Is the sale of a fractional share in an aircraft taxable, and is a later sale of the retired plane exempt?

Plain-English summary

A company runs a fractional aircraft ownership program: a buyer pays for an undivided fractional interest (from 1/16 to 16/16) in a plane and gets a set number of flight hours per year, plus pays an occupied hourly fee, a monthly management fee, and a variable fuel surcharge. The operator manages everything — arranges flights, supplies crew, maintains the aircraft, and can substitute another plane. It asked whether (1) selling a fractional share is taxable and (2) selling a plane retired from the program is exempt.

The Office of Counsel concluded:

• The fractional share is a non-taxable service. Whether a fractional share is a sale of tangible personal property turns on whether the buyer gets dominion and control of the aircraft (Chanel, Inc., TSB-A-08(23)S). Here the buyer does not: the operator keeps the exclusive right to manage, arrange flights, hire/fire pilots, maintain the plane, choose routes, and swap aircraft. So the buyer actually purchases air transportation, which is not an enumerated taxable service.
• The related fees are non-taxable. The occupied-hourly, monthly-management, and fuel-surcharge fees are charges to recoup the operators cost of maintaining and operating the aircraft, so they are not taxable receipts.
• Even if control had passed, the transaction would be exempt as the sale of a general aviation aircraft for deliveries on/after September 1, 2015 (Tax Law section 1115(a)(21-a)).
• The retired aircraft sale is exempt. When a plane is retired and sold, that is a sale of tangible personal property, but it is exempt as a general aviation aircraft under section 1115(a)(21-a) for sales on/after September 1, 2015.

What this means for you

Fractional-ownership and aircraft-management programs

If the operator keeps command and control — crew, scheduling, maintenance, the right to substitute aircraft — selling a fractional share is treated as buying non-taxable air transportation, not buying a plane. The dominion-and-control factors (no transfer of possession/use, operator hires crew and runs operations and pays expenses) are the test.

Cost-recovery fees ride along

Hourly, management, and fuel-surcharge fees that simply recover operating costs are not taxable in this structure.

The general-aviation exemption is a backstop

For deliveries on/after September 1, 2015, sales of general aviation aircraft are exempt under section 1115(a)(21-a) — which covers both the hypothetical control-transfer case and the sale of a retired plane.

Common questions

Q: I bought a fractional interest in a plane — why isnt that buying tangible property?
A: Because you never get dominion and control. The operator manages, crews, maintains, and can swap the aircraft, so you are buying non-taxable air transportation.

Q: Are the hourly, management, and fuel fees taxable?
A: No. They are charges to recoup the operators costs of maintaining and operating the aircraft.

Q: Is the sale of a plane retired from the program taxable?
A: It is a sale of tangible personal property, but it is exempt as a general aviation aircraft for sales on or after September 1, 2015.

Q: Can I rely on this opinion?
A: It binds the Department only as to the petitioner. Use it as guidance and confirm your own facts.

Citations and references

• Tax Law section 1105(a), (c) (tax on tangible personal property and enumerated services)
• Tax Law section 1101(b)(5) (definition of sale, including lease/license)
• Tax Law section 1115(a)(21-a) (exemption for general aviation aircraft, on/after Sept. 1, 2015)
• 20 NYCRR 526.7(c)(1) (rental/lease is transfer of possession)
• Chanel, Inc., TSB-A-08(23)S (dominion-and-control test for aircraft)

Source

• Landing page: https://www.tax.ny.gov/pubs_and_bulls/advisory_opinions/sales_ao_2017.htm
• Opinion: https://www.tax.ny.gov/pdf/advisory_opinions/sales/a17_1s.pdf

