Is a hotel buying (and reselling) AV services from its in-house AV provider, and is it liable for the AV sales tax it collects via master billing?

Plain-English summary

The petitioner is a hotel that hosts events. It owns no AV equipment; instead it contracts with an AV provider to be the sole in-house AV vendor, operating from a designated space, in exchange for a commission (40%+) of the provider's receipts. When a guest needs AV, the hotel directs them to the provider; the guest separately contracts with the AV provider (or brings an outside one). The AV charges are often billed through the guest's master account at the hotel (separately stated), with the hotel remitting the proceeds (less commission) to the provider, who then remits the tax -- though sometimes the hotel remits the tax itself. The payment obligation runs to the AV provider, which bears the risk of non-collection. The hotel asked (1) whether it is buying the AV services and (2) whether it is treated as the vendor.

The Office of Counsel's conclusions:

1. The hotel is not purchasing (or reselling) the AV services. A sale of property to perform certain services isn't a retail sale, but catering (taxable under 1105(d)) is not one of those services, and a caterer's purchases are not for resale (20 NYCRR 527.8(f)(2)(i)); so if the hotel contracted for the AV and hired the provider, that purchase would be taxable (21 Club). But here the AV provider contracts directly with the guest, owns the equipment, and only its employees handle it; the hotel's contract with the guest doesn't set the AV rental terms. So the hotel is not buying the equipment rental/AV services and is not reselling them as part of catering (cf. TSB-A-11(27)).

2. But the hotel and AV provider are co-vendors. The hotel earns a considerable commission as the sole on-site AV vendor, imposes detailed guidelines, and often collects the receipts (including tax) through master billing -- showing a shared interest and the hotel acting on the provider's behalf. So the two are co-vendors, jointly and severally liable for the AV sales tax (Tax Law 1101(b)(8)(ii)(A); Names in The News; California Brew Haus; Jericho Boats). If the hotel collects the tax and the provider fails to remit, the hotel is liable; if the hotel remits but is short, the provider is liable. Neither must remit if the other has reported and remitted (TSB-A-02(16)S) -- but both must substantiate, in every instance, how and when the tax was passed over and remitted.

What this means for you

Hotels, venues, and their in-house service providers

Letting a guest contract directly with your in-house AV (or similar) provider keeps you from "buying and reselling" that service. But collecting the charges through master billing -- plus a big commission and control over the provider -- can make you co-vendors, jointly and severally liable for the tax. If you collect a co-vendor's tax, you're on the hook if they don't remit it (and vice versa). Keep records proving exactly how and when each tax dollar was remitted.

The catering trap

If you (not the guest) contract for the AV and then hire it out, you're a caterer buying a taxable service that isn't for resale -- you'd owe tax on that purchase. Keep the guest's AV contract with the provider direct.

Common questions

Q: Are we reselling the AV provider's services to our guests?
A: No, if the guest contracts directly with the provider, the provider owns/operates the equipment, and your contract doesn't set the AV terms.

Q: We collect the AV charges on the master bill -- are we liable for the tax?
A: Yes. That makes you co-vendors, jointly and severally liable. If you collect the tax and the provider doesn't remit it, you're liable.

Q: Do we both have to remit the tax?
A: No -- neither must remit if the other already reported and remitted it. But both of you must be able to substantiate how and when it was remitted.

Citations and references

• Tax Law section 1105(a) (sales tax on tangible personal property)
• Tax Law section 1101(b)(5) (rental is a sale)
• Tax Law section 1101(b)(8)(ii)(A) (persons required to collect tax; liability)
• Tax Law section 1105(d) (catering services)
• 20 NYCRR section 527.8(f)(2)(i) (caterer's purchases not for resale)

Source

• Landing page: https://www.tax.ny.gov/pubs_and_bulls/advisory_opinions/sales_ao_2012.htm
• Opinion: https://www.tax.ny.gov/pdf/advisory_opinions/sales/a12_25s.pdf

