Is nonqualified deferred compensation paid to a nonresident in substantially equal annual payments over 10 years subject to New York income tax withholding?

Plain-English summary

A large retailer pays a former employee under a nonqualified deferred compensation plan in two series of substantially equal annual payments, each spread over a 10-year period (one stream for pre-2005 deferrals, one for post-2004 deferrals), both compliant with IRC § 409A. The retailer asked whether these payments are protected "retirement income" and, if the former employee is a nonresident, whether New York withholding applies.

The Office of Counsel concluded that each series qualifies as "retirement income" under the federal Pension Source Law (4 USC § 114(b)(1)(I)). That law bars a state from taxing a nonresident's retirement income that comes from a nonqualified deferred-compensation plan (IRC § 3121(v)(2)(C)) when it's paid in substantially equal periodic payments over at least 10 years (or for life). Because both 10-year streams meet that test, if the former employee is a nonresident when the payments are made, the payments are not subject to New York income tax - and therefore not subject to New York withholding (Tax Law § 671(a)) or reporting (§ 674).

What this means for you

Employers paying deferred comp to former employees

If you structure nonqualified deferred-comp payouts as substantially equal payments over 10+ years (or for life), and the recipient is a nonresident when paid, you generally don't withhold New York tax. Confirm the recipient's residency at the time of each payment.

Nonresident recipients of deferred compensation

Deferred comp paid out as a level 10-year (or lifetime) stream is shielded from New York tax once you're a nonresident, under the federal Pension Source Law. A lump sum or short/uneven payout may not qualify (contrast TSB-A-24(11)I).

Common questions

Q: Why isn't this deferred comp taxed by New York?
A: Paid as substantially equal payments over 10 years, it's "retirement income" under the federal Pension Source Law, which a state can't tax for a nonresident.

Q: Do we have to withhold New York tax?
A: No, if the former employee is a nonresident when paid. Since the income isn't New York-taxable, there's no withholding or reporting.

Q: What if the payout were a lump sum or only a few years?
A: It might fail the substantially-equal-payments-over-10-years test and lose the protection.

Q: Can I rely on this opinion?
A: It binds the Department only as to the petitioner. Use it as guidance and confirm your own facts.

Citations and references

Statutes and regulations:
- 4 USC § 114(a), § 114(b)(1)(I)
- Tax Law § 671(a); § 674(a); 20 NYCRR 171.1; 174.1
- IRC § 3121(v)(2)(C); § 409A

Source

• Landing page: https://www.tax.ny.gov/pubs_and_bulls/advisory_opinions/income-ao-2020.htm
• Opinion: https://www.tax.ny.gov/pdf/advisory_opinions/income/a20-7i.pdf

Original ruling text

New York State Department of Taxation and Finance
Office of Counsel

TSB-A-20(7)I
Income Tax
September 29, 2020

STATE OF NEW YORK
COMMISSIONER OF TAXATION AND FINANCE
ADVISORY OPINION

PETITION NO. I170324A

The Department of Taxation and Finance (“Department”) received a Petition for Advisory
Opinion from [ REDACTED ] (“Petitioner”). Petitioner asks whether two different series of periodic
distributions made to a former employee pursuant to a nonqualified deferred compensation plan
qualify as “retirement income” under 4 USC § 114(b)(1)(I) and, if so, whether the distributions from
each series are subject to New York State income tax withholding if the former employee is a
nonresident.
We conclude that each series of payments made by Petitioner conforms to the definition of
“retirement income” under 4 USC § 114(b)(1)(I). Therefore, if the former employee is not a New
York resident when the deferred compensation payments are distributed by Petitioner, the payments
would not be subject to New York State income tax withholding.
Facts
Petitioner is a large retailer with locations throughout the United States. Petitioner makes
payments of various types of compensation to its employees, including payments from deferred
compensation plans. Petitioner will make two series of substantially equal annual payments to a
former employee over a ten year period representing deferrals of that former employee’s annual salary
and bonus payments. The first series of payments relate to the former employee’s post-2004 deferred
compensation. In October 2016, Petitioner made the first distribution of ten substantially equal
deferred compensation payments to the former employee, with additional payments to be made each
subsequent October through October 2025.
Petitioner, under a separate schedule, will also distribute to the same former employee
additional deferred compensation relating to the employee’s pre-2005 deferred compensation by
making substantially equal periodic payments over a 10 year period starting in October 2017 and
ending October 2026. Both income streams are subject to and compliant with the deferred
compensation rules under Internal Revenue Code (IRC) § 409A. 1
Analysis
Tax Law § 671(a) and 20 NYCRR 171.1 require that every employer maintaining an office or
transacting business within New York State and making payment of any wages taxable under the
personal income tax must deduct and withhold from the employee’s wages an amount of tax
substantially equivalent to the New York State personal income tax reasonably estimated to be due

