Are the fees a staffing app charges to connect businesses with short-term workers and process their pay subject to Tennessee sales tax?

Plain-English summary

A technology company runs an app that connects businesses needing short-term workers with people willing to do the work, and then processes the pay from the business to the worker. Businesses post job requests, workers accept them, time is tracked through the app, and the company invoices the business for the hours plus a negotiated percentage (and any cancellation or hiring fees). The company asked whether those fees are subject to Tennessee sales tax.

The Department ruled they are not taxable. Tennessee taxes only the services it specifically lists in its law — and neither staff augmentation (supplying temporary workers) nor payment processing is on that list. The Department compared the platform to a labor hall, hiring hall, or employment agency, none of which are taxed on connecting workers with jobs. Payment processing is, in fact, expressly identified in Tennessee law as a service that is not subject to sales tax.

The company delivers all of this through a downloadable app, and an app can be taxable computer software (it even offers some software-like extras, such as job-request templates and favorite-worker lists). So the Department applied the true-object test. The true object of the deal is connecting businesses and workers and moving the money — non-taxable services. The app is merely how customers reach those services: it's free to download, it exists only to access the staffing and payment services, and its extra features would be worthless without them. Because the software is incidental, the fees aren't taxed. (The in-app messaging is likewise incidental and isn't a taxable telecommunications service, since it's limited to job logistics between the matched parties.)

What this means for you

Staffing platforms, gig marketplaces, and labor apps

Fees for matching businesses with workers and handling their pay are generally not subject to Tennessee sales tax, even when delivered through an app. The Department treats this like a modern employment agency or labor hall. The key is that the software is the delivery mechanism, not the product being sold.

Payment processors

Payment processing is expressly non-taxable in Tennessee. Bundling it with other non-taxable services (here, staffing) doesn't change that.

App-based service businesses generally

Running your service through an app does not automatically make it taxable software. When the app is free to access, exists to deliver a non-taxable service, and its standalone features are worthless without that service, the true object is the service and the software is incidental. But a product customers pay to license and operate themselves could be taxed as software — the more self-service control the customer has, the riskier.

Accountants and tax professionals

The result follows from the rule that only enumerated services are taxable (§ 67-6-205; Ryder Truck Rental), the express non-taxability of payment processing in § 67-6-231(b), and the true-object test (prior Ruling 14-10) applied against the broad software definition in § 67-6-102(18). The messaging analysis rests on the telecommunications definitions (§ 67-6-205(c)(3), § 67-6-102(98)(A)) and Equifax Check Services.

Common questions

Q: Are staffing or temp-worker fees taxable in Tennessee?
A: Generally no. Supplying temporary workers is not one of the services Tennessee specifically lists as taxable, so an employment-agency- or labor-hall-style platform isn't taxed on connecting workers with jobs.

Q: We run everything through an app — does that make our fees taxable software?
A: Not when the app is just the way customers reach a non-taxable service. Here the app was free to download, existed only to access the staffing and payment services, and its extra features were worthless without them, so the true object was the service and the software was incidental.

Q: Is payment processing taxable?
A: No. Tennessee law expressly identifies payment-processing services as not subject to sales and use tax.

Q: Is the in-app messaging a taxable telecommunications service?
A: No. The Department found the messaging incidental and not a telecommunications service, because it only let the matched business and worker discuss job details and logistics.

Q: Can I rely on this ruling?
A: Not directly. A Tennessee letter ruling binds the Department only as to the taxpayer and exact facts it addressed and cannot be relied on by anyone else. If your customers license and operate the software themselves, the analysis could differ. Tennessee sales tax is state-administered, so there is no separate self-collected city tax.

Citations and references

Statutes:
- Tenn. Code Ann. § 67-6-205 (only specifically enumerated services are taxable)
- Tenn. Code Ann. § 67-6-231(b) (remotely accessed software; payment-processing services expressly not taxable)
- Tenn. Code Ann. § 67-6-102(18) (definition of "computer software")
- Tenn. Code Ann. § 67-6-102(98)(A) and § 67-6-205(c)(3) (telecommunications service)

Cases and rulings:
- Ryder Truck Rental, Inc. v. Huddleston, No. 91-3382-III, 1994 WL 420911 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 12, 1994) (only enumerated services are taxed)
- Equifax Check Services, Inc. v. Johnson, No. M1999-00782-COA-R3-CV, 2000 WL 827963 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 27, 2000) (true-object test for telecommunications)
- Creasy Systems Consultants, Inc. v. Olsen, 716 S.W.2d 35 (Tenn. 1986) (fabrication of software is a taxable sale)
- Tenn. Dep't of Revenue Letter Ruling 14-10 (true-object test) and Letter Ruling 14-11 (provision of temporary workers is not a taxable service)