Original ruling text

New York State Department of Taxation and Finance

Office of Counsel
Advisory Opinion Unit

TSB-A-12(25)S
Sales Tax
October 15, 2012

STATE OF NEW YORK
COMMISSIONER OF TAXATION AND FINANCE
ADVISORY OPINION

PETITION NO. S100310A

The Department of Taxation and Finance received a Petition for an Advisory Opinion
from name redacted. The Petitioner owns a hotel, and pursuant to the contracts provided with
the Advisory Opinion it asks: (1) is it purchasing AV services from the AV provider; and (2)
whether it would be treated as the vendor of such AV services by the AV provider at its hotel
location.
We conclude that in those instances where the AV provider enters into a separate
agreement with hotel guests or customers for providing AV services at a specific event, the hotel
is not purchasing the AV services from the AV provider. However, the hotel may be considered
to be acting as co-vendor if it collects the payment from the customer and that payment includes
taxable receipts.
Facts
Petitioner owns a hotel located within New York State. The hotel serves as a venue for
many types of events, including those which require the provision of AV equipment and services
(e.g. conferences, and professional meetings). For these types of events, the hotel will offer its
customers various services including ballroom or meeting room rentals, guest rooms, and food
and drink. The hotel does not own AV equipment and its staff does not provide AV services to
its customers. The hotel has entered into a contract with an AV service provider that specifies
that the AV provider is the sole in-house provider of AV services and equipment and that the AV
provider is to provide such services at the hotel for the benefit of the hotel and its customers.
The contract also provides that the AV provider will act as an independent contractor with its
own employees, and will operate from a designated location within the hotel. In return, the AV
provider agrees to perform its services to the hotel's customers in the manner expected by the
hotel, and to pay the hotel a commission (generally 40% and up) from the proceeds of its
equipment rentals and AV services. The contract requires the AV provider to cooperate and
coordinate with an outside AV provider if one is selected by the hotel guest.
When scheduling an event, the hotel will enter into a contract with the customer for that
event. This contract generally governs the services that the hotel will provide for the event.
When a customer requires AV equipment and services for their event (such as a projector,
microphone, screen, recording equipment or similar services), the hotel will direct the customers
to meet with the on-site representative of the AV provider. The hotel's contract with the
customer may reference the AV provider and the AV provider's ability to provide AV services
and equipment, but it makes no mention of the other terms of the hotel's arrangement with the

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Sales Tax
October 15, 2012

AV provider, nor does it require that the customer contract with the AV provider. In order to
obtain AV services at its event, the customer must enter into a separate contract with the AV
provider or contract with an outside AV provider.
Depending on the services to be provided to the client, the hotel may collect from the
customer the entire fee for the event, including the amounts for the AV services. The AV service
contract used for a meeting room rental will specify that if the customer requires any rigging
services (as opposed to the renting the AV equipment) for the event, these services must be
provided through the on-site AV provider. While a hotel customer is free to bring in their own
outside contractor to provide AV equipment and related services, the customer and the outside
AV provider must follow certain guidelines. In certain instances when using an outside AV
provider, the customer can be required to pay for an employee of the on-site AV provider to be
present at the event.
While the hotel's contract with the AV provider provides that the AV provider operates as
an independent contractor, the contract acknowledges that the manner in which the AV provider
rents the AV equipment and delivers its services will reflect upon the hotel. For this reason, the
contract requires that the AV provider operate within a number of detailed guidelines. For
example, the contract provides that the AV provider is required to render its services and
equipment to the hotel at no charge for use at the hotel’s own events (such as staff meetings or
training classes). The contract not only details staffing levels expected of the AV provider, but
also provides detailed lists of the type and amount of equipment to be located at the hotel. In
addition, the hotel has the right to establish rules and regulations relating to the appearance and
conduct of the AV provider’s employees.
As noted above, the AV provider enters into a separate agreement with the hotel's
customer for the provision of its services. The hotel is not a party to these agreements. The
agreement between the AV provider and the customer does permit billing for the AV services
provided at an event to be made through the customer's master account at the hotel. However,
the customer may choose to be billed directly by the AV provider.
When charges for the AV services are billed through the customer's master account at the
hotel, the charges for the AV equipment rentals and AV services are separately stated as a
miscellaneous charge on the hotel's bill to the customer. If collected through the master account,
the hotel will generally remit to the AV provider the total amount collected (less the hotel's
commission), including any sales tax charged to the hotel customer. The AV provider then
remits the applicable sales tax paid by the hotel customers on its next sales tax return. In some
cases, however, the hotel remits the tax paid by the customer for the AV services directly on its
own sales tax return. If the AV provider bills the customer directly, it must provide a summary
statement to the hotel. The summary includes a calculation of the hotel's commission and any
revenues resulting from the AV equipment rented and