1

IRC § 409A rules bar employees from accelerating the payment of deferred compensation and restrict the timing of initial
compensation deferral elections and subsequent payment deferral elections. The failure to follow these rules cause an
employee’s deferred compensation (and related investment earnings) to be taxable when the failure occurs or, if later,
when the compensation is not subject to a substantial risk of forfeiture, and subjects the taxable compensation to a 20%
penalty plus interest.

-2-

TSB-A-20(7)I
Income Tax
September 29, 2020

resulting from the inclusion in the employee’s New York adjusted gross income or New York source
income of his or her wages received during the calendar year. Tax Law § 674(a) and 20 NYCRR
174.1 require that every employer required to deduct and withhold taxes from wages under the
personal income tax must file a New York State withholding tax return and pay over the taxes required
to be deducted and withheld.
4 USC § 114(a) provides that no state may impose an income tax on any retirement income of
an individual who is not a resident or domiciliary of such state. For purposes of Section 114,
“retirement income” includes income from any plan, program, or arrangement described in IRC §
3121(v)(2)(C) if such income is part of a series of substantially equal periodic payments (not less
frequently than annually) made for (i) the life or life expectancy of the recipient or (ii) a period of not
less than 10 years. 4 USC § 114(b)(1) (I). IRC § 3121(v)(2)(C) defines a “nonqualified deferred
compensation plan” as any plan or other arrangement for deferral of compensation other than a plan
described in IRC § 3121(a)(5) (generally, ERISA or “qualified” plans). For purposes of this opinion,
we will assume that Petitioner’s deferred compensation plan is a nonqualified plan as described in IRC
§ 3121(v)(2)(C).
Assuming Petitioner’s plan is a “nonqualified plan” as described in IRC § 3121(v)(2)(C), it
must be determined if the income from the plan is part of a series of substantially equal periodic
payments (not less frequently than annually) made for the life or life expectancy of the recipient, or for
a period of not less than 10 years. If so, the payments qualify as “retirement income” under 4 USC §
114(b)(1)(I). In this case, the projected payment streams for both the pre-2005 and post-2004
deferred compensation plans would be distributed to the former employee in substantially equal annual
payments over a 10-year period. Thus, we conclude that the payments would qualify as “retirement
income” under 4 USC §114(b)(1)(I) . Therefore, these payments would not be subject to New York
State income tax if the former employee is not a New York resident when the payments are made.
Also, since the payments would not be subject to New York State income tax, such payments would
not be subject to withholding tax under Tax Law § 671(a) or the reporting requirements under Tax
Law § 674.
DATED: September 29, 2020

/S/
DEBORAH R. LIEBMAN
Deputy Counsel
NOTE:

An Advisory Opinion is issued at the request of a person or entity. It is limited to the facts
set forth therein and is binding on the Department only with respect to the person or entity
to whom it is issued and only if the person or entity fully and accurately describes all
relevant facts. An Advisory Opinion is based on the law, regulations, and Department
policies in effect as of the date the Opinion is issued or for the specific time period at issue
in the Opinion. The information provided in this document does not cover every situation
and is not intended to replace the law or change its meaning.