Is a private NYC gym a taxable 'athletic club' on its dues, and is it a NYC-taxable gymnasium whose fees owe city sales tax?
Plain-English summary
The Petitioner runs a private gym in New York City. Members pay a fee to use cardio and weight equipment (treadmills, ellipticals, bikes, free weights, etc.) and have access to a small 30' x 30' room with a basketball hoop, boxing bags, and a wall for racquet sports (which can't all be used at once). Members don't control the activities, management, or selection of members and hold no ownership interest; membership is open to the general public (capped only by space). The Petitioner also offers paid personal training and locker rentals. It asked whether it's a taxable athletic club (State) and/or a gymnasium (NYC).
The Office of Counsel reached a split conclusion:
- Not a social or athletic club (State dues tax doesn't apply). Section 1105(f)(2) taxes dues of a "social or athletic club" -- defined as a club/organization where the members control activities, management, selection, or hold a proprietary interest (1101(d)(13); 20 NYCRR 527.11(b)(5)). Here members don't control anything and have no ownership; the cap is just physical size. So it's not a club, and the charges aren't taxable as club dues.
- But it IS a NYC-taxable gymnasium. Exercise/training services generally aren't State-enumerated taxable services, but NYC's Admin. Code 11-2002 taxes services of "weight control salons, health salons, gymnasiums... and similar establishments." The test (Prospect Park; TB-ST-329) is whether the facility provides activities directed at improving bodily appearance vs. participatory sports/athletic facilities. The Petitioner's small 30'x30' multipurpose area is not the kind of real participatory-sports facility (compare Prospect Park: Olympic pool, dedicated boxing area, 15,000 sq ft of racquet courts). So it's a gymnasium.
- Result. All the Petitioner's charges -- membership fees and personal training -- are subject to NYC sales tax (TSB-A-08(11)S). And locker rentals are subject to State and local sales tax as storage under 1105(c)(4).
What this means for you
NYC gyms and fitness studios
Two different questions. (1) Club dues tax (State): only applies if your members control the operation or own a piece of it -- a typical commercial gym isn't a taxable club. (2) NYC gym/health-salon tax: a standard exercise-equipment gym is taxable, and then everything you charge there (memberships, personal training) owes NYC sales tax.
A token sports corner won't get you the "participatory sports" exception
The exception for facilities offering participatory sports needs real sports facilities (pools, courts, dedicated areas) -- a small multipurpose room with a hoop and a racquet wall isn't enough. Compare the companion opinion TSB-A-14(12)S, where a facility with an actual swimming pool was held not a taxable NYC gym (note: that opinion's conclusions were later stated to be no longer accurate as of Nov. 3, 2020).
Don't forget lockers
Locker rentals are taxable storage under 1105(c)(4) -- State and local tax -- separate from the gym-services analysis.
Common questions
Q: Is my commercial gym a taxable "athletic club" on dues?
A: Generally no -- the club dues tax applies only if members control the activities/management/selection or own a proprietary interest. A typical open-to-the-public gym isn't a club.
Q: Then why are my fees taxed in NYC?
A: Because NYC separately taxes gyms, health salons, and weight-control salons. Once you're in that category, all your charges (memberships, personal training) owe NYC sales tax.
Q: We have a basketball hoop and a racquet wall -- aren't we a participatory-sports facility?
A: A small multipurpose area isn't enough. The exception needs genuine participatory-sports facilities like a pool or dedicated courts.
Citations and references
- Tax Law section 1105(f)(2) (dues of a social or athletic club)
- Tax Law section 1101(d)(13) (definition of social or athletic club)
- New York City Administrative Code section 11-2002 (NYC tax on health salons/gymnasiums)
- Tax Law section 1105(c)(4) (storage; locker rentals)
Source
- Landing page: https://www.tax.ny.gov/pubs_and_bulls/advisory_opinions/sales_ao_2014.htm
- Opinion: https://www.tax.ny.gov/pdf/advisory_opinions/sales/a14_13s.pdf
Original ruling text
New York State Department of Taxation and Finance
TSB-A-14(13)S
Sales Tax
July 2, 2014
Office of Counsel
Advisory Opinion Unit
STATE OF NEW YORK
COMMISSIONER OF TAXATION AND FINANCE
ADVISORY OPINION
PETITION NO. S120910B
The Department of Taxation and Finance received a Petition for Advisory Opinion from
REDACTION. Petitioner asks whether its facility constitutes a “weight control salon, health
salon, or gymnasium” for the purposes of § 11-2002(a) of the Administrative Code of the City of
New York (Administrative Code), or if it is an athletic club for the purposes of § 1105(f)(2) of
the Tax Law.
We conclude that Petitioner’s facility is not an athletic club for the purposes of
§1105(f)(2) of the Tax Law, but is a “weight control salon, health salon, or gymnasium” for the
purposes of the Administrative Code.
Facts
Petitioner operates a private gym known as REDACTED in New York City. Members
pay a membership fee that entitles them to the use of cardiovascular and weight training
equipment, including treadmills, elliptical cross-trainers, bikes, stair climbers, free weights,
bench presses, and other machines. Petitioner also provides access to a room on a separate floor,
which consists of an approximately 30 ’x 30’ area that includes a basketball hoop, boxing bags
and a “wall” for racquet sports. Petitioner asserts that this area could be used for a half-court
pick-up basketball game, but not at the same time as the wall or boxing bags were in use.