Source

• Landing page: https://www.tn.gov/revenue/tax-resources/legal-resources/tax-rulings.html
• Original PDF: https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/revenue/documents/rulings/sales/23-05.pdf

Original ruling text

Letter rulings are binding on the Department only with respect to the individual taxpayer being
addressed in the ruling. This ruling is based on the particular facts and circumstances
presented and is an interpretation of the law at a specific point in time. The law may have
changed since this ruling was issued, possibly rendering it obsolete. The presentation of this
ruling in a redacted form is provided solely for informational purposes and is not intended as
a statement of Departmental policy. Taxpayers should consult with a tax professional before
relying on any aspect of this ruling.

The application of the Tennessee sales and use tax to staff augmentation and payment processing
services accessed through a digital platform.

This letter ruling is an interpretation and application of the tax law as it relates to a specific set of
existing facts furnished to the Department by the taxpayer. The rulings herein are binding upon the
Department and are applicable only to the individual taxpayer being addressed.
This letter ruling may be revoked or modified by the Commissioner at any time. Such revocation or
modification shall be effective retroactively unless the following conditions are met, in which case the
revocation shall be prospective only:
(A)

The taxpayer must not have misstated or omitted material facts involved in the
transaction;

(B)

Facts that develop later must not be materially different from the facts upon
which the ruling was based;

(C)

The applicable law must not have been changed or amended;

(D)

The ruling must have been issued originally with respect to a prospective or
proposed transaction; and

(E)

The taxpayer directly involved must have acted in good faith in relying upon the
ruling; and a retroactive revocation of the ruling must inure to the taxpayer’s
detriment.

[REDACTED] (the “Taxpayer”) is a technology company headquartered in [STATE]. Its business is to
match companies that have short term labor needs (the “Customers”) with workers, i.e., it provides
staff augmentation services. The Taxpayer also processes payments from the Customers to the

workers. To facilitate these connections and payments, the Taxpayer provides a proprietary digital
platform (the “Platform”) to match Customers with workers.
The Customers and workers access the Platform through a downloadable app. The Taxpayer solicits
Customers who use the Platform by posting a job request containing a general job description seeking
one or more workers, proposing the compensation related to that job request, and inviting qualified
workers to accept such request. The job requests are short-term by nature and can cover a single day
or multiple days. Customers may create templates for posting future job requests on the Platform,
and Customers can use the Platform to create lists of favored workers to contact in the future.
Customers negotiate a fee for this service, which is typically a percentage of the amounts paid to
workers.
Customers provide the Taxpayer with criteria and preferences for the Customers’ job requests. To the
extent permitted by law, the Taxpayer ensures that any worker who accepts a job request from a
Customer may only perform the contracted services if the worker has undergone and successfully
completed a post-offer background check. The Taxpayer tailors the background check process to meet
Customer preferences and criteria.
The workers use the Platform to sort through job requests, accept a job, and report their time worked
for the Customers. If a worker agrees to the job request, a contractual agreement is formed between
the Customer and the worker. If a job request requires a background check, the Taxpayer will initiate
that background check with the assistance of a third-party provider. Through the platform, Customers
review and approve completion of the applicable job and the time reported. The Taxpayer uses this
information to prepare invoices for its Customers. Workers and Customers also have the ability to use
a messaging feature on the app to communicate with one another about job details and logistics.
In exchange for the Taxpayer’s role in facilitating job placement and payments between Customers
and workers, the Customers pay the Taxpayer the following amounts: a) an amount equal to the
hourly rate bid by the Customers multiplied by the number of hours worked by any workers in
connection with services rendered by such workers to the Customers, b) compensation to the
Taxpayer of a negotiated additional percentage of the amount paid by the Customers to the workers,
c) any cancellation fees, if applicable, and d) any hiring fees, if the Customers ever hire any workers as
their own employees. The Taxpayer sends the workers payments via direct deposit to the workers’
accounts on record.
On its invoices to Customers, the Taxpayer provides a lump-sum amount for all services a) through d)
that is due for the cycle period. The Customers also receive a detailed breakdown backup sheet that
itemizes the fees and the hours logged by each individual worker.
The Taxpayer books revenue on a “net basis,” meaning it only books its fees into gross receipts. The
Taxpayer does not book revenue in connection with the funds that flow to the workers, both for
accounting purposes and for income tax purposes. The Taxpayer has the responsibility to issue
federal Form 1099 each year to any worker that exceeds the reporting requirement threshold.

