New York Advisory Opinion TSB-A-16(7)C: Is a foreign bank's New York office a 'branch' under Tax Law section 1454(a)(5)(B) — so its deposits go in the deposits factor — when the office approves loans and disburses funds but does not accept loan repayments?
Plain-English summary
A non-U.S. bank operated several U.S. offices, including one in New York, and wanted to know whether that office was a "branch." The stakes: under the former bank tax (Article 32), only deposits at a "branch" go into the deposits factor used to allocate income to New York (Tax Law § 1454(a)(3)). To be a branch under § 1454(a)(5)(B), a bona fide office must be used on a regular and systematic basis to (i) approve loans, (ii) accept loan repayments, (iii) disburse funds, and (iv) conduct other banking functions.
The office cleared three of the four. It approved loans — under 20 NYCRR 19-6.2(d)(4), "approval" means the act that legally binds the bank, and the office's employees signed many of its loan agreements (an office need not approve all, or even any, of its own loans in a given year to qualify). It also disbursed funds and conducted other banking. But it failed on accepting loan repayments: borrowers were required to repay by wire into an account at an unrelated U.S. bank, and that process was not handled by the office's own employees who are regularly in attendance (20 NYCRR 16-2.9(a)). The statute does not require any particular payment method or in-person payment, but the repayment activity must run through the office's own employees. Because it did not, the office was not a branch, and the bank could not include its deposits in the deposits factor.
What this means for you
Foreign and multistate banks
The "branch" test is conjunctive — all four functions must be performed on a regular and systematic basis through the office's own staff. Routing loan repayments to a centralized or unrelated account, away from the office's employees, can cost you branch status and remove those deposits from the New York deposits factor. That can cut either way on the allocation result, so model it before you design payment flows.
Accountants and tax professionals
"Approval" hinges on who is legally bound (signing the agreement), not where the work is done; an office can qualify on approval even in a year it approves none of its own loans. "Accepting repayments" hinges on the office's own employees handling the process — method and physical location are not dispositive, but staffing is.
Common questions
Q: What makes a bank office a "branch" for the deposits factor?
A: Regular, systematic use to approve loans, accept loan repayments, disburse funds, and conduct other banking — all four, through the office's own employees.
Q: Why did this office fail?
A: It did not accept loan repayments through its own employees; repayments were wired to an account at an unrelated bank.
Q: Does the payment method matter?
A: Not by itself — the statute does not require cash, check, or in-person payment. What matters is that the office's own staff handle the repayments on a regular and systematic basis.
Citations and references
- Tax Law § 1454(a)(5)(B) (definition of "branch": approve loans, accept repayments, disburse funds, other banking)
- Tax Law § 1454(a)(3), (a)(4) (deposits factor); Tax Law § 1454(a)(5)(A) (bona fide office)
- 20 NYCRR 16-2.9 (branch; regular and systematic basis; review-for-final-approval exception)
- 20 NYCRR 19-6.2(d)(4) (final approval = the act that legally binds the taxpayer)
- Article 32 repealed by Chapter 59 of the Laws of 2014, effective for tax years beginning on or after January 1, 2015
Source
- Landing page: https://www.tax.ny.gov/pubs_and_bulls/advisory_opinions/corporation_ao_2016.htm
- Opinion: https://www.tax.ny.gov/pdf/advisory_opinions/corporation/a16_7c.pdf
Original ruling text
New York State Department of Taxation and Finance
TSB-A-16(7)C
Corporation Tax
December 16, 2016
Office of Counsel
STATE OF NEW YORK
COMMISSIONER OF TAXATION AND FINANCE
ADVISORY OPINION
PETITION NO. C131104B
The Department of Taxation and Finance received a Petition for an Advisory Opinion from
REDACTEDREDACTEDREDACTEDREDACTEDREDACTEDREDACTEDREDACTE
REDACTEDREDACTED. Petitioner asks under which circumstances its office located REDAC
REDACTEDREDACTEDRED [(“NY Office”] would be considered a “branch” under Tax Law §
1454 (a)(5)(B) such that Petitioner would be required to include deposits from RED [NYOffice] in
its deposits factor.
