When a gas marketer sells natural gas to New York end-users with title passing outside New York, are its receipts taxed under sections 186, 186-a, 189, or the sales/use tax?

Plain-English summary

Christopher L. Doyle, Esq. asked how a gas marketer's sales to New York end-users are taxed under a standard "Natural Gas Sales Agreement." The marketer (a foreign corporation principally engaged in selling gas, not PSC-regulated) buys gas outside New York and sells it to New York end-users; under the agreement, title, risk of loss, and transportation responsibility pass at Sales Points outside New York (none of the listed metering Sales Points are in New York). The end-user may separately appoint the marketer as its agent to arrange transportation to a New York nomination point. The questions cover sections 186, 186-a, 189, and the sales/use tax.

The Department explained (following Mark S. Klein, TSB-A-91(11)C, and Niagara Mohawk, TSB-A-95(8)C, scenario five) that where the sale occurs -- judged by where title, possession, and risk of loss pass -- is a factual question an advisory opinion cannot finally decide. But on these facts:

• Title, risk of loss, and transportation responsibility pass outside New York, so the sale appears to occur outside New York for tax purposes.
• Section 186 / 186-a: a sale outside New York produces no New York gross earnings (section 186) and no gross operating income (section 186-a).
• Section 189: discussed as part of the same framework -- the importer tax falls on a party importing gas for its own use; a sale completed outside New York is analyzed accordingly.
• Sales/use tax: gas is tangible personal property only for the section 1105(b) sales tax, not for the section 1110 use tax (section 1101(b)(6); Penn York Energy). So gas bought and sold outside New York and used here is not subject to the compensating use tax, and a sale occurring outside New York is not subject to the section 1105(b) sales tax.
• Agency caveat: if the marketer acts as the end-user's transportation agent and that arrangement is not at arm's length (or not at third-party prices), the sale may be treated as occurring in New York.

What this means for you

Where title and risk pass decides New York taxation

For a gas marketer, the section 186/186-a taxes and the sales/use tax all turn on where the sale occurs -- where title, possession, and risk of loss transfer. If they pass outside New York, the sale is outside New York.

Out-of-state sale = no section 186/186-a, and no use tax on the gas

A sale completed outside New York yields no section 186 gross earnings and no section 186-a gross operating income; and because gas is not tangible personal property for the use tax, gas bought and used by a New York end-user without an in-state sale is not subject to the section 1110 compensating use tax.

Agency arrangements can pull the sale into New York

If the marketer arranges transportation as the end-user's agent on terms that are not arm's-length or not at third-party prices, the Department may treat the sale as occurring in New York -- changing the result.

Common questions

Q: Where is a gas marketer's sale taxed?
A: Where the sale occurs, judged by where title, possession, and risk of loss pass. Here those pass outside New York, so the sale appears to be outside New York.

Q: If the sale is outside New York, what taxes apply?
A: None of section 186 gross earnings, section 186-a gross operating income, or sales/use tax apply to that out-of-state sale; gas is not subject to the section 1110 use tax.

Q: Can acting as the customer's transportation agent change the result?
A: Yes. If the agency arrangement is not arm's-length or not at third-party prices, the sale may be treated as occurring in New York.

Citations and references

Statutes, regulations, and authorities:
- Tax Law section 186 (gross-earnings tax on supplying gas); section 186-a (utility tax; gross operating income; second-class utility)
- Tax Law section 189 (gas-importer privilege tax)
- Tax Law section 1105(b) (sales tax on gas and gas service); section 1101(b)(6) (gas is TPP only for section 1105(b)); section 1110 (compensating use tax)
- Mark S. Klein, TSB-A-91(11)C; Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation, TSB-A-95(8)C (scenario five); Matter of Penn York Energy, TSB-D-92(71)S; see also Cullen and Dykman, TSB-A-96(85)S / TSB-A-96(28)C

Source

• Landing page: https://www.tax.ny.gov/pubs_and_bulls/advisory_opinions/corporation_ao_1996.htm
• Opinion: https://www.tax.ny.gov/pdf/advisory_opinions/multitax/a96_13c_29s.pdf

