When an out-of-state gas marketer sells gas delivered through a utility's pipeline to a New York consumer, who owes sections 186, 186-a and 189 -- the utility or the marketer -- and how is the situs of the sale determined?

Plain-English summary

Niagara Mohawk (NiMo), a PSC-regulated utility, transports natural gas through its pipeline from the interstate "City-gate" to New York consumers, but the gas is sold to the consumer by an out-of-state marketer; NiMo never holds title. It asked who owes the gas taxes -- sections 186 (utility franchise/gross earnings), 186-a (utility gross income), and 189 (gas importer) -- and across five scenarios, where the sale occurs.

The answer splits by role:

• The transporting utility (NiMo). Because it never owns the gas, the sale proceeds are not NiMo's receipts. Its contract-carriage delivery fee is its section 186 gross earnings and (as a first-class, PSC-supervised utility) its section 186-a gross income (following NiMo's own 1987 opinion and NYC Energy Office). As the delivering public utility, NiMo collects the section 189 gas-importer tax from the consumer when the consumer imports gas it bought outside New York.
• The marketer. An out-of-state gas seller is, like any gas seller, taxable under section 186 on gross earnings from sales occurring in New York, and is a second-class utility under section 186-a (not PSC-supervised), taxable on gross operating income from New York sales.
• Situs of the sale -- the controlling fact -- turns on where title and possession pass, which depends on the contract and the parties' relationship. Where the sale is in New York, the consumer is not "importing" (so no section 189); where the consumer buys outside New York and imports, NiMo collects section 189. The opinion sketches the five scenarios (pipeline-as-seller's-agent and gas-acquired-and-sold-in-NY = sale in NY; clear out-of-state title/possession with consumer-controlled transport = sale outside NY; a self-serving title clause against all other in-state indicia = presumptively in NY) but stresses each is factual and not finally resolvable in an advisory opinion.

What this means for you

A pure transporter is taxed on its carriage fee, not the gas

A PSC utility that only moves gas it never owns includes its contract-carriage fee in section 186 gross earnings and section 186-a gross income -- the sale price belongs to the marketer.

The marketer is taxed where its sale occurs

An out-of-state gas marketer is a second-class utility taxable under sections 186 and 186-a on gas sales that occur in New York. Whether a given sale is "in New York" depends on where title and possession pass.

Section 189 is collected by the delivering utility on imported gas

When the consumer buys gas outside New York and has it brought in, the delivering public utility collects the section 189 gas-importer tax; if the sale is in New York, there is no importation.

Common questions

Q: Does the utility owe tax on the price of gas it only transports?
A: No. It is taxed on its transportation (contract-carriage) fee; the gas sale proceeds belong to the marketer.

Q: Where is a gas marketer's sale taxed?
A: Where the sale occurs -- determined by where title and possession pass, a factual question. New York sales are taxed under sections 186 and 186-a.

Q: Who pays the section 189 importer tax?
A: The consumer who imports gas bought out of state, collected by the delivering public utility. No importer tax if the sale happens in New York.

Citations and references

Statutes, regulations, and authorities:
- Tax Law section 186 (utility franchise tax; gross earnings = all receipts from the employment of capital)
- Tax Law section 186-a (gross income for first-class PSC-supervised utilities; gross operating income for second-class utilities)
- Tax Law section 189 and 189.3 (gas importer tax; collected by the delivering public utility, or self-reported if delivered by a non-utility)
- Mark S. Klein (Hodgson Russ), TSB-A-91(11)C (point of sale controls the situs of a gas sale; out-of-state sale not New York gross earnings)
- Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation, TSB-A-87(12)C; New York City Energy Office, TSB-A-85(23)C (contract-carriage fees are the utility's gross earnings)

Source

• Landing page: https://www.tax.ny.gov/pubs_and_bulls/advisory_opinions/corporation_ao_1995.htm
• Opinion: https://www.tax.ny.gov/pdf/advisory_opinions/corporation/a95_8c.pdf

