Can forward foreign-currency sale contracts, entered into purely to hedge currency-fluctuation risk on equity investments in foreign subsidiaries, themselves be counted as part of 'subsidiary capital' (investments in subsidiary stock) for New York franchise tax purposes?

Plain-English summary

Morgan Guaranty International Finance Corporation is an "Edge Corporation" -- a special federally-authorized entity organized specifically to invest in the stock of foreign (mostly closely-held) corporations, and barred from ordinary banking business. Since its investments are valued based on each foreign subsidiary's net worth (itself a function of foreign-currency exchange rates plus annual earnings), the company entered into forward sale contracts for the foreign currencies in which it holds those investments, in amounts roughly matching its net exposure (within 2.4% over a multi-year period), purely to neutralize currency-fluctuation risk and effectively convert its foreign-currency capital into the equivalent of U.S.-dollar capital. The company argued that because these hedges are integrally tied to protecting its stock investments -- and because federal tax law treats a hedge and its underlying investment as integrated for characterizing gain or loss -- the forward contracts should themselves count as part of "subsidiary capital" (a favorably-taxed category under Article 9-A) alongside the underlying stock. It also traced New York's 1944 legislative history, arguing lawmakers intended "subsidiary capital" to be read broadly.

The Department rejected the argument on the statute's plain terms: "subsidiary capital" is defined as investments in subsidiary STOCK and indebtedness OWED BY a subsidiary -- and a forward currency contract with an unrelated counterparty is neither of those things, "as such terms are ordinarily understood." More strikingly, the Department turned the company's own cited authority against it: in Hoover Co. v. Commissioner, a federal Tax Court case involving a nearly identical hedging strategy, the court had explicitly found that "there is no relationship between the currency contracts and the maintenance of stock value or the ability of [the] foreign subsidiaries to produce income" -- the contracts' gains or losses belong to the taxpayer alone and have no protective effect on the subsidiary's own operations, assets, or the stock's actual value (if the stock value drops after a currency devaluation, it drops regardless of the hedge). Rather than supporting inclusion, that reasoning confirmed the forward contracts simply lack the necessary connection to the underlying stock to be transformed into "subsidiary capital" themselves. The Department concluded the contracts don't meet the statutory or regulatory definition, regardless of how closely, as an economic matter, the company's own purpose ties them to protecting its subsidiary investments.

What this means for you

Companies with equity investments in foreign subsidiaries using currency hedges

A foreign-currency hedge protecting the value of your investment does NOT itself become part of "subsidiary capital" for New York franchise tax purposes, no matter how tightly your hedging ratio tracks your net exposure or how clearly your purpose is investment protection. Only the actual stock investment (and genuine subsidiary indebtedness) counts.

Relying on federal "integration" doctrine for currency hedges and underlying investments

Federal tax principles that integrate a hedge with its underlying investment for CHARACTER-of-gain-or-loss purposes don't necessarily extend to New York's separate, definitionally-narrow "subsidiary capital" category -- these are different legal questions, and this ruling shows the same case law can cut against the taxpayer's own argument.

Edge Corporations and other entities holding foreign equity investments

Structuring currency risk management around a subsidiary investment is a legitimate business practice, but don't expect the hedge itself to receive the same favorable New York tax treatment (like reduced taxation of subsidiary capital) that applies to the underlying stock investment.

Common questions

Q: Does this mean the underlying stock investment itself isn't treated as subsidiary capital?
A: No -- this ruling only addresses whether the SEPARATE forward currency contracts qualify; nothing here suggests the underlying stock investment itself wouldn't be subsidiary capital in the ordinary way.

Q: Didn't the Hoover case support the taxpayer's position?
A: The taxpayer cited it, but the Department read it the opposite way -- Hoover actually held that such hedging contracts have NO protective relationship to the subsidiary's stock value or operations, which undermines rather than supports treating them as subsidiary capital.

Q: Can another company with similar hedging practices rely on this specific ruling?
A: No. It binds the Department only for this petitioner's specific facts and can't be relied upon by other taxpayers, even similarly structured Edge Corporations or other foreign-equity investors.