Original ruling text

New York State Department of Taxation and Finance

Taxpayer Services Division
Technical Services Bureau

TSB-A-96 (13) C
Corporation Tax
TSB-A-96 (29) S
Sales Tax
May 8, 1996

STATE OF NEW YORK
COMMISSIONER OF TAXATION AND FINANCE
ADVISORY OPINION

PETITION NO. Z950626B

On June 26, 1995, a Petition for Advisory Opinion was received from Christopher L. Doyle,
Esq., Hodgson, Russ, Andrews, Woods and Goodyear, LLP, 1800 One M&T Plaza, Buffalo, New
York 14203-2391.
The issues raised by Petitioner, Christopher L. Doyle, Esq., are (1) whether a taxpayer's
receipts from sales of natural gas to New York end-users pursuant to the "Natural Gas Sales
Agreement" described below ("Agreement") will be included in the taxpayer's "gross earnings from
all sources within this state" as that term is used in section 186 of the Tax Law; (2) whether a
taxpayer's receipts from sales of natural gas to New York end-users pursuant to the Agreement will
be included in the taxpayer's "gross operating income" as that term is used for purposes of section
186-a.1 of the Tax Law; (3) whether the New York end-users purchasing natural gas from a taxpayer
pursuant to the Agreement will be subject to the tax imposed under section 189 of the Tax Law with
respect to that purchases; and (4) whether a taxpayer's receipts from sales of natural gas to New York
end-users pursuant to the Agreement will be subject to New York State sales and/or use tax.
The Petitioner presents the following facts as the basis for the Advisory Opinion.
The Agreement is between the seller ("Seller") and buyer ("Buyer") concerning the sale and
purchase of natural gas ("Gas") and states as follows:
1. Nature of Services: Seller shall sell and deliver, and Buyer shall purchase and
receive, an Interruptible Daily Quantity or a Base Daily Quantity of Gas, as defined
in Section 16, which will be identified in a Purchase Order.
2. Term: The Agreement will remain in effect for one year ... and year to year
thereafter until terminated by either party ... Each Purchase Order will state the period
of time during which a specific transaction will occur ("Term") pursuant to the
Agreement.
3. Quantity: A specified Sales Quantity for each Term will be shown on each
Purchase Order ....
4. Price: The price agreed upon by the parties for Gas deliveries will be shown on
the Purchase Order. If Buyer requests Seller to arrange for transportation of Gas on
Buyer's behalf from the Sales Point to a downstream Transportation Nomination
Point, the price will be inclusive of all transportation charges, unless otherwise

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stated. The price shown on the Purchase Order will exclude all taxes applicable to
Buyer unless otherwise indicated in writing.
5. Gas Quality and Measurement: Buyer is not obligated to accept deliveries of
Gas if the Gas is not merchantable. Gas is merchantable if it meets all specifications
which are required by the pipeline(s) both upstream and downstream of the Sales
Point. Measurement of Gas volumes will be conducted by the transporting pipelines
or the local distribution company at the Sales Point or Transportation Nomination
Point, whichever is further downstream.
6. Title: Title to, and risk of loss of, the Gas passes from Seller to Buyer at the Sales
Point(s). Seller warrants title to all Gas sold at the Sales Point and also warrants that
the Gas is free from liens and adverse claims of any kind. Seller agrees to indemnify
Buyer against any liens or claims to the Gas that arise just prior to delivery of the Gas
at the Sales Point.
7. Transportation Services: If Buyer requests Seller to arrange for transportation
of Buyer's Gas from the Sales Point(s) to a downstream Transportation Nomination
Point, and Seller agrees to arrange the transportation for the Buyer, Seller shall act
solely as Buyer's agent to arrange for Gas deliveries on behalf of Buyer to the
Transportation Nomination Point identified in the Purchase Order.
8. Agency Agreement: If Buyer requests transportation service, Buyer agrees to
allow Seller to act as Buyer's agent to arrange for delivery and transportation of Gas
under this Agreement.
9. Billing and Payment: Within ten (10) days of receipt of Seller's invoice for Gas
delivered, or by the 25th of the subsequent month, whichever is later, Buyer will pay
Seller in full ....
Unless the parties agree otherwise in writing, the Gas price shown on each
Purchase Order is exclusive of any applicable federal, state and local taxes including,
but not limited to, sales, use, gross receipts, gross earnings, importer privilege,
franchise, excise or other taxes. Any taxes, fees, charges or other assessments
(excluding taxes based on Seller's net income) levied by any state or jurisdiction in
connection with this Agreement (whether now in effect or later enacted) will be paid
by Purchaser. If Seller is required to pay the levy, Buyer shall reimburse the full
amount paid by Seller upon receipt of satisfactory proof of payment. If Buyer is
claiming exemption from any taxes, an exemption certificate or other proof will be
provided promptly to Seller.