1.

Are the Taxpayer’s fees subject to Tennessee Sales and Use tax?

2

Ruling: No. Providing staff augmentation and payment processing services through a digital
platform is not subject to Tennessee sales and use tax.

The fees charged by the Taxpayer to the Customers are not subject to Tennessee sales and use tax
because staff augmentation and payment processing are not taxable services. Services are not subject
to Tennessee sales and use tax unless specifically enumerated as taxable. 1 The provision of temporary
workers is generally not an enumerated taxable service.2 Additionally, payment processing is not an
enumerated taxable service, and payment processing services have been specifically identified in
TENN. CODE ANN. § 67-6-231(b) (2022) as services that are not subject to Tennessee sales and use tax.
Customers use the Taxpayer’s Platform to connect with workers to fill the Customers’ short-term labor
needs, and workers use the Platform to earn money performing short-term jobs. The Taxpayer’s
Platform is analogous to a labor hall, hiring hall, or employment agency in that it brings together
workers seeking jobs and those that need workers for short-term projects. Labor halls are central
gathering areas where workers present themselves, showing that they are present, ready, and willing
to work for the day.3 Merriam-Webster defines employment agency as “an agency whose business is
to find jobs for people seeking them or to find people to fill jobs that are open.” 4 Similar to an
employment agency, the Customers pay the Taxpayer a percentage of the amount paid to the
workers, plus any hiring fees if the workers are hired as employees by the Customers.
Notably, labor halls, hiring halls, and employment agencies are generally not subject to the Tennessee
sales and use tax for the services that they provide connecting workers with job offers.5 Those types
TENN. CODE ANN. § 67-6-205 (2022); see Ryder Truck Rental, Inc. v. Huddleston, No. 91-3382-III, 1994 WL 420911, at *3 (Tenn. Ct.
App. Aug. 12, 1994) (stating that the sales tax does not apply to all services; it applies only to those services specifically
enumerated by the statute).
1

Repairing tangible personal property or computer software is subject to Tennessee sales and use tax pursuant to TENN. CODE
ANN. § 67-6-205(c)(4); laundering or dry cleaning any kind of tangible personal property is subject to Tennessee sales and use
tax pursuant to TENN. CODE ANN. § 67-6-205(c)(6); installing tangible personal property that remains tangible personal property
after installation and the installation of computer software is subject to Tennessee sales and use tax pursuant to TENN. CODE
ANN. § 67-6-205(c)(6); see also Tenn. Dept. Rev. Ltr. Rul. 14-11 (2014) (stating that the provision of temporary workers is not a
taxable service, but repairing tangible personal property is a taxable service; a court would have to determine the true object
of a transaction involving the provision of temporary workers to repair tangible personal property).
2

See Miriam A. Cherry Working for (Virtually) Minimum Wage: Applying the Fair Labor Standards Act in Cyberspace, Alabama Law
Review, 60 ALLR 1077, 1083 (2009) (citing Jennifer Gordon, Suburban Sweatshops: The Fight for Immigrant Rights, Belknap Press:
An Imprint of Harvard University Press (2005). Hiring halls can be either formal facilities designated by communities,
governments, and religious organizations or informal sites such as unregulated locations where workers gather outside of
businesses, parking lots of home-improvement stores, popular street corners, or gas stations. Analiz Deleon-Vargas The Plight
of Immigrant Day Laborers: Why They Deserve Protection Under the Law, St. Mary’s Law Review on Minority Issues, 10 SCHOLAR
241, 244-45 (2008).
3

“Employment
agency,”
Merriam-Webster.com
Dictionary,
webster.com/dictionary/employment%20agency (last updated Aug. 16, 2022).
4

Merriam-Webster,

https://www.merriam-

When independent contractors are hired to fabricate software, Tennessee sales tax on fees for their services may apply. The
fabrication of computer software is a sale subject to Tennessee sales and use tax. See TENN. CODE ANN. § 67-6-102(86)(A). Tangible
personal property includes prewritten computer software. TENN. CODE ANN. § 67-6 -102(97)(A). Prewritten computer software
that is modified or enhanced to any degree, where the modification or enhancement is designed and developed to the
specifications of a specific purchaser, remains prewritten computer software. See Creasy Sys. Consultants, Inc. v. Olsen, 716 S.W.
5

