Are charges for a cloud webcasting and virtual-communications platform — plus its optional add-on services — subject to New York sales tax?

Plain-English summary

A provider of a cloud-based webcasting / virtual-communications platform (webinars, conferences, live events) asked whether its charges — including optional "stand-alone services" — are taxable. Customers upload their own content and present it online; the provider hosts and streams it, and includes various software features.

The Office of Counsel concluded the core product is not taxable:
- Hosting events over the internet is not an enumerated taxable service (following TSB-A-17(21)S).
- Some included features — digital storage of events and technical support/training — aren't taxable services either.
- Other features do involve prewritten software that would be taxable if sold by itself (creating registration/launch pages, building webinar features, controlling the player console). But because they're bundled into the product at no additional charge, they're ancillary to the main (non-taxable) function and don't make the whole product taxable (Penfold).

The optional stand-alone services (separately priced) are a different story. The provider gave too little detail for a definitive ruling, but the Department flagged that some are taxable — notably renting production equipment or studios in New York, and creative/recording services delivered on tangible media — as sales of tangible personal property. Critically, a taxable optional service taxes only itself, not the core product, so long as it's available separately, separately billed, and reasonably priced relative to the whole. If a taxable service isn't broken out at a reasonable separate charge, the entire charge becomes taxable (20 NYCRR 527.1(b)).

What this means for you

SaaS, webcasting, and virtual-event providers

Hosting and streaming a customer's own content is generally non-taxable, and software features bundled in at no extra charge ride along as ancillary. The risk is in add-ons: equipment rentals and tangible-media deliverables are taxable, and failing to separately state a reasonable charge for a taxable add-on can taint your entire invoice.

Buyers of cloud event platforms

Your base subscription is typically non-taxable, but watch line items for equipment rental or physical-media deliverables, which can carry tax.

Accountants and tax professionals

Run the primary-function/ancillary analysis (Penfold; TSB-A-17(21)S) for bundled software, and apply the 527.1(b) separately-stated-reasonable-charge rule to optional taxable services to avoid tainting the whole charge.

Common questions

Q: Is our webcasting subscription taxable?
A: Generally no — hosting events isn't a taxable service, and bundled software features included at no charge are ancillary.

Q: We also rent out cameras and lighting — is that taxable?
A: Renting production equipment in New York is a taxable sale of tangible personal property, as is delivering creative/recorded work on physical media.

Q: Does a taxable add-on make our whole platform taxable?
A: Only if you don't separately state a reasonable charge for it. Bill taxable add-ons separately and reasonably, and they tax only themselves.

Q: Can I rely on this opinion?
A: It binds the Department only as to the petitioner. Use it as guidance and confirm your own facts.

Citations and references

• Tax Law § 1105(a), (c) (tax on tangible personal property and enumerated services)
• Tax Law § 1101(b)(5) (rental/license to use), § 1101(b)(6) (prewritten software is tangible personal property)
• 20 NYCRR 527.1(b) (single charge for taxable and non-taxable items)
• Penfold v. State Tax Commission, 114 AD2d 696 (3d Dep't 1985) (ancillary features)
• TSB-A-17(21)S; TSB-A-16(19)S; TSB-A-13(37)S; TSB-A-06(32)S; TSB-A-03(11)S (webcasting, data storage, support, tangible-media graphics, bundling)

Source

• Landing page: https://www.tax.ny.gov/pubs_and_bulls/advisory_opinions/sales-ao-2020.htm
• Opinion: https://www.tax.ny.gov/pdf/advisory_opinions/sales/a20-45s.pdf