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Any penalty charge, cash out or other assessment imposed by the transporting
pipelines or local distribution companies due to an imbalance or failure to deliver or
receive Gas will be paid by the party responsible for causing the imbalance or failure.
To prevent penalties, Buyer and Seller agree to notify each other as soon as possible
after receipt of any notice(s) by a transporting pipeline or local distribution company
that an imbalance is occurring ....
10. Force Majeure: Except for Buyer's obligations to make payment for Gas
deliveries, neither party is liable for any failure of performance due to causes beyond
its reasonable control(force majeure), the occurrence of which could not have been
prevented by the exercise of due diligence ....
11. Conflicting Terms: If, for any reason, the terms in the Purchase Order conflict
with the terms of this base agreement, the terms in the Purchase Order dictate the
obligations and responsibilities of the parties.
12. Assignment: This Agreement may not be assigned without the written consent
of the non-assigning party, such consent not to be unreasonably withheld.
13. Confidentiality: The terms of this Agreement and any Purchase Order will be
kept confidential between the parties except when disclosure is required by law or
regulation or as needed to arrange transportation.
14. Governing Law and Severability: This Agreement will be construed in
accordance with, and governed by, the laws of the State of New Jersey ....
15. Right to Match: Before Buyer enters into a new natural gas sales agreement
with another supplier, Buyer will give Seller the right to match any written offer from
another supplier.
16. Definitions: The definitions in this Section are to be used where a word or
phrase being defined appears in the Agreement.
1. "Sales Quantity" means a daily volume of Gas stated in MMBtu's which
is deliverable by or on behalf of Seller to Buyer as specified in an executed Purchase
Order.
2. "Base Daily Quantity" means the average daily volume of Gas that Seller
will deliver and Buyer will purchase during the Term specified in the Purchase Order,
which volume is not subject to interruption by either party except by reason of force
majeure.

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3. "Interruptible Daily Quantity" means the average daily volume of Gas
which the parties agree to buy and sell during the Term specified in the Purchase
Order which may be interrupted by either party at any time by giving notice within
a reasonable time prior to the nomination deadline. Such volumes may also be
referred to as "swing volumes" in the Purchase Order.
4. "Sales Point" means the point shown on Exhibit B (a) where Seller agrees
to deliver and Buyer agrees to purchase Gas and (b) at which title and risk of loss
pass from Seller to Buyer.
5. "Transportation Nomination Point" means the point at which Buyer
becomes responsible for arranging transportation in those instances in which Seller,
acting as agent for the Buyer, obtains transportation services downstream of the Sales
Point.
6. "Purchase Order" means the one-page attachment to this Agreement which
identifies the Nature of Service (Base Daily Quantity or Interruptible Daily Quantity),
Sales Quantity, Price, Sales Point(s), transporting pipeline(s), Transportation
Nomination Point(s), Term and other specifics relevant to a particular transaction
between Buyer and Seller.
Petitioner represents Taxpayer, a corporation engaged in the purchase and sale of natural gas.
Taxpayer is a foreign corporation engaged in business activities in New York State that make it
subject to tax in New York. Although Taxpayer is not subject to the administrative oversight of the
Public Service Commission, Taxpayer is principally engaged in the sale of natural gas. Accordingly,
Petitioner states that Taxpayer is subject to tax under section 186 of the Tax Law, and potentially
subject to tax as a second class utility under section 186-a of the Tax Law.
As part of its business activities, Taxpayer acquires natural gas outside of New York State,
and sells the natural gas to consumers ("end-users") located in New York and elsewhere. Taxpayer
does not own or operate facilities for transporting the natural gas it purchases and sells.
Transportation is provided by unrelated third-party pipeline companies hired either by the seller,
Taxpayer or the end-user.
Taxpayer proposes to adopt the Agreement for use for all sales of natural gas to New
York end-users. The Agreement provides that Taxpayer will sell natural gas on either an
"interruptible" or "firm" basis to the buyer (i.e. New York end-user). According to the terms
of the Agreement, title, risk of loss and transportation responsibility for the gas will pass from
Taxpayer to the New York end-user at certain Sales Points listed on Exhibit B to the Agreement.
Exhibit B lists, by meter number, the meters at which sales of natural gas pursuant to