Original ruling text

New York State Department of Taxation and Finance

Taxpayer Services Division
Technical Services Bureau

TSB-A-95 (8) C
Corporation Tax
April 20, 1995

STATE OF NEW YORK
COMMISSIONER OF TAXATION AND FINANCE
ADVISORY OPINION

PETITION NO Z940118B

On January 18, 1994, a Petition for Advisory Opinion was received from Niagara Mohawk
Power Corporation, 300 Erie Blvd. West, Syracuse, New York 13202-4250.
The issues raised by Petitioner, Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation, concern a marketer's
sale of natural gas to a consumer and the questions are whether, under the scenarios presented herein,
Petitioner or the marketer would be liable for payment of (1) franchise tax on utilities under section
186 of the Tax Law, (2) the gross receipts tax under section 186-a of the Tax Law and (3) the gas
importer tax under section 189 of the Tax Law.
Petitioner is a New York State public utility that is principally engaged in the manufacture,
distribution and sale of electricity. It also distributes and sells natural gas. Petitioner's business also
includes the delivery of natural gas as a local distribution company pursuant to the terms of a
transportation tariff on file with the Public Service Commission. Petitioner's pipelines run from the
intersection of an interstate pipeline with its facilities in New York State (i.e., the "City-gate") to a
consumer's facilities. The City-gate is located in New York State. The natural gas delivered by
Petitioner is sold by a seller thereof, referred to as a marketer ("Marketer") to a consumer
("Consumer"). Petitioner never holds title to the gas wherein Petitioner is providing only a
transportation service.
Marketer is a natural gas seller, a wholesaler of natural gas, that is incorporated and
headquartered in a state other than New York. Marketer is principally engaged in the sale of natural
gas. It is not under the supervision of the New York State Public Service Commission. Marketer
does not maintain a permanent office, facilities, or staff in New York. Marketer, however, regularly
solicits business in New York by telephone and mail, and through visits to prospective purchasers
by its marketing representatives.
Consumer is located in New York and is an end-user of natural gas. When Consumer
purchases natural gas for its use from Marketer, Consumer pays Marketer directly. The transactions
are reflected in the following scenarios.
Scenario 1: Marketer acquires natural gas outside New York State. Consumer and Marketer
negotiate a gas sales contract that does not specify where transfer of title takes place. The contract
price includes the cost of shipping the gas to Petitioner's City-gate. Marketer transports such natural
gas to the City-gate under a separate contract with an interstate pipeline company. Consumer has
no independent control over, or rights to service under, the transportation contract between Marketer
and the interstate pipeline company. Risk of loss transfers from Marketer to Consumer at the City­
gate.
TP-9 (9/88)

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Scenario 2: Marketer acquires natural gas within New York State. Consumer and Marketer
negotiate a gas sales contract that does not specify where transfer of title takes place. The contract
price includes the cost of shipping the gas to Petitioner's City-gate. Marketer transports such natural
gas to the City-gate under a separate contract with an interstate pipeline company. Consumer has
no independent control over, or rights to service under, the transportation contract between Marketer
and the interstate pipeline company. Risk of loss transfers from Marketer to Consumer at the City­
gate.
Scenario 3: Marketer acquires gas outside New York State. Marketer transfers title to
Consumer at a point outside New York. The contract price continues to include the cost of shipping
the gas to Petitioner's City-gate. Marketer transports such natural gas to the City-gate under a
separate contract with an interstate pipeline company. Consumer has no independent control over,
or rights to service under, the transportation contract between Marketer and the interstate pipeline
company. Risk of loss transfers from Marketer to Consumer at the City-gate.
Scenario 4: Marketer acquires gas outside New York State. Marketer transfers title to
Consumer at a point outside New York, and the contract price includes the cost of shipping the gas
to the point where title transfers. In a separate transaction, Marketer transfers to Consumer rights
under Marketer's contract with the interstate pipeline that are sufficient to permit Consumer to
transport all the gas purchased from Marketer from the title transfer point to the City-gate in New
York. (The transfer of transportation rights is for the duration of the gas sales contract only, and is
effectuated in accordance with all applicable regulations of the Federal Energy Regulatory
Commission.) Consumer pays Marketer directly for the gas commodity and pays the interstate
pipeline company for the transportation service. The interstate pipeline company then credits
Marketer's account for the amount paid to it by Consumer. Risk of loss transfers from Marketer to
Consumer at the point where title transfers.
Scenario 5: Marketer acquires gas outside New York State. Marketer transfers title to
Consumer at a point outside New York, and the contract price includes the cost of shipping the gas
to the point where title transfers. Interstate transportation of the gas into New York is accomplished
under a contract directly between the interstate pipeline and Consumer. Marketer has no control
over, or rights to service under, the transportation contract. Risk of loss transfers from Marketer to
Consumer at the point where title transfers.
Section 186 of the Tax Law imposes a tax on "[e]very corporation, joint-stock company or
association ... formed for or principally engaged in the business of supplying ... gas, when delivered
through mains or pipes .... " The tax is imposed for the privilege of exercising its corporate franchise
or carrying on its business in such corporate or organized capacity in New York State and is based,
in part, upon gross earnings from all sources within New York State. The term "gross earnings" as
used in this section means all receipts from the employment of capital without any deduction.
An earlier advisory opinion issued to Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation, Adv Op
St Tax Comm, May 29, 1987, TSB-A-87(12)C, involved a situation in which Petitioner
agreed to receive customer-owned gas from a gas transmission corporation and transport it
to the customer, and to receive payment for transportation expenses from the customer