Citations and references

Statutes and regulations:

• Tax Law § 208.4 (subsidiary capital definition)
• Business Corporation Franchise Tax Regulations § 3-6.3(a)
• Federal Reserve Act § 25(a) (Edge Corporation)
• Hoover Co. v. Commissioner, 72 T.C. 206; National-Standard Co. v. Commissioner, 80 T.C. 551, aff'd 749 F.2d 369
• 1943 report to Gov. Dewey, "New York Taxes on Business Corporations, Investment Trusts and Holding Companies"

Source

• Landing page: https://www.tax.ny.gov/pubs_and_bulls/advisory_opinions/corporation_ao_1987.htm
• Opinion: https://www.tax.ny.gov/pdf/advisory_opinions/corporation/a87_3c.pdf

Original ruling text

New York State Department of Taxation and Finance

Taxpayer Services Division
Technical Services Bureau

TSB-A-87 (3) C
Corporation Tax
January 15, 1987

STATE OF NEW YORK
STATE TAX COMMISSION
ADVISORY OPINION

PETITION NO. C860916B

On September 16, 1986, a Petition for Advisory Opinion was received from Morgan
Guaranty International Finance Corporation, 37 Wall Street, New York, New York 10015.
The issue raised is whether, for purposes of Article 9-A of the Tax Law, forward
contracts for the sale of foreign currencies, entered into by Petitioner solely to protect its net
exposure to foreign exchange risk in respect of its investment in affiliated foreign corporations,
should be considered "investments in the stock of subsidiaries" for purposes of the definition of
"subsidiary capital" in section 208 of the Tax Law.
Petitioner is an "Edge Corporation" organized under section 25(a) of the Federal Reserve
Act. It was organized to invest in the stock of foreign (primarily closely held) corporations.
Petitioner is authorized by the Federal Reserve Board to carry on its activities and is limited to
carrying on financing operations other than the banking business. Thus, with minor exceptions,
Petitioner has confined its activities since inception to making equity investments in foreign
corporations.
These investments are reported on Petitioner's consolidated financial statements.
Petitioner states that the value of such an investment is the net worth of a foreign corporation
("Net Worth"), which is a function of both the foreign currency exchange value of that Net Worth
plus earnings for the fiscal year. Consequently, to maintain the true value of its investments,
Petitioner feels that it must neutralize to the extent possible the effect of foreign currency fluc­
tuations, and that it must also convert the earning power of its foreign currency capital into U.S.
dollar capital. Petitioner attempts to accomplish this neutralization through forward sale contracts
of the foreign currencies in which it holds stocks.
Petitioner's forward sale contracts are for the sale of foreign currency in amounts which
approximate the Net Worth of its investments. Petitioner's goal simply is to match its foreign
currency exposure in its investments with foreign currency contracts. In fact, from year-end 1982
to year-end 1985, the aggregate amount of foreign currency contracts was only 2.4% less than
Petitioner's aggregate net exposure.
Petitioner states that it enters into all of its foreign currency contracts to hedge the effects
of changes in exchange rates on foreign investments and that the gain or loss on the currency
contracts will offset any change in the value of the foreign investments. The accounting treatment
on such contracts is required to be identical with the underlying investments.

RODERICK G. W. CHU, COMMISSIONER
GABRIEL B. DiCERBO, DEPUTY COMMISSIONER
FRANK J. PUCCIA, DIRECTOR
TP-8 (3/83)

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TSB-A-87 (3) C
Corporation Tax
January 15, 1987

In Petitioner's opinion, it has not engaged in the business of dealing in foreign currency
contracts. Although its parent Morgan Guaranty Trust Company of New York engages in a
comprehensive foreign exchange business, Petitioner did not enter into the foreign exchange
contracts under consideration here to hedge ordinary business operations in the same manner as a
business engaged in importing products wishing to protect the cost of its inventory against
fluctuations in foreign exchange rates. Rather, Petitioner contends that it entered into the foreign
currency contracts at issue solely to protect itself against foreign currency fluctuations relating to
its capital position in stock of affiliated foreign corporations in which it has invested. It did this
because, as an investor in such corporations, it wished to subject itself to the true risks of
business success or failure that are applicable to a United States corporation that is a subsidiary
of a United States bank. Thus, in this way it was able to convert those investments into the
equivalent of U.S. dollar investments.
Petitioner contends that its attempt to neutralize currency fluctuations, to assure any true
investment return in the value of its investment, by reducing its net exposure in foreign stocks
through forward sale contracts is investing further in its foreign stocks and is really an integral
part of owning the underlying stock and should be recognized as an investment in that stock.
Petitioner contends that federal income tax principles confirm that forward sale contracts
entered into by Petitioner to protect its investment in foreign stocks should be considered an
"investment" in those stocks for purposes of section 208 of the Tax Law. Thus, Petitioner
contends, the federal courts and the Internal Revenue Service recognize that a foreign currency
transaction and an underlying investment made with such currency must be integrated for
purposes of determining the character of any gain or loss on the transaction. Petitioner cites
National-Standard Co. v. Commissioner, 80 T.C. 551, aff'd 749 F.2d 369 and Hoover Co. v.
Commissioner, 72 T.C. 206 as two examples.
Petitioner also contends that the legislative history of section 208 of the Tax Law
indicates that "subsidiary capital" should be construed broadly for purposes of such section.
Petitioner traces the history back to New York State tax reform legislation enacted in 1944 which
repealed and re-enacted Article 9-A of the Tax Law, the franchise tax on business corporations.
Specifically, Petitioner cites from a report to then Governor Dewey by the New York State Tax
Commission and Advisory Group entitled "New York Taxes on Business Corporations,
Investment Trusts and Holding Companies", dated November 12, 1943 (hereinafter "The
Report").
The Report criticized New York State's tax structure as inequitable, and one that
discouraged certain corporate operations in New York. The Report made general
recommendations of reform in response to perceived problems with the existing statute.
"Generally speaking, a corporation should be treated as a business
corporation to the extent it is such, as an Investment Trust to the extent it
is such, and as a Holding Corporation to the extent it is such. The arbitrary
lines now dividing corporations into those three distinct classifications
should be removed." Report at page 7.