Original ruling text

New York State Department of Taxation and Finance

TSB-A-17(1)S
Sales Tax
February 3, 2017

Office of Counsel
STATE OF NEW YORK
COMMISSIONER OF TAXATION AND FINANCE
ADVISORY OPINION

PETITION NO. S151203B

The Department of Taxation and Finance received a Petition for an Advisory Opinion
from REDACTED (Petitioner) asking whether the sales tax exemption for a general aviation
aircraft applies to the sale of a fractional ownership in an aircraft. Petitioner also asks whether
that exemption applies when Petitioner sells an aircraft that was once used in the Petitioner’s
fractional aircraft ownership program.
We conclude that Petitioner’s sale or lease of a fractional share of an aircraft is the sale of
a non-taxable service. We also conclude that the sale of an aircraft that is retired from the
fractional share ownership program is exempt from State and local sales and use tax under Tax
Law § 1115(a)(21-a) if the sale occurred on or after September 1, 2015.
Facts
Petitioner operates a fractional aircraft ownership program. Participation in the program
requires the Fractional Share Owner to pay Petitioner an amount equal to the cost of a portion of
a single airplane or the cost of a portion of a long-term lease of an airplane. In exchange, the
Fractional Share Owner receives title to or a lease of an undivided fractional interest in an
airplane.
A Fractional Share Owner may purchase an interest in an aircraft of between 1/16th and
16/16ths. By purchasing an interest in an aircraft, the Fractional Share Owner is entitled to a
specific number of flight hours per year based on the size of the interest purchased. For instance,
a 1/16th share in an aircraft equates to 50 hours of use annually. An aircraft can have up to 16
Fractional Share Owners. If a Fractional Share Owner purchases an interest in an aircraft and
later wants to purchase an additional interest in the same aircraft, or even a different type or size
of aircraft, the purchases would be considered cumulative and the Fractional Share Owner would
be entitled to an increased number of flight hours annually.
Petitioner completes the sale of a fractional share in an aircraft in a three-step process that
entails: (1) a contract signing; (2) a positioning flight; and (3) a closing.

-2-

TSB-A-17(1)S
Sales Tax
February 3, 2017

The first step is the completion of the contract, which consists of the signing of four
agreements. The first agreement is the Fractional Interest Purchase Agreement, which sets forth
the particulars of the sale, including but not limited to the aircraft model, engine model,
manufacturer’s serial number, engine serial numbers, and the Federal Aviation Administration
registration number. The second agreement is the Owner’s Agreement, which sets the aircraft’s
terms of use including the allotted number of hours that the Fractional Share Owner may use the
plane and a requirement that the aircraft will be used exclusively in the fractional ownership
program.
The third agreement is the Management Agreement, where the Fractional Share Owner
gives Petitioner the exclusive right to manage the aircraft. In addition to the aircraft’s
maintenance and inspection, Petitioner’s management responsibilities include arranging flights,
providing crew members, and transferring the Fractional Share Owner’s interest in one aircraft to
another aircraft of equal or greater value when necessary. As part of this agreement, the
Fractional Share Owner gives Petitioner the right to use the aircraft when it is not in use by the
Fractional Share Owner.
The fourth agreement is the Dry Lease Agreement. This agreement specifies what will
happen when a scheduling conflict occurs and multiple fractional owners request use of the same
aircraft at the same time. Under the terms of the agreement, the Fractional Share Owner agrees
that Petitioner may substitute another plane from its fleet when the Fractional Share Owner’s
plane is unavailable.
Once the contract is signed, the aircraft specified in the Purchase Agreement is flown to
the designated closing location for delivery. Upon the aircraft’s arrival, title to the fractional
interest is transferred. Documents pre-signed by Petitioner’s FAA counsel are released from
escrow, effectuating the delivery of the fractional aircraft interest. Petitioner’s counsel then files
the documents with the FAA and sends the Fractional Share Owner copies of the countersigned
Purchase Agreement and Bill of Sale.
In addition to the fees paid for the purchase of a fractional interest in the aircraft, the
Fractional Share Owner pays three additional fees. The first fee is an occupied hourly fee, which
reflects a per-hour flight fee and compensates Petitioner for costs, such as fuel, associated with
operating the aircraft. The second fee is a monthly management fee, which is a fixed expense
that covers costs associated with owning the aircraft, such as insurance and crew salaries.
Fractional Share Owners must pay this fee regardless of how much they use the aircraft. The
third fee is a variable fuel surcharge, which applies if fuel prices rise above the fuel price set in
the agreement.