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and payover such amounts to the gas transmission corporation. The advisory opinion held that the
fees imposed for the special gas transportation service (contract carriage) provided to its customer
are receipts of Petitioner and are included in Petitioner's gross earnings under section 186 of the Tax
Law. See, New York City Energy Office, Adv Op St Tax Comm, October 15, 1985, TSB-A­
85(23)C.
In Mark S. Klein, Partner, Hodgson, Russ, Andrews, Woods & Goodyear, Adv Op Comm
T & F, April 29, 1991, TSB-A-91(ll)C, a foreign corporation is principally engaged in the business
of supplying natural gas to end-users. The foreign corporation's requirements contracts with
suppliers provided that the delivery point of the natural gas was the point of sale. At the point of
sale, both legal possession and title passed to the foreign corporation and that same point of sale is
the point the end-user takes possession and title. The foreign corporation is subject to tax under
section 186 of the Tax Law on its gross earnings from the sale of natural gas where the point of sale
is located within New York State. However, if the foreign corporation sells natural gas to an end­
user where the point of sale is in Louisiana, the gross earnings from such sale are not from a source
in New York State. The end-user's subsequent contract with a pipeline company to transport the
purchased natural gas to its destination, even if such destination is in New York State, is not relevant
in determining the taxability of the foreign corporation selling the natural gas outside New York
State.
Herein, Marketer sells natural gas to Consumer under a sales contract. In all scenarios,
Petitioner delivers the natural gas from Petitioner's City-gate in New York State to Consumer's
facilities, but never takes title to such gas. Petitioner's fee for the transportation of the natural gas
(contract carriage) is a receipt of Petitioner's and is included in Petitioner's gross earnings under
section 186 of the Tax Law. Since Petitioner is not the seller or owner of such natural gas, the
receipt from such sale is not a receipt of Petitioner.
Marketer is a foreign corporation that is principally engaged in the sale of natural gas. Like
any other seller of natural gas, Marketer is subject to tax under section 186 of the Tax Law on its
gross earnings from the sale of natural gas within New York State. The determination of where
Marketer's sale of natural gas occurs in each of the Scenarios is a factual matter not susceptible of
determination in an advisory opinion. An advisory opinion merely sets forth the applicability of
pertinent statutory and regulatory provisions to "a specified set of facts." Tax Law, §171.Twenty­
fourth; 20 NYCRR 2376.1(a). Accordingly, it is not within the scope of this advisory opinion to
determine whether Marketer has gross earnings from the sale of natural gas within New York State.
However, under section 186 of the Tax Law, where the sale of Marketer's natural gas to
Consumer occurs within New York State, Marketer must include the receipts from such sale in gross
earnings from all sources within New York State. See, Mark S. Klein, supra.
Section 186-a of the Tax Law provides in part:
1. Notwithstanding any other provision of this chapter, or of any other law, a tax
equal to three and one-half per centrum of its gross income is hereby imposed upon
every utility doing business in this state which is subject to the supervision of the
state department of public service . . . and a tax equal to three and