Based on the information Petitioner has provided about REDAC [NY Office] current loan
repayment procedures, we conclude that RED [NY Office] is not a “branch” under Tax Law §
1454(a)(5)(B) and consequently, Petitioner cannot include deposits from RED [NY Office}in its
deposit factor. This Advisory Opinion concerns an issue under Article 32 of the Tax Law, which was
repealed by chapter 59 of the Laws of 2014, effective for taxable years beginning on or after January
1, 2015. The facts in this Advisory Opinion are based on the Petitioner’s operations prior to January
1, 2015.
Facts
We are advised that Petitioner is a REDACT [non-U.S.] banking organization headquartered
REDACTED [outside the U.S.] that does business in various states throughout the United States
directly through branches, representative offices, and agency offices and indirectly through various
other legal entities.
We are also advised that, from a United States bank regulatory perspective, Petitioner
operates five branches in the United States of which RED [NY Office] is one of three within New
York State. We are also informed that the vast majority of deposits booked by Petitioner at the RED
[NY Office] location are in excess of $100,000 and that the RED [NY Office] deposits are not
handled by any other U.S. office – only RED [NY Office] and Petitioner’s headquarters in
REDACT.
Under Petitioner’s procedures, all loans require credit approval by its Group Risk
Management (“GRM”) department. Most GRM staff members are located in REDACTED [an
office outside the U.S.], but there are several GRM employees at RED [NY Office] who provide
credit approval for REDAC [NY Office’s] loans in certain industries.
After a loan receives credit approval, Petitioner prepares a written loan agreement for
signing. The bank is not legally bound to perform until its representative has signed the loan
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Corporation Tax
December 16, 2016
agreement. RED [NY Office] employees and officers sign some, but not all, of the loan agreements
for RED [NY Office] loans.
RED [NY Office] does not permit its borrowers to make loan repayments by cash or check at
the RED [NY Office] office. In fact, all borrowers of RED [NY Office] loans are required, by the
terms of their loan agreements, to make repayments via wire transfer into “a New York bank deposit
account maintained by the Bank in an unrelated United States depository institution.” (emphasis
added). 1
Once loan payments are made to the New York bank deposit account, Petitioner’s staff
“debit cash and credit an internal deposit account in the Bank’s financial records.” After being
notified of the deposit, Petitioner’s loan administration department, located in REDACT[outside the
U.S.], processes the payment and updates Petitioner’s financial records.
Analysis
Introduction
It is conceded that RED [NY Office] is a location where Petitioner “carries on its business in
a regular and systematic manner” and that it is “continuously maintained, occupied, and used by
employees of the Bank.” As such, it qualifies as a “bona fide office” as defined in Tax Law § 1454
(a)(5)(A).
In order for deposits from a bank location to be included in the numerator and denominator
of a taxpayer’s deposits factor, the bank location at which the deposits are maintained must also
qualify as a “branch.” See Tax Law § 1454 (a)(3).
According to Tax Law § 1454 (a)(5)(B), a “branch” is defined as:
a bona fide office which is used by the taxpayer on a regular and systematic basis to
(i) approve loans (regardless of whether the approval of certain classes of loans
requires review or final approval by another office of the taxpayer), (ii) accept loan
repayments, (iii) disburse funds, and (iv) conduct one or more other functions of a
banking business (emphasis added).
Petitioner agrees that RED [NY Office] is used to disburse funds and conduct other banking
business functions, two of the activities required to consider a location a “branch” under Tax Law §
1454 (a)(5)(B). Therefore, the only issue is whether the Petitioner uses RED [NY Office] “on a
regular and systematic basis” to approve loans and accept loan repayments.
1
The Bank has a few outstanding loans made to its prior employees that are repaid by means other than by wire transfer.
These former employees repay their loans by remitting checks to a location of the Bank other than RED [NY Office],
and the checks are deposited into the same New York Bank deposit account into which wire transfers from other
borrowers are received.
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A.
TSB-A-16(7)C
Corporation Tax
December 16, 2016
RED [NY Office] is used to approve loans
Petitioner asks whether REDAC [NY Office’s] activities relating to loan approval are
sufficient to satisfy the loan approval requirement under Tax Law § 1454 (a)(5)(B)(i). The term
“approval” in Tax Law § 1454 (a)(5)(B), according to 20 NYCRR 16-2.9 (c), has the same meaning
as the term “final approval” in 20 NYCRR 19-6.2 (d)(4), which is defined as:
the act of employees or the board of directors of the taxpayer which legally binds the
taxpayer to perform under an agreement. Such activity is located at the office which
the taxpayer’s employees are regularly connected with, regardless of where the
services of such employees were actually performed. If the board of directors make
such final approval, such activity occurred where the actual seat of management and
control of the taxpayer is located.