Original ruling text

New York State Department of Taxation and Finance
Office of Counsel

TSB-A-20(45)S
Sales Tax
October 27, 2020

STATE OF NEW YORK
COMMISSIONER OF TAXATION AND FINANCE
ADVISORY OPINION
The Department of Taxation and Finance (“Department”) received a Petition for
Advisory Opinion from [ REDACTED ] (Petitioner). Petitioner asks whether charges for its
“online webhosting solution,” including charges for certain “optional stand-alone services,” are
subject to State and local sales tax. We conclude that Petitioner’s charges for the use of its
product are generally not subject to State and local sales tax, but that some of its charges for
optional services may be subject to tax when provided in New York State.
Facts
Petitioner is a self-described provider of a “cloud-based solution” for webcasting and
virtual communications. Specifically, Petitioner provides a platform through which customers
are able to conduct audio and video meetings, conferences, webinars, and live presentations
(collectively “events”) with others. To conduct these events, Petitioner’s customers simply
upload content that they create onto Petitioner’s platform, and then present this content online.
Other than an Internet connection and a device capable of accessing the Internet, neither of
which Petitioner sells, no other hardware or software is required to use Petitioner’s product. All
connections made between users of Petitioner’s platform are continuously monitored using
software that is controlled by Petitioner’s employees, and all communications are encrypted so
that only authorized users can access the product. Petitioner uses application and web servers
located in co-location facilities, as well as content distribution networks (i.e., globally distributed
networks of servers deployed in multiple data centers throughout the world), to make its
customers’ hosted materials available to end-users via the Internet.
Petitioner’s customers generally pay an annual fee to use its product. This fee, according
to Petitioner, guarantees customers that their events will be “hosted and maintained,” and that
Petitioner’s platform will be operational and available for use and access at all times (excluding
periods for scheduled maintenance) up to a maximum amount of streaming minutes and viewer
access. In addition, Petitioner maintains that this fee also ensures that customers will have
access to the digital storage of their events (i.e., “on-demand” viewing access to past events via
the Internet), as well as to technical support and training for problem solving. Petitioner
indicates that a “standard” event package generally includes three months of digital storage and a
limited amount of customer support, though additional storage and support may be purchased for
an additional fee.
Petitioner’s platform operates via the use of proprietary software that is hosted outside of
New York State. While Petitioner does not provide a software license to customers, per se, its

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Sales Tax
October 27, 2020

customers are able to create registration and “launch” pages for events, send e-mails to
participants using Petitioner’s product, and to control the player/console interface during
presentations. In addition, Petitioner’s platform gives customers the ability to include “webinar
features” in their events, such as Q&A, chat, polling, surveys, and the ability to allow Facebook
to be displayed during a webcast. Also, Petitioner’s “Webcasting and Virtual Events Terms and
Conditions,” which are incorporated into all of Petitioner’s contracts, acknowledge that
customers may be given access to the software that is used for the provision of Petitioner’s
service. All right, title and interest in this software, however, is explicitly retained by Petitioner.
In addition to webcasting and virtual communications, Petitioner offers additional “standalone services” to customers, including:
• the delivery of data to customers about the viewers of their webcast that they (the
customers) can use for marketing leads or other purposes. Petitioner indicates it does not
share this information with other customers or use it for any of its own purposes);
• creative services, such as branding, the creation of logos, and graphics production/design;
• recordings of events created and made available to customers in various formats, as well
as conversion of customer content to another file format;
• professional services, such as event management, support, training, and other general
“people” services, including audio/video recording either on or off a customer’s location,
editing, conversion, and encoding of content, production management, moderator
services, transcription, translation, transmission, field producer, field crew, and makeup;
• the rental of production equipment or studios; and
• the provision of “standard reports.”
According to Petitioner, the additional “stand-alone services” listed above are optional, and each
service is separately priced and distinct from the customer’s subscription agreement. 1
Analysis
Sales tax applies to the receipts from every retail sale of tangible personal property,
except as otherwise provided for in the Tax Law, and the receipts from every sale, except sales
for resale, of certain enumerated services. See Tax Law § 1105(a), (c). “Sale” is defined, in
pertinent part, as “[a]ny transfer of title or possession or both, exchange or barter, rental, lease or
license to use or consume…for a consideration, or any agreement therefor.” See Tax Law §
1101(b)(5). “Tangible personal property” is defined to include pre-written software, regardless
of the medium by means of which such software is conveyed to a purchaser. See Tax Law §
1101(b)(6).
Petitioner offers a product that allows customers to host events – including “webinars”
and live events - over the Internet. To host such events, customers upload self-created content to
servers where it can be accessed and viewed online by others. Petitioner deploys the necessary
technology to allow viewers to access this content, but does not provide Internet access service

