page links the official public release from the deciding agency, and the full text on the page is that release. The plain-English summaries are written by Ezel.