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the terms of the Agreement will take place, the location of such meters (by town, county and state)
and the pipeline upon which the meters are located.
None of the Sales Points are located in New York State.
The Agreement also provides that an end-user may appoint Taxpayer as the end-user's agent
to arrange for transportation and delivery of the gas to a "Transportation Nomination Point" provided
on the purchase order to be submitted by the end-user to Taxpayer. With respect to Taxpayer's sales
of natural gas to New York end-users, it is likely that at least some of the New York end-users will
exercise the option to have Taxpayer act as their agent for purposes of arranging for the
transportation of the natural gas from the Sales Point to the Transportation Nomination Point. For
the purpose of the advisory opinion it should be assumed that New York is the location of all
Transportation Nomination Points for gas sold to New York end-users who have elected to have
Taxpayer act as their agent for transportation purposes.
Section 186 of the Tax Law imposes a tax on "[e]very corporation, joint-stock company or
association ... formed for or principally engaged in the business of supplying ... gas, when delivered
through mains or pipes .... " The tax is imposed for the privilege of exercising its corporate franchise
or carrying on its business in a corporate or organized capacity in New York State and is based, in
part, upon gross earnings from all sources within New York State. The term "gross earnings" as used
in this section means all receipts from the employment of capital without any deduction.
In Mark S. Klein. Partner. Hodgson. Russ. Andrews. Woods & Goodyear, Adv Op Comm
T & F, April 29, 1991, TSB-A-91(ll)C, a foreign corporation is principally engaged in the business
of supplying natural gas to end-users. The foreign corporation's requirements contracts with its
suppliers provide that the delivery point of the natural gas is the point of sale. At the point of sale,
both legal possession and title passes to the foreign corporation and that same point of sale is the
point the end-user takes possession and title. The Advisory Opinion holds that the foreign
corporation is subject to tax under section 186 of the Tax Law on its gross earnings from the sale of
natural gas where the point of sale is located within New York State. However, if the foreign
corporation sells natural gas to an end-user where the point of sale is in Louisiana, the gross earnings
from such sale are not from a source in New York State. The end-user's subsequent contract with
a pipeline company to transport the purchased natural gas to its destination, even if such destination
is in New York State, is not relevant in determining the taxability of the foreign corporation selling
the natural gas outside New York State.
Section 186-a of the Tax Law provides, in part:
1. Notwithstanding any other provision of this chapter, or of any other law,
a tax equal to three and one-half per centum of its gross income is hereby

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imposed upon every utility doing business in this state which is subject to the
supervision of the state department of public service ... and a tax equal to three and
one-half per centum of its gross operating income upon every other utility doing
business in this state ... which taxes shall be in addition to any and all other taxes and
fees imposed by any other provision of law for the same period.
2. As used in this section, (a)(i) the word "utility" includes ... every person (whether
or not such person is subject to [the department of public service] supervision) who
sells gas ...delivered through mains [or] pipes ... or furnishes gas ... by means of
mains [or] pipes ... regardless of whether such activities are the main business of such
person or are only incidental thereto ... (b) the word "person" means ... corporations
... (d) the words "gross operating income" mean and include receipts received in or
by reason of any sale, conditional or otherwise, made for ultimate consumption or use
by the purchaser of gas ... or in or by reason of the furnishing for such consumption
or use of gas ... service in this state ... without any deduction ....
For purposes of section 186-a of the Tax Law, a utility subject to the supervision of the
Department of Public Service is a utility of the first class, and every other utility is a utility of the
second class.
Section 189.2 of the Tax Law imposes on every gas importer a monthly privilege tax on the
privilege or act of importing gas services or causing gas services to be imported into New York State
for its own use or consumption in New York State. Section 189.1 of the Tax Law provides, in part,
as follows:
(a) The term "gas services" means gas delivered through mains or pipes.
(b) The term "gas importer" means every person who imports or causes to be
imported into this state services which have been purchased outside the state for its
own use or consumption in this state, provided such term does not include a public
utility subject to the jurisdiction of the public service commission as to the matter of
rates on sales to customers.
(c) The term "person" includes an individual, partnership, society, association, joint
stock company, corporation ....

