Which solar-farm equipment, installation, and warranties are exempt from NY sales tax when the facility generates electricity for sale?

Plain-English summary

The petitioner is building a utility-scale solar farm in NY whose owner will sell the electricity to a third-party utility under a 20-year power-purchase agreement. It asked which purchases, installation, warranties, and operating services are taxable, and what exemption document the electricity sale needs. The land is leased.

Production exemption -- the line is the inverter. Tax Law 1115(a)(12) exempts machinery/equipment used directly and predominantly in producing electricity for sale by generating; 1105-B exempts the related parts/tools/supplies and the installation/repair/maintenance of that exempt equipment. Photovoltaic generation qualifies as producing electricity for sale. The Department held the production process ends at the inverter (the last device that changes the electricity, DC to AC). So:
- Exempt (generation): solar panels/modules, the racks, combiner boxes, and all wires and connections up to and including the inverter; their installation is exempt too. SCADA control equipment is exempt to the extent it is used directly and predominantly to operate the facility.
- Taxable (transmission/distribution, beyond the inverter): step-up transformers, substation and interconnection equipment, meters, poles, junction boxes, and collection cables past the inverter -- transmission/distribution is outside production (Niagara Mohawk Power v. Wanamaker).

Foundations, roads, fencing, building -- not machinery. The concrete piers/footings, substation/building foundations, roads, fencing, and the operations/maintenance building are neither machinery nor equipment and have no causal effect on generation (Slattery), so they don't get the production exemption. Whether their installation is taxable turns on whether it is a capital improvement (Tax Law 1101(b)(9)). Publication 862 suggests these would generally be capital improvements -- but the facility is on leased land, and a tenant's installation is presumed temporary unless the lease (or other evidence) shows it is permanent (e.g., title vests in the landlord on installation and it stays after the lease) (Flah's of Syracuse; TSB-M-83(17)S). No lease was submitted, so the Department could not decide permanence. Non-production property installed as a capital improvement is taxable when the contractor buys it (installation charge exempt); if it stays tangible personal property (not a capital improvement), the contractor may buy it for resale with Form ST-120.1.

Warranties (split by what they cover):
- Module warranty (exempt): covers only repair/replacement of the solar panels -- exempt generating equipment.
- Energy warranty (exempt): a guarantee of minimum annual output; if the firm pays cash for a shortfall, that's not taxable, and if it adds/replaces panels, that equipment is exempt generating equipment.
- System warranty and Maintenance warranty (taxable): they cover both exempt property (panels, inverters) and taxable property (interconnection equipment, etc.), so the charges are taxable. (Extended warranties are generally taxable, 20 NYCRR 527.5(c).)

Operating services:
- Monitoring service (not taxable): monitoring the assets and reporting performance/efficiency is a nontaxable service (TSB-A-10(14)S).
- But if the service goes further and alerts the customer or a repair provider when equipment malfunctions, it may be a taxable protective service under 1105(c)(8) where the assets are in NY.

Selling the electricity: the entity selling the electricity to the utility must obtain a completed resale certificate (Form ST-120) from the utility (buying it for resale); utility services bought for resale are tax-free (20 NYCRR 527.2(e)).

What this means for you

Solar / power-generation developers and EPC contractors

The production exemption is valuable but bounded by the inverter: generation gear up to and including the inverter (and SCADA running the plant) is exempt, along with its installation; everything in the transmission/distribution chain past the inverter is taxable. Civil works (foundations, roads, fences, buildings) never get the production exemption -- their tax turns on the capital-improvement rules, and on leased land that depends on your lease terms (build in language vesting title in the landlord and making the installation permanent if you want capital-improvement treatment).

Warranties and O&M, structured deliberately

A warranty that covers only exempt generating equipment is exempt; one that covers a mix of exempt and taxable property is fully taxable -- consider separating them. A plain monitoring/reporting service is nontaxable, but bolting on malfunction dispatch/alerts can convert it into a taxable protective service.

Selling the output

Collect a Form ST-120 resale certificate from the utility that buys the power for resale.

Common questions

Q: Is all of our solar equipment exempt because the plant generates electricity for sale?
A: No. Only equipment used directly and predominantly to generate -- up to and including the inverter (plus operating SCADA). Transmission/distribution gear beyond the inverter is taxable.