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TSB-A-17(1)S
Sales Tax
February 3, 2017

After a contractually agreed upon period of ownership, the Fractional Share Owner has
the right to cause Petitioner to repurchase their fractional share interest. The Fractional Share
Owner must provide Petitioner with 90-day written notice to exercise this right and, at that time,
the Fractional Share Owner and Petitioner will agree upon the fair market value of the aircraft.
Generally, the Fractional Share Owner will sell its ownership interest in the aircraft back to
Petitioner. However, subject to Petitioner’s right of first refusal and with its written consent, a
Fractional Share Owner may transfer its interest to a financially qualified third-party U.S. citizen.
When the useful life of an aircraft has been completed, the aircraft is “retired” from
Petitioner’s program and is sold. Petitioner sells used aircraft through a wholly-owned
subsidiary.
Analysis
The Tax Law imposes sales and use tax on retail sales of tangible personal property and
the sale, except for resale, of certain services (see Tax Law § 1105[a], [c]). The term “sale,” as
used in Article 28 of the Tax Law, includes “[a]ny transfer of title or possession or both,
exchange or barter, rental, lease or license to use or consume, conditional or otherwise” (Tax
Law § 1101[b][5]). Section 526.7(c)(1) of the Sales and Use Tax Regulations provides that:
“[t]he terms rental, lease, license to use refer to all transactions in which there is a transfer for a
consideration of possession of tangible personal property without a transfer of title to the
property.”
The issue of whether the sale of a fractional share of an aircraft constitutes the sale of
tangible personal property turns on whether the Fractional Share Owner obtains dominion and
control of the aircraft. Dominion and control does not pass to the Fractional Share Owner when
pursuant to an agreement or contract:
1. There is no transfer of possession, control and/or use of the aircraft to the Fractional
Share Owner during the terms of the agreement or contract; and
2. Petitioner maintains the right to hire and fire the pilots; and
3. Petitioner uses its own discretion in performing the service (even though the
Fractional Share Owner may designate the area where passengers will be picked up
and delivered) and generally selects its own routes; and
4. Petitioner retains the responsibility for the operation of the aircraft; and
5. Petitioner directs the operation and pays all operating expenses, including pilots'
wages, insurance, and fuel.
Chanel, Inc., TSB-A-08(23)S

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TSB-A-17(1)S
Sales Tax
February 3, 2017

Here, it appears that Petitioner does not transfer possession, command, and control of the
aircraft to the Fractional Share Owner. Under the Management Agreement, Petitioner has the
exclusive right to arrange flights and provide pilots and crew, and is responsible for maintenance
of the aircraft. Petitioner also has the right to transfer the Fractional Share Owner’s interest to
another aircraft of equal or greater value. Accordingly, the sale of the fractional share is not a
sale of tangible personal property. Rather, the Fractional Share Owner actually has purchased
the service of air transportation, which is not among the services subject to sales tax See, e.g.,
TSB-A-09(23)S; Chanel, Inc., TSB-A-08(23)S; The Gap, Inc., TSB-A-02(3)S. Note that, even if
the possession, command, and control of an aircraft were transferred to a Fractional Share
Owner, it would be exempt from sales tax as the sale of a general aviation aircraft, provided that
delivery of the aircraft occurred on or after September 1, 2015. See Tax Law § 1115(a)(21-a).
Further, we conclude that “occupied hourly fee,” “monthly maintenance fee” and
“variable fuel surcharge” paid by the Fractional Share Owner are all charges to recoup
Petitioner’s costs of maintaining and operating the aircraft. As such, they are not receipts subject
to sales tax. Finally, we conclude that Petitioner’s sale of an aircraft that is retired from the
fractional ownership program is a sale of tangible personal property that is exempt from tax on
and after September 1, 2015 as the sale of a general aviation aircraft under Tax Law §
1115(a)(21-a).

DATED: February 3, 2017

/S/
DEBORAH R. LIEBMAN
Deputy Counsel

Note:

An Advisory Opinion is issued at the request of a person or entity. It is limited to the facts set
forth therein and is binding on the Department only with respect to the person or entity to
whom it is issued and only if the person or entity fully and accurately describes all relevant
facts. An Advisory Opinion is based on the law, regulations, and Department policies in
effect as of the date the Opinion is issued or for the specific time period at issue in the
Opinion. The information provided in this document does not cover every situation and is
not intended to replace the law or change its meaning.