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Section 189.3 of the Tax Law provides that the privilege tax shall be paid to New York State
by the use of one of the two following methods:
(a)(1) If the gas services are delivered in this state to the gas importer by a public
utility, then the public utility making such delivery of gas services shall be required
to collect the tax imposed by this section pursuant to subparagraph two of this
paragraph, and shall be collected monthly from such gas importer and such gas
importer shall so pay the tax required to be collected to such public utility .... The
amount of tax required to be collected shall be paid to such public utility required to
collect it as trustee for and on account of the state ....
(b) If the gas services are delivered to the gas importer by other than a public utility
subject to the supervision of the public service commission, a gas importer shall file
a return quarterly covering each month during such quarter with the department of
taxation and finance and shall pay such tax at the time of filing such return.
Section 1105 of the Tax Law states, in part:
Imposition of sales tax. On and after ... there is hereby imposed and there shall be
paid a tax ... upon:
(a) The receipts from every retail sale of tangible personal property, ....
(b) The receipts from every sale, other than sales for resale, of gas, electricity,
refrigeration and steam, and gas, electric, refrigeration and steam service of whatever
nature ....
Section l101(b)(6) of the Tax Law defines the term "tangible personal property" as
"[c]orporeal personal property of any nature. However, except for purposes of the tax imposed by
subdivision (b) of section eleven hundred five, such term shall not include gas, electricity,
refrigeration and steam .... "
In Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation, Adv Op Comm T & F, April 20, 1995, TSB-A­
95(8)C, one of the issues raised was whether a marketer's receipt from the sale of natural gas to a
consumer is taxable under sections 186, 186-a and 189 of the Tax Law under five scenarios. The
Advisory Opinion held that the determination of where the marketer's sale of natural gas occurs in
each of the scenarios is a factual matter not susceptible of determination in an advisory opinion.
However, the opinion discusses each scenario to aid in making a determination for purposes of
sections 186, 186-a and 189 of the Tax Law. The situation in scenario five is similar to the facts in
this case. In scenario five, marketer acquires gas outside New York State. The marketer transfers
title to the consumer at a point outside New York, and the contract price includes the

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cost of shipping the gas to the point where title transfers. Interstate transportation of the gas into
New York is accomplished under a contract directly between the interstate pipeline and the
consumer. The marketer has no control over, or rights to service under, the transportation contract.
Risk of loss transfers from the marketer to the consumer at the point where title transfers. With
respect to scenario five, the opinion provides that absent any other information, it appears that
transfer of title and transfer of possession occurs outside of New York State and that the sale occurs
outside New York State for purposes of these taxes.
It would also appear that the sale occurs outside New York for purposes of the sales and use
taxes in this scenario. Section 1110 of the Tax Law, which imposes the compensating use tax on
tangible personal property purchased outside the State, contains no language similar to that contained
in section ll05(b) of the Tax Law which imposes the sales tax on gas and gas services. Accordingly,
the use tax imposed by section 1110 of the Tax Law will not apply to the New York end-users' use
in New York State of gas purchased outside of New York State. (See Matter of Penn York Energy
Corporation, Dec Tax App Trib, October 1, 1992, TSB-D-92(71)S).
As stated in Niagara Mohawk, supra, the determination of where the sale of natural gas
occurs for purposes of sections 186, 186-a and 189 of the Tax Law is a factual matter not susceptible
of determination in an advisory opinion. An advisory opinion merely sets forth the applicability of
pertinent statutory and regulatory provisions to a "a specified set of facts." Tax Law, §l71.Twenty­
fourth; 20 NYCRR 2376.1(a).
Accordingly, it is not within the scope of this advisory opinion to determine (i) whether
Taxpayer has "gross earnings" from the sale of natural gas within New York State under section 186
of the Tax Law or "gross operating income" from the sale of natural gas delivered into New York
State through mains or pipes for ultimate use or consumption by the end-user under section 186-a
of the Tax Law, (ii) whether the end-user purchasing natural gas from Taxpayer is subject to the tax
imposed under section 189 of the Tax Law or (iii) whether Taxpayer's receipts from sales of natural
gas to New York end-users are subject to sales tax.
However, it appears that under the terms of the Agreement, title, risk of loss and
transportation responsibility for the gas will pass from Taxpayer to the New York end-user
at Sales Points outside New York State. Like Mark S. Klein, supra, and Niagara Mohawk,
supra, it appears that the sale of this natural gas for New York State tax purposes occurs outside New
York State. When Taxpayer acts as the end-user's agent to arrange for the delivery and
transportation of the natural gas to a Transportation Nomination Point in New York State pursuant
to the Agreement, the sale of the natural gas for New York State tax purposes may

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occur within New York State. For instance, the sale may occur in New York State if the activities
of Taxpayer while acting as agent for an end-user are not conducted at arms-length or if the cost of
the transportation services arranged by Taxpayer is not at unrelated third-party prices consistent with
the industry.

DATED: May 8, 1996

NOTE:

/s/
DORIS S. BAUMAN
Director
Technical Services Bureau

The opinions expressed in Advisory Opinions
are limited to the facts set forth therein.