Q: Are the concrete foundations, roads, and the O&M building exempt?
A: No -- they're neither machinery nor equipment. Their installation may be a tax-exempt capital improvement, but on leased land that depends on your lease (tenant installs are presumed temporary unless permanence is shown).

Q: Are our warranties taxable?
A: The module warranty and the energy warranty (exempt generating equipment, or a cash shortfall payment) are exempt. The system and maintenance warranties cover both exempt and taxable property, so they're taxable.

Q: Is our monitoring service taxable?
A: Not if it just monitors and reports performance. If it also alerts you or a repair provider when equipment malfunctions, it can be a taxable protective service.

Q: What does the utility give us when it buys the power?
A: A completed resale certificate (Form ST-120), because it is buying the electricity for resale.

Citations and references

• Tax Law section 1115(a)(12) (machinery/equipment used directly and predominantly to generate electricity for sale)
• Tax Law section 1105-B (parts/tools/supplies and installation of exempt generating equipment)
• Tax Law section 1105(c)(3) (installing/maintaining/repairing tangible personal property)
• Tax Law section 1105(c)(8) (protective services)
• Tax Law section 1101(b)(9) (definition of capital improvement)
• 20 NYCRR section 528.13(c) (definition of directly and predominantly)
• 20 NYCRR section 527.2(e) (resale of utility services)

Source

• Landing page: https://www.tax.ny.gov/pubs_and_bulls/advisory_opinions/sales_ao_2013.htm
• Opinion: https://www.tax.ny.gov/pdf/advisory_opinions/sales/a13_9s.pdf

Original ruling text

New York State Department of Taxation and Finance

TSB-A-13(9)S
Sales Tax
April 11, 2013

Office of Counsel
Advisory Opinion Unit
STATE OF NEW YORK
COMMISSIONER OF TAXATION AND FINANCE
ADVISORY OPINION

PETITION NO. S100714A

Petitioner name redacted asks whether the tangible personal property and services it
purchases for the construction and installation of a solar power facility are subject to sales tax.
Petitioner also asks whether various warranty plans it offers to its customer (i.e. the entity
contracting with the Petitioner to construct the facility) or the services it offers the customer in
respect to the operation and maintenance of the facility after it is constructed are subject to tax.
If its customer opts to have Petitioner operate the facility, Petitioner also asks which exemption
document it should receive from the third-party utility company that purchases the electricity for
resale.
We conclude that Petitioner’s solar modules and panels, the positioning racks for the
solar modules/panels, inverters and associated control system equipment are generating
equipment used to produce electricity for sale that is exempt from tax pursuant to sections
1115(a)(12) and 1105-B of the Tax Law. Certain other equipment used to step-up the electricity
for transmission to the utility company is not eligible for the exemption from tax. Petitioner’s
separate charges for its warranties or maintenance services relating to the facility equipment are
only exempt from tax to the extent that they relate solely to the exempt generating equipment.
Petitioner’s warranty plans or the maintenance and repair services it offers that do not relate
solely to the exempt generating equipment are subject to tax.
The party that sells the electricity to the third-party utility company must receive a
completed resale certificate from the utility purchasing the electricity indicating that the
electricity is being purchased for resale.
Facts
Petitioner has contracted to construct a solar farm/facility in New York State. The
facility will produce electricity that will be sold by the facility owner to a third-party utility
company pursuant to a 20 year power purchase agreement. The construction of the facility will
include the installation of the solar modules/panels, the foundations and racks to hold the panels,
power generation monitoring systems, inverters, combiners, wiring within the system, isolation
disconnects, step-up high voltage transformers, the wiring to the power grid, switchgear, ground
mounting system, concrete drives and walkways within the facility, buildings, and fences.
Petitioner will construct the solar farm on land leased by the owner of the facility. The term of
the lease on the land will be for 20 or more years unless it is otherwise terminated, revised or
extended.