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one-half per centrum of its gross operating income upon every other utility doing
business in this state ... which taxes shall be in addition to any and all other taxes and
fees imposed by any other provision of law for the same period.
2. As used in this section, (a)(i) the word "utility" includes every person subject to
the supervision of the state department of public service ... and also includes every
person (whether or not such person is subject to such supervision) who sells gas ...
delivered through mains [or] pipes ... or furnishes gas ... by means of mains [or] pipes
... regardless of whether such activities are the main business of such person or are
only incidental thereto ... (b) the word "person" means persons, corporations,
companies, associations, joint-stock associations ... (c) the words "gross income"
mean and include receipts received in or by reason of any sale, conditional or
otherwise ... made or service rendered for ultimate consumption or use by the
purchaser in this state ... without any deduction ... also profits from any transaction
... within this state whatsoever; and (d) the words "gross operating income" mean and
include receipts received in or by reason of any sale, conditional or otherwise, made
for ultimate consumption or use by the purchaser of gas ... or in or by reason of the
furnishing for such consumption or use of gas ... service in this state ... without any
deduction ....
For purposes of section 186-a of the Tax Law, a utility subject to the supervision of the
Department of Public Service is a utility of the first class, and every other utility is a utility of the
second class.
Herein, for purposes of section 186-a of the Tax Law, Petitioner is a utility of the first class
and the total gross income received by Petitioner as a fee for the delivery of natural gas from
Petitioner's City-gate to Consumer's facilities (contract carriage) is taxable to Petitioner. (See
Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation, supra, and New York City Energy Office, supra.)
Marketer is a utility of the second class for purposes of section 186-a of the Tax Law and is
subject to tax on its gross operating income. Pursuant to section 186-a of the Tax Law where the
sales of natural gas by Marketer to Consumer occur in New York State, the receipts from such sale
are includible in Marketer's gross operating income.
As stated above, the determination of where Marketer's sale of natural gas occurs in each of
the Scenarios is a factual matter not susceptible of determination in an advisory opinion.
Accordingly, it is not within the scope of this advisory opinion to determine whether Marketer has
receipts from sales of natural gas or gas service delivered into New York State through mains or
pipes for ultimate use or consumption by Consumer.
Section 189.2 of the Tax Law imposes on every gas importer a monthly privilege tax on the
privilege or act of importing gas services or causing gas services to be imported into New York State
for its own use or consumption in New York State. Section 189.1 of the Tax Law provides, in
pertinent part, as follows:
(a) The term "gas services" means gas delivered through mains or pipes.

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(b) The term "gas importer" means every person who imports or causes to be
imported into this state services which have been purchased outside the state for its
own use or consumption in this state, provided such term does not include a public
utility subject to the jurisdiction of the public service commission as to the matter of
rates on sales to customers.
(c) The term "person" includes an individual, partnership, society, association, joint
stock company, corporation ....
Section 189.3 of the Tax Law provides that the privilege tax shall be paid to New York State
by the use of one of the two following methods:
(a)(1) If the gas services are delivered in this state to the gas importer by a public
utility, then the public utility making such delivery of gas services shall be required
to collect the tax imposed by this section pursuant to subparagraph two of this
paragraph, and shall be collected monthly from such gas importer and such gas
importer shall so pay the tax required to be collected to such public utility .... The
amount of tax required to be collected shall be paid to such public utility required to
collect it as trustee for and on account of the state ....
(b) If the gas services are delivered to the gas importer by other than a public utility
subject to the supervision of the public service commission, a gas importer shall file
a return quarterly covering each month during such quarter with the department of
taxation and finance and shall pay such tax at the time of filing such return.
The Legislature, in enacting section 189 of the Tax Law, stated that:
[t]he main goal of [section 189] is to attempt to equalize the tax burden in relation
to consumers of gas service. Presently, consumers of gas services may avoid the
burden of the taxes imposed by sections 186 and 186-a of the tax law by purchasing
the service out-of-state and hiring transportation to carry that service to the
consumer's premises in this state. The legal incidence of the taxes imposed by
sections 186 and 186-a of the tax law are on the utility making sales of gas services
in this state. However, both of these taxes are presently passed through by the
utility separately, and in their entirety, to consumers purchasing gas services from
such utility in this state pursuant to rate regulation of the charge for such services by
the public service commission. Thus, consumers of gas services purchased in this
state from utilities bear the direct pass-through of both such taxes. [This bill is] an
attempt to impose on those consumers who purchase gas services outside this
state a comparable fair tax burden. Accordingly, to insure continuing comparability,
pursuant to regulation by the public service commission, utilities shall be required
to continue to pass through the total amount of such taxes to in-state consumers so
that such consumers will continue to bear the economic burden of such taxes. In
this manner a continuing comparable economic burden is imposed by . . . this
act on these consumers who purchase gas service out-of-state for