Petitioner’s “full service” agreement sets forth various “additional” options and services that
may be purchased by customers. However, Petitioner did not provide any information about
these, and it is not clear whether they are encompassed in the list above.
1

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or any other equipment that is required to participate in events. Other than Internet access and a
device capable of accessing the Internet, no other hardware or software is required to use
Petitioner’s product. Petitioner’s product, to the extent that it facilitates the hosting of events, is
not taxable. See TSB-A-17(21)S (“webinar” and “live stream” product not taxable). See also
Tax Law § 1105; TSB-A-16(6)S; TSB-A-15(28)S.
Petitioner’s product, however, allows customers to do more than simply “host” events.
For example, customers can create registration and “launch” pages, build “webinar features” into
events, send e-mails to event participants, and control the player/console interface during events.
In addition, Petitioner provides customers with a certain amount of “digital storage” and ondemand viewing of events, and also provides access to technical support and training. Some of
these features, such as the digital storage of events and the provision of technical support and
training, are not enumerated services, and thus do not make the product (or any portion thereof)
subject to sales and use tax. See, e.g., TSB-A-16(19)S (electronic data storage not subject to
sales tax); TSB-A-13(37)S (training, consulting and customer support are not services subject to
sales tax). See also TSB-A-17(21)S TSB-A-11(17)S L However, other aspects of petitioner’s
product – the ability to create event pages, build “webinar features” into events, to control the
player/console interface, etc. - involve the use of software that, if sold separately, would be
taxable as the sale of prewritten software. See Tax Law §§ 1101(b)(6), 1105(a). See also TSBA-17(21)S. However, because these features all appear to be included as part of Petitioner’s
product at no additional charge, they are ancillary to the main function of the product, and their
tax status is not separable from it. These features, therefore, do not suffice to make Petitioner’s
product taxable. See Penfold v. State Tax Commission, 114 AD2d 696 (3d Dep’t 1985); TSB-A17(21)S.
As noted above, Petitioner also sells additional “stand-alone services” to customers,
which it describes as optional services that are separately priced and distinct from Petitioner’s
core offering. Petitioner, though, does not provide detailed information about any of these
“stand-alone services,” other than what is set forth in the facts, above. We are, therefore, unable
to provide a definitive opinion regarding the taxability of each these “services” beyond what is
discussed above. We note, however, that to the extent that Petitioner rents production equipment
to customers in New York State, or to the extent it provides creative and recording services to
customers here and delivers the product on tangible media, this would be considered the taxable
sale of tangible personal property. See Tax Law § 1101(b)(5) (sales includes rentals for
consideration); TSB-A-06(32)S (graphic designs delivered on tangible media subject to sales
tax).
Finally, to the extent that any of Petitioner’s “stand-alone services” are taxable, this alone
will not affect the taxability of Petitioner’s core webcasting and virtual communications product,
so long as each taxable “service” is available for purchase separately, is billed separately, and the
charges for such are reasonable in relation to Petitioner’s entire charge, Petitioner may collect
sales tax on only the separately-stated charges for these services. See, e.g., TSB-A-03(11)S
(noting that where sales of taxable and non-taxable items are sold for a single charge, the entire

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charge is subject to tax unless charges for non-taxable items are separately stated, are reasonable
in relation to the total charges, and the non-taxable items may be purchased separately). If
Petitioner does not state a reasonable and separate charge for any optional “services” that are
taxable, however, then Petitioner’s entire charge will be subject to sales tax. See 20 NYCRR
527.1(b); TSB-A-16(30)S; TSB-A-15(36)S.
DATED: October 27, 2020
/S/
DEBORAH R. LIEBMAN
Deputy Counsel

NOTE: An Advisory Opinion is issued at the request of a person or entity. It is limited to the
facts set forth therein and is binding on the Department only with respect to the person
or entity to whom it is issued and only if the person or entity fully and accurately
describes all relevant facts. An Advisory Opinion is based on the law, regulations, and
Department policies in effect as of the date the Opinion is issued or for the specific time
period at issue in the Opinion. The information provided in this document does not
cover every situation and is not intended to replace the law or change its meaning.