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Sales Tax
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The following equipment or devices are used in the solar facility:
Solar Module/Panels - A unit assembly that connects solar cells (also known as photovoltaic
cells) together into one panel. Solar panels use an array of solar photovoltaic cells to convert
solar energy (photons) that strike the panel into direct current (DC) electricity.
Solar Module/Panel Racks – Racks and supports made of steel hold a number of solar modules/
panels in clusters which are anchored to a concrete foundation. The racks are used to position
the panels fixed at the angle that will maximize production. The racks used in this facility are
not designed to be repositioned remotely.
Solar Rack Foundations – The solar rack foundation is made of concrete piers and footings. The
solar module and panel racks are bolted to the concrete piers and footings with anchor bolts.
Combiner Boxes – The combiner box is an electrical component for combining and housing the
wiring coming from a cluster or group of solar modules/panels.
Intra-Solar Facility Electrical Collection/Processing Cables and Junction Boxes - The electrical
collection system consists of electrical cables and junction boxes which transmit electricity
generated by the solar panels to the substation equipment.
SCADA Control System - A supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system collects
data from sensors and sends it to a central computer for management and control. This control
system allows the system operators to control the solar facility and to collect data on solar
facility performance.
Inverters – The inverters are electrical devices that convert direct current (DC) voltage produced
by the solar panels to alternating current (AC).
Substation Step-Up Transformers - Transformers are located at substation sites and are designed
to increase the AC voltage of the electricity to meet the required transmission voltage levels of a
public utility buyer. This step-up in voltage is necessary to connect to the larger power grid
operated by the utility company purchasing the electricity.
Substation Interconnection Equipment - The electricity produced by the solar panels is delivered
via the intra-solar facility electrical collection system to the system substations which will
transmit the electricity to the utility. The substation transformers step up the AC current to a
final saleable voltage that can be sold to the public utility buyer. The substations are the
interconnection point to the public utility transmission line. Each project substation will consist
of a control house, transformer(s), outdoor breakers, metering and relay equipment, high voltage
bus work, steel support structures, and overhead lightning suppression conductors. All of this
equipment will be anchor-bolted to concrete foundations. Fencing will be installed around the
substation.

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Sales Tax
April 11, 2013

Operations and Maintenance Building - The operations and maintenance building is a small
building constructed on the project site. The operations building houses the solar facility control
system. The maintenance building houses spare parts, equipment, and maintenance supplies.
Each building may function as an office for the solar facility operations or maintenance
employees.
The Petitioner offers the following warranty plans to its customers:
System Warranty – Petitioner warrants that the overall system will be free from defects in
materials and workmanship for a period of time. If any part of the operating equipment fails,
such as a solar panel/module, it is replaced.
Energy Warranty – Petitioner warrants that the system will produce a guaranteed minimum
amount of energy annually, as specified with its agreement with the owner. A shortfall could
occur due either to an unanticipated malfunction of the equipment or from more than the
anticipated number of cloudy days at the facility location. Because the owner of the facility has
entered into a long term agreement with a third-party utility company to produce a specified
amount of power, there is potential liability if the facility fails to meet these projections. Under
this warranty, Petitioner decides how best to make up any shortfall. Petitioner could decide to
add more solar capacity or replace panels that have degraded in performance; alternatively
Petitioner could simply pay the owner for the shortfall in the amount of electricity produced.
Maintenance Warranty - Petitioner warrants that it will perform the required maintenance of the
system as defined in the Operation and Maintenance Manual, with the exception of washing the
solar panels, for a set period of time. This warranty provides for the performance of normal
routine maintenance necessary to keep the system operating and functioning, and to limit outages
of the system or segments of the system. Inspections of the system and its components are
performed and corrective actions are taken as necessary.
Module Warranty – This warranty guarantees that the energy produced by an individual solar
panel will be as specified for a given period of time. If a particular module’s production declines
below a certain threshold, it will be replaced.
In addition to installing the equipment and constructing the facility, Petitioner offers its
clients the option to enter into separate agreements for aspects of the facilities operation and
management:
Monitoring Services – Petitioner will monitor and communicate the performance of the solar
facility and its hardware for a period of time. Under this service, Petitioner will monitor the
system utilizing wireless data service. Petitioner provides the connection to the on-site
monitoring system. In the event that the wireless connection is not available or becomes
unavailable during the term of this contract, the customer will furnish one telephone line to
provide the data connection. The service continuously monitors and records the system output.