3

of services are generally not included as an enumerated taxable service under TENN. CODE ANN. § 676-205 (2022). Thus, the Taxpayer’s Platform is not subject to Tennessee sales and use tax for providing
essentially the same service through a downloadable app.
The Taxpayer also provides payment processing services when the Customer pays the Taxpayer for
the number of hours that the workers complete, and the Taxpayer then transfers that payment to the
workers’ accounts. As stated above, payment processing services are specifically identified as not
being subject to Tennessee sales and use tax, therefore the Taxpayer’s payment processing services
do not subject the Taxpayer to Tennessee sales and use tax.
Notwithstanding the above, the Taxpayer’s Platform is accessed through an app, which is arguably
subject to Tennessee sales and use tax as the use of computer software.6 The app also provides
Customers with some functions that can be considered the use of computer software, including the
generation of templates for future job requests and a means of creating lists of favored workers to
contact in the future. Thus, the Taxpayer’s fees comprise taxable and non-taxable items.
Under the true object test that is used to determine the taxability of a transaction that involves taxable
and non-taxable items, when the non-taxable components are the true object, and the taxable
components are merely incidental, the transaction is not subject to sales and use tax. 7 Customers use
the app to find workers and to send them payments for their work. In order to have a broad selection
of work opportunities, the Taxpayer promotes its service to Customers. These job opportunities, in
turn, attract workers. The software itself would have little value to any one Customer or worker if there
were not numerous businesses and workers participating and interacting on the platform. The
Taxpayer’s activities include soliciting Customers as well as promoting and hosting the platform. These
activities are what makes the platform a desirable product: a place where businesses can find workers
and workers can find jobs. Connecting businesses and workers for purposes of arranging short-term
employment is the true object of the transaction.
In light of the following, use of the app to gain access to the Platform is merely incidental to the nontaxable services: (1) there is no charge for the Customer to download the app, (2) the app is primarily
being used to gain access to the non-taxable services, and (3) the app, along with the limited
functionality of providing templates and creating lists of favored workers, would be worthless without
the non-taxable services. Because the true object of the transaction is the provision of non-taxable
services, and the software components are merely incidental to those services, the Taxpayer’s
Platform is not subject to Tennessee sales and use tax.

2d 35,36 (Tenn. 1986)(stating that the fabrication of, or customized modification or enhancement to, computer software is
considered a taxable sale of computer software.). Repairing tangible personal property or computer software is subject to
Tennessee sales and use tax pursuant to TENN. CODE ANN. § 67-6-205(c)(4); laundering or dry cleaning any kind of tangible
personal property is subject to Tennessee sales and use tax pursuant to TENN. CODE ANN. § 67-6-205(c)(6); installing tangible
personal property that remains tangible personal property after installation and the installation of computer software is subject
to Tennessee sales and use tax pursuant to TENN. CODE ANN. § 67-6-205(c)(6).
Computer software is a set of coded instructions designed to cause a computer to perform a task, and it is subject to
Tennessee sales and use tax even when the software is accessed remotely. TENN. CODE ANN. §§ 67-6-102(18) (2022) and -231(b)
(2022).
6

7

See generally Tenn. Dept. of Rev. Ltr. Rul. 14-10 (Oct. 14, 2014) for an application and full analysis of the true object test.

4

It should be noted that although the Taxpayer provides the means for Customers and workers to
communicate through the app regarding job details and logistics, the Taxpayer is not furnishing
telecommunication services that would be subject to sales and use tax.8 The Customers are not
provided with the means to contact other persons other than the workers who they have contracted
with, and the communication is limited to details of the job and logistics. As such, the communication
feature is also merely incidental to the non-taxable true objects of the transaction, which are staff
augmentation and payment processing services.9

8

APPROVED:

David Gerregano
Commissioner of Revenue

DATE:

June 30, 2023

See TENN. CODE ANN. §§ 67-6-205(c)(3) and 67-6-102(98)(A) (2022).

See, e.g., Equifax Check Services, Inc. v. Johnson, No. M1999-00782-COA-R3-CV, 2000 WL 827963 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 27, 2000)
(employing the true object/primary purpose test to determine if the transfer of information during a check guarantee service
was a telecommunications service within the meaning of the Retailer’s Sales Tax Act).
9

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