Petitioner’s members do not control any social or athletic activities, selection of members
or club management, or possess any proprietary interest in Petitioner. The number of members
is restricted solely due to the physical size of the facility. Memberships are available to the
general public on a first-come, first-served basis. Petitioner charges fees to its patrons entitling
them to use its facility for activities intended to improve physical well-being and overall fitness.
There also are personal training services offered for which a fee is charged, and lockers to rent.
Analysis
Petitioner asks the following questions:
Q.
- Is Petitioner’s facility an “athletic club” for State and local sales tax purposes?
A.
Tax Law § 1105(f)(2) imposes sales tax on the dues paid to any “social or athletic club in
this state if the dues of an active annual member, exclusive of the initiation fee, are in excess of
ten dollars per year, and on the initiation fee alone, regardless of the amount of dues, if such
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Sales Tax
July 2, 2014
initiation fee is in excess of ten dollars.” Tax Law § 1101(d)(13) defines a social or athletic club
as any “club or organization of which a material purpose or activity is social or athletic.” Tax
Law § 1101(d)(6) defines dues as any “membership fee including any assessment, irrespective of
the purpose for which made, and any charges for social or sports privileges or facilities, except
charges for sports privileges or facilities offered to members’ guests which would otherwise be
exempt if paid directly by such guests.” Sales and Use Tax Regulation § 527.11(b)(5) defines a
club or organization as
“…any entity which is composed of persons associated for a common objective or common
activities . . . . Significant factors, any one of which may indicate that an entity is a club or
organization are: an organizational structure under which the membership controls social or
athletic activities, tournaments, dances, elections, committees, participation in the selection of
members and management of the club or organization, or possession by the members of a
proprietary interest in the organization.”
Petitioner’s customers do not control any of the facility’s social or athletic activities, do
not participate in the management of the facility or in the selection of other participants, and do
not possess any proprietary interest in Petitioner or its facility. The number of participants is
restricted solely because of the physical size of the facility. Therefore, Petitioner’s facility is not
a social or athletic club as defined in Tax Law § 1101(d)(13). See 20 NYCRR §§ 527.11(b)(5) &
(7). Accordingly, Petitioner’s charges are not subject to tax as dues paid to a social or athletic
club under § 1105(f)(2) of the Tax Law.
Q.
2. If not an athletic club, is Petitioner’s facility a “weight control salon, health salon, or
gymnasium” for the purposes of § 11-2002(a) of the Administrative Code?
A.
Petitioner offers a variety of exercise equipment as well as personal training services at
its facility. These activities generally are not among the services enumerated as taxable under §
1105(c) of the New York State Tax Law. However, § 11-2002(a) of the Administrative Code
imposes a local sales tax on the receipts from “every sale of services by weight control salons,
health salons, gymnasiums, Turkish and sauna bath and similar establishments and every charge
for the use of such facilities.” Petitioner’s charges are subject to the New York City local sales
tax if its facility falls within the meaning of one of these terms.
A gymnasium is commonly understood to be an indoor facility where sporting and/or
exercise activities take place. The New York State Tax Appeals Tribunal determined that weight
control salons, gymnasiums or similar establishments are establishments “which provide
activities directed at the improvement of bodily appearance and not those which offer
participatory sports and athletic facilities.” See Matter of Prospect Park Health Racquet
Associates, Tax Appeals Tribunal (July 22, 1997); TB-ST-329, Health and Fitness Clubs,
July 24, 2012.
Petitioner’s facts show that it offers the general amenities of a gymnasium. Petitioner's
facility offers access to a large variety of exercise equipment and weights, all with an emphasis
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on using these for exercise, plus access to a relatively small space that contains a basketball
hoop, boxing bags and a wall for racquet sports.
In contrast, the facilities at issue in Prospect
Park included an Olympic-size pool and a “separate area dedicated to boxing” at one location,
and an “extensive amount of space” – 15,000 square feet out of a total area of 64,000 square feet
-- “dedicated to racquet sports” at another location. At the latter facility, patrons were observed
playing golf, handball, racquetball, tennis and squash. See Matter of Prospect Park Health
Racquet Associates, supra. In our view, Petitioner’s small 30’ x 30’ area with a basketball hoop,
boxing bags and wall for racquet sports is not an area where participatory sports may be engaged
in regularly by its members as contemplated by the Tribunal in Prospect Park. Accordingly, we
conclude that Petitioner’s facility is a weight control salon, health salon, or gymnasium. Any
charges by Petitioner for any services, including membership fees and fees for personal training
services, therefore, are subject to the New York City local sales tax. See TSB-A-08(11)S. In
addition, fees paid by members to rent lockers where they can store personal items are subject to
State and local sales taxes pursuant to § 1105(c)(4) of the Tax Law. See TSB-A-08(11)S.
DATED: July 2, 2014
NOTE:
/S/
DEBORAH R. LIEBMAN
Deputy Counsel
An Advisory Opinion is issued at the request of a person or entity. It is limited to the
facts set forth therein and is binding on the Department only with respect to the person
or entity to whom it is issued and only if the person or entity fully and accurately
describes all relevant facts. An Advisory Opinion is based on the law, regulations, and
Department policies in effect as of the date the Opinion is issued or for the specific
time period at issue in the Opinion. The information provided in this document does
not cover every situation and is not intended to replace the law or change its meaning.