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Sales Tax
April 11, 2013

Operation Service – If selected by the customer, Petitioner agrees to operate aspects of the
system, such as notifying warranty providers following an alarm from the monitoring service,
reporting malfunctions under the maintenance warranty, troubleshooting the system, and other
basic steps to keep the system operating. When notified by its monitoring equipment that
something is wrong or underperforming, Petitioner reports the malfunction to the appropriate
entity (e.g., warranty service provider) that is responsible for taking corrective action.
Analysis
Equipment and Improvements
Petitioner first asks whether the property and services it purchases to construct and install
the components of the solar power facility are subject to sales tax.
Tax Law §1105(a) generally imposes sales tax on the sale of all tangible personal
property unless such property is specifically exempt. Tax Law section 1115(a)(12) provides an
exemption for machinery or equipment used or consumed directly and predominantly in the
production of electricity for sale by generating, but not including parts with a useful life of one
year or less, or tools or supplies used in connection with such machinery or equipment. Parts
with a useful life of one year or less, tools, and supplies used in connection with such generating
machinery and equipment are exempt pursuant to section 1105-B of the Tax Law. Section 1105B(b) of the Tax Law also exempts receipts from the services of installing, repairing, maintaining
or servicing machinery, equipment, parts, tools and supplies exempt under §1115(a)(12)
of the Tax Law from the tax imposed on such services by §1105(c)(3) of the Tax Law.
In order to qualify for these exemptions, the threshold determination is whether any of
the machinery or equipment installed at Petitioner’s facility is used and consumed directly and
predominantly in the production of electricity for sale by generating. The determination of
which pieces of machinery or equipment qualify for the exemption depends upon the specific
facts of a facility's operation and must be individually assessed on its own fact pattern. See
Matter of Rochester Independent Packer, Inc. v. Heckelman, 374 NYS2d 991 (1975); TSB-A09(59)S.
Moreover, section 528.13(c) of the Sales and Use Tax Regulations defines “directly and
predominantly” as:
(1) Directly means the machinery or equipment must, during the production phase of a
process:
(i) act upon or effect a change in material to form the product to be sold, or
(ii) have an active causal relationship in the production of the product to be sold, or
(iii) be used in the handling, storage, or conveyance of materials or the product to be sold,
or
(iv) be used to place the product to be sold in the package in which it will enter the
stream of commerce…

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Sales Tax
April 11, 2013

(4) Machinery or equipment is used predominantly in production, if over 50 percent of its
use is directly in the production phase of a process. . .
While Petitioner’s facility uses photovoltaic cells to produce electric current as opposed
to utilizing a turbine (such as one turned by either steam or wind), Petitioner’s facility will
produce electricity that will be sold by Petitioner’s customer to a third-party utility company.
The facility is therefore engaged in the production of electricity for sale for the purposes of
section 1115(a)(12) of the Tax Law. The receipts from the sale of machinery and equipment
used directly and predominantly by Petitioner’s customer to generate electricity for sale are
eligible for the exemptions provided by sections 1115(a)(12) and 1105-B of the Tax Law.
Due to the nature of Petitioner’s solar energy production facility, it is only necessary to
determine at which point Petitioner’s production process ceases. For this purpose, the facility’s
inverter is the last piece of equipment that effects a change to the electricity. Therefore, receipts
from the sale of all those facility components necessary to collect the solar energy and which are
used to combine that electricity, up to the point the inverter changes the DC current to AC
current, are used directly and predominately in the production of electricity for sale. This
equipment includes the solar panels, racks, combiner boxes, all wires and connections
connecting these items to the inverter, and the inverter itself. Receipts from the installation of
the machinery and equipment that qualify for the exemption provided in Tax Law §1115(a)(12)
are similarly exempt from tax pursuant to the provisions of section 1105-B of the Tax Law.
In general, the transmission or distribution of electricity is outside the production process.
See Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation v Wanamaker, 286 App Div 446 (4th Dep’t 1955),
aff’d 2 NY2d 764 (1956); TSB-A-90(34)S; TSB-A-05(35)S. Therefore, any interconnection
equipment components, substation equipment, meters, wire, intra-solar facility electrical
collection equipment, cables, junction boxes, poles, step-up transformers or other equipment
used beyond the inverter, are not exempt from tax.
The SCADA equipment provides for an integrated management and control of the solar
facility. To the extent the SCADA equipment is used directly and predominantly in the
operation of the solar facility, it would qualify as exempt electricity generation machinery and
equipment pursuant to the provisions of section 1115(a)(12) of the Tax Law, and any installation
charges related to such equipment would similarly be exempt. See TSB-A-09(59)S; TSB-A09(62)S.
The concrete piers and footings to which the solar racks are anchored, the concrete
foundations for the substations and buildings, and the fencing around the substations when
purchased in the form of the raw materials (concrete, steel rebar, connecting rods, fencing and
fence posts) or on an installed basis are neither machinery nor equipment. Nor do they perform a
function which has an actual causal effect on the generation of the electricity. See Matter of
Slattery Associates, Inc. v. Tully, 79 AD2d 761 (3rd Dep’t 1980) aff’d 54 NY2d 711 (1981). The
charges for installing this property will be taxable or exempt depending on whether the
installations qualify as a capital improvement. Section 1101(b)(9) of the Tax Law defines a