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use or consumption in this state as compared to consumers who purchase gas services
in this state from utilities . . ." (emphasis added) (L 1991, ch 166, §149).
Herein, Petitioner as a public utility is responsible for the collection of the section 189 tax
if it is delivering the gas to importers of gas services. The determination with respect to importation
revolves around the issue of where the sale of gas takes place, either within or without New York
State. As discussed previously, the finding of where Marketer's sale of natural gas occurs in each
of the Scenarios is a factual matter not susceptible of determination in an advisory opinion.
However, in the Scenarios where Marketer's sale of natural gas occurs in New York State, Consumer
is not importing gas services into New York State because it is purchasing the natural gas in New
York State. But, in the Scenarios where Consumer purchases natural gas outside New York State
and imports gas service into New York State for its own use or consumption, Petitioner is
responsible for the collection of the gas importer tax under section 189 of the Tax Law on the gas
services Petitioner delivers to Consumer under such Scenarios.
Note that, with respect to Scenarios 1 through 5 described herein, the following discussion
may help in making the determination of when the sale of natural gas occurs in New York State for
purposes of sections 186, 186-a and 189 of the Tax Law.
Scenario 1: Absent any other information which would more fully describe the agreement
between the parties or their relationship, it appears, based upon these limited facts, that the pipeline
company is acting as agent for the seller (Marketer), and that neither transfer of title nor transfer of
possession occurs until the gas is delivered at the City-gate. As a result, the sale for New York State
tax purposes occurs within New York State.
Scenario 2: Absent any other information which would more fully describe the agreement
between the parties or their relationship, it appears, based upon these limited facts, that the gas never
leaves New York State, as it is both acquired by the seller and purchaser within New York State.
As a result, the sale for New York State tax purposes occurs within New York State.
Scenario 3: This scenario presents a conflicting set of facts. On the one hand, the contract
provides for the transfer of title outside of New York State, however, such clause may be solely self­
serving, in light of the fact that all the other indica of sale (delivery, risk of loss, control, etc.)
indicate a sale within New York State. However, the substantial contacts lead to an inference that,
pending more specific information regarding the proposed transactions and the relationships of the
parties and their past dealings, the situs of the sale will be presumptively placed in New York State.
Scenario 4: Absent any other information which would more fully describe the agreement
between the parties or their relationship, it appears, based upon these limited facts, transfer of title
and transfer ofpossession occur outside of New York State. As a result, the sale for New York State
tax purposes occurs outside New York State.

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Scenario 5: Absent any other information which would more fully describe the agreement
between the parties or their relationship, it appears, based upon these limited facts, transfer of title
and transfer of possession occurs outside of New York State. As a result, the sale for New York State
tax purposes occurs outside New York State.

DATED: April 20, 1995

s/PAUL B. COBURN
Deputy Director
Taxpayer Services Division

NOTE: The opinions expressed in Advisory Opinions
are limited to the facts set forth therein.