Because many of REDAC [NY Office’s] loans are signed by a RED [NY Office] employee
(the act that legally binds RED [NY Office] to perform), RED [NY Office] is being used to approve
loans according to 20 NYCRR 19-6.2(d)(4).
It should be noted that an office does not have to be used to approve (or review for final
approval) 100% of its own loans in order to meet the branch definition found in Tax Law § 1454
(5)(B) and 20 NYCRR 16-2.9(5). Even an office that was not used to approve any loans in a given
taxable year can be classified as a branch. In some cases, an office may not approve any of its own
loans during a taxable year because none of its loans during that taxable year were under the dollar
amount threshold that office was authorized to approve. According to 20 NYCRR 16-2.9 (d), as
long as the office actually was regularly and subsequently used to approve loans within the given
threshold in previous years, it still could potentially be classified as a branch.
It is also worth noting that 20 NYCRR 16-2.9 (b)(5) contains an exception to the general rule
in Tax Law § 1454 (a)(5)(B)(i), under which a bank’s office that is used to approve loans is not
considered a branch if all of the office’s loans,
pursuant to the taxpayer’s business policies or practices, receive on a regular and
systematic basis review for final approval or final approval by another office or all of
whose loans in fact receive on a regular and systematic basic review for final
approval or final approval by another office.
According to Petitioner, its GRM department reviews all of REDAC [NY Office’s] loans for final
approval. However, because some RED [NY Office] loans are reviewed for credit approval by
GRM staff members who work at the RED [NY Office] office, RED [NY Office] does not trigger
the exception in 20 NYCRR 16-2.9 (b)(5).
B.
RED [NY Office] is not used to accept loan repayments
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Corporation Tax
December 16, 2016
Petitioner indicates that RED [NY Office] does not accept loan repayments because it does
not permit payments made by cash or check at its RED [NY Office] office and instead requires that
all repayments be made by wire transfer to a deposit account in an unrelated United State depository
institution.
The statute and regulations do not limit a bank’s receipt of “loan repayment” to any specific
method of payment, or require that the payment be made at the physical location of the bank office.
Tax Law § 1454 (a)(5)(B)(ii); 20 NYCRR 16-2.9. Therefore, the fact that RED [NY Office] does
not accept cash or checks for loan repayment at its branch office is not necessarily dispositive.
However, in order for a bank office to accept loan repayments “on a regular and systematic
basis,” the loan repayment process “must be conducted through its own employees who are regularly
in attendance at such office during normal business hours.” 20 NYCRR 16-2.9 (a); 20 NYCRR 162.8 (a). Loan repayment for RED [NY Office] loans is not handled by RED [NY Office] employees.
Instead, repayments on all RED [NY Office] loans are deposited into an account at an unrelated
bank. Therefore, RED[NY Office] is not used by Petitioner to accept loan repayments “on a regular
and systematic basis” for purposes of Tax Law § 1454 (a)(5)(B)(ii).
Consequently, because RED [NY Office] does not accept loan repayments on a regular and
systematic basis, RED [NY Office] is not a branch according to Tax Law § 1454 (a)(5)(B).
Petitioner therefore cannot include deposits from RED [NY Office] in its deposits factor, as
described in Tax Law §§ 1454 (a)(3) and 1454 (a)(4).
DATED: December 16, 2016
/S/
DEBORAH R. LIEBMAN
Deputy Counsel
NOTE:
An Advisory Opinion is issued at the request of a person or entity. It is limited to the
facts set forth therein and is binding on the Department only with respect to the person or
entity to whom it is issued and only if the person or entity fully and accurately describes
all relevant facts. An Advisory Opinion is based on the law, regulations, and Department
policies in effect as of the date the Opinion is issued or for the specific time period at
issue in the Opinion. The information provided in this document does not cover every
situation and is not intended to replace the law or change its meaning.