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Sales Tax
April 11, 2013

capital improvement as an addition or alteration to real property which: (1) substantially adds to
the value of the real property, or appreciably prolongs the useful life of the real property; and (2)
becomes part of the real property or is permanently affixed to the real property so that removal
would cause material damage to the property or article itself; and (3) is intended to become a
permanent installation. Publication 862, Sales and Use Tax Classifications of Capital
Improvements and Repairs to Real Property, would suggest that the new installation of these
features would generally qualify as capital improvements. This would include the: (i) concrete
piers, footing, and foundations for the panel racks, module racks, project substations, and
maintenance and operations building; (ii) roads; (iii) fencing; and (iv) the maintenance and
operations building, which appear to substantially add to the value of the real property (or
appreciably prolong the useful life of the real property) and are otherwise installed in a manner
that permanently affixes them to the real property such that removal would cause material
damage to the property or the articles themselves. See TSB-A-00(21)S.
However, Petitioner has stated that the customer is leasing the property upon which the
solar facility is to be constructed. Items that are installed for a tenant, which if installed for the
property owner would be a capital improvement, may qualify as a capital improvement
depending on the terms of the tenant’s lease. See Matter of Flah's of Syracuse, Inc. v. James H.
Tully, Jr. et al, 89 AD2d 729 (3rd Dep’t 1982).
Additions or alterations to real property for or by a tenant of the property are presumed to
be temporary in nature for purposes of the definition of capital improvement set forth in section
1101(b)(9)(i) of the Tax Law, unless a contrary intention is demonstrated. Specific lease
provisions that state that: 1) immediately upon installation, title to such installation vests in the
lessor, and 2) the addition or alteration becomes part of and remains with the premises after the
termination of the lease, may demonstrate an intention to make the installation permanent.
In the absence of a lease provision, other factors such as the nature of the installation, or
written agreements other than a lease provision, may be considered in determining the intention
of the parties with respect to the permanence of the installation. Factors that may indicate that a
tenant installation is not intended to be permanent include a lease provision requiring that the
leased premises be restored to its original condition at the termination of the lease, and the rental
of the installed property by the tenant from someone other than the lessor of the premises. See
Taxable Status of Leasehold Improvements for or by Tenants, Technical Service Bureau
Memorandum, June 15, 1983, TSB-M-83(17)S.
Thus, whether the installation of property that does not qualify for the production
exemption (i.e. (i) concrete piers, footing, and foundations for the panel racks, module racks,
project substations, and maintenance and operations building; (ii) roads; (iii) fencing; and (iv) the
maintenance and operations building) qualifies as a capital improvement depends on the terms of
the customer’s lease of the underlying real property, or the factors described above, and the
nature of the installation. Because no copy of the lease was submitted with the petition, we
cannot make a determination as to the issue of permanence.