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TSB-A-87 (3) C
Corporation Tax
January 15, 1987

The Report recommended a flexible income allocation formula and rate schedule to be applied to
all three types of corporations. Consequently, a corporation would be treated as one of the three
(business corporation, investment trust or holding corporation) to the extent its income was
derived from the activities of such a corporation. The Report suggested exempting from a tax
measured by income the gains from the sale or exchange of stock of a subsidiary, and reducing
the tax on subsidiary capital.
The term "subsidiary capital" is defined in section 208.4 of the Tax Law as follows:
The term "subsidiary capital" means investments in the stock of
subsidiaries and any indebtedness from subsidiaries, exclusive of
accounts receivable acquired in the ordinary course of trade or business
for services rendered or for sales of property held primarily for sale to
customers, whether or not evidenced by written instrument, on which
interest is not claimed and deducted by the subsidiary for purposes of
taxation under articles nine-a, nine-b, nine-c, thirty-two or thirty-three
of this chapter, provided, however, that, in the discretion of the tax
commission, there shall be deducted from subsidiary capital any
liabilities payable by their terms on demand or within one year from
the date incurred, other than loans or advances outstanding for more
than a year as of any date during the year covered by the report, which
are attributable to subsidiary capital.
Section 3-6.3(a) of the Business Corporation Franchise Tax Regulations further defines
"subsidiary capital" as follows:
The term "subsidiary capital" means the total of:
(1) the investment of the taxpayer in shares of stock of its subsidiaries,
and
(2) the amount of indebtedness owed to the taxpayer by its
subsidiaries, whether or not evidenced by written instrument, on which
interest is not claimed and deducted by the subsidiary for purposes of
any tax imposed by articles 9-A, 32 or 33 of the Tax Law....
Petitioner's purchase of forward contracts for the sale of foreign currencies is clearly neither
an investment in shares of stock of a subsidiary nor indebtedness owed to the Petitioner by its
subsidiaries as such terms are ordinarily understood.
Furthermore, in the Matter of Hoover Co. v. Commissioner, supra, cited by Petitioner, the
taxpayer, like Petitioner, entered into forward sale agreements to offset (1) a potential decline in the
value of its investment in certain foreign subsidiaries, whose home currencies may be or are
devalued relative to the U.S. dollar, and (2) exchange losses required to be reported on petitioner's
consolidated financial statement. The court, stated, that:

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TSB-A-87 (3) C
Corporation Tax
January 15, 1987

Here ... there is no relationship between the currency
contracts and the maintenance of stock value or the ability of
petitioner's foreign subsidiaries to produce income in the future.
The gains and losses from the futures represented a gain or loss to
petitioner but had no protective impact on the subsidiaries'
operations, their assets, or the value of petitioner's stock holding.
If, as petitioner asserts, the stock value goes down after a
devaluation, it would go down regardless of these currency
transactions and whether gain or loss resulted from them.... (72
T.C. 242).
Thus, rather than lending authority for inclusion of the forward contracts as subsidiary
capital, this case clearly establishes that such forward contracts lack the requisite relationship to
the stock of the subsidiaries to transform such contracts into subsidiary capital.
Accordingly, the forward contracts for the sale of foreign currencies, entered into by
Petitioner solely to protect its net exposure to foreign exchange risk in respect of its investment
in affiliated foreign corporations are not attributable to the acquisition of the shares of stock of
such affiliated foreign corporations and they do not meet the definition of subsidiary capital as
defined in section 208.4 of the Tax Law and section 3-6.3(a) of the Business Corporation
Franchise Tax Regulations. Therefore, Petitioner may not include such forward contracts as
"investments in the stock of subsidiaries" when computing subsidiary capital pursuant to Article
9-A of the Tax Law.

DATED: January 15,1987

s/FRANK J. PUCCIA
Director
Technical Services Bureau

NOTE: The opinions expressed in Advisory Opinions
are limited to the facts set forth therein.