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Tangible personal property that does not qualify for the production exemption that is
installed as part of a capital improvement is taxable at the time Petitioner purchases such
property, unless some other exemption applies. Petitioner's charges for installing tangible
personal property are exempt if the installation constitutes a capital improvement. See TSB-A09(62)S; TSB-A-09(59)S. Petitioner may purchase such tangible personal property for resale if
the property remains tangible personal property after installation (that is, does not constitute a
capital improvement). A properly completed Contractor Exempt Purchase Certificate (ST-120.1)
should be presented to the vendor in order to make an exempt purchase for resale of such
property. See TSB-A-09(62)S; TSB-A-09(59)S.
Warranties & Monitoring Service
Petitioner also asks whether the warranty plans and the maintenance or operating services
it offers to its customer with respect to the solar facility are subject to tax.
Module Warranty
An extended warranty is generally subject to tax. See 20 NYCRR §527.5(c). However,
the basis of this conclusion is that the “charge for the warranty services are included in the
original sales price of the tangible personal property sold to the consumer.” See Pay TV of
Greater New York, Inc., Tax Appeals Tribunal, (July 14, 1994). In other words, a warranty is
provided as a constituent element of the sale of tangible personal property to which the warranty
relates, and is considered to have been purchased with the initial receipt paid for that property.
In this instance, the module warranty relates solely to the repair, and replacement of the solar
panels, which qualify for the exemption from sales tax under section 1115(a)(12) and 1105-B of
the Tax Law as machinery and equipment directly and predominantly engaged in the generation
of electricity for sale. Thus, the receipts paid for module warranty are exempt from tax.
Energy Warranty
The energy warranty appears to be a guarantee as to the amount of electricity generated
by the facilities rather than a warranty. Petitioner’s customer has contractual obligations to meet
in terms of the amount of electricity the facility will produce over a twenty year period, and the
efficiency of individual solar panels can be expected to decline at varying amounts over that time
period. Petitioner has a great deal of flexibility in executing its obligation pursuant to this
guarantee; it may add or replace solar panels, or it may simply elect to compensate the customer
for any shortfall. In the latter instance, such compensation would not be subject to tax. To the
extent that Petitioner may opt to add or replace equipment to meet its obligations, the new or
replaced equipment would qualify for exemption under sections 1115(a)(12) and 1105-B of the
Tax Law as machinery and equipment predominantly engaged in the generation of electricity for
sale. Therefore, the receipts from the sale of this guarantee are exempt from tax.

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System and Maintenance Warranties
Because it appears that the system warranty and the maintenance warranty relate to the
repair and replacement of both exempt property (i.e., property qualifying for the exemption from
sales tax under section 1115(a)(12) and 1105-B of the Tax Law, such as, the solar panels and the
inverters) and taxable property (non exempt interconnection equipment, etc.), the charges for
these warranties are subject to tax.
Monitoring Service
The Monitoring Service, which monitors the customer’s assets so that it may provide
operational information as to the functioning of the assets (such as through efficiency reports) is
not subject to tax. See TSB-A-10(14)S. However, if Petitioner were to offer a service that went
beyond this service, and notified the customer or a repair service provider when the equipment
malfunctions the service may be subject to tax pursuant to §1105(c)(8) as a taxable protective
service where the assets are located in New York. See TSB-A-10(14)S.
Sales of Electricity
Finally, Petitioner asked about the sale of electricity by the facility operator. The entity
making the sale of the electricity generated by the facility to the third-party utility company must
receive a completed resale certificate (Form ST-120) from the utility purchasing the electricity
indicating that the electricity is being sold to it for the purpose of resale. See 20 NYCRR
§527.2(e). Purchases of utility services by a utility for resale as such may be made without
payment of the sales tax.

DATED: April 11, 2013

NOTE:

/S/
DEBORAH R. LIEBMAN
Deputy Counsel

An Advisory Opinion is issued at the request of a person or entity. It is limited to the
facts set forth therein and is binding on the Department only with respect to the
person or entity to whom it is issued and only if the person or entity fully and
accurately describes all relevant facts. An Advisory Opinion is based on the law,
regulations, and Department policies in effect as of the date the Opinion is issued or
for the specific time period at issue in the Opinion. The information provided in this
document does not cover every situation and is not intended to replace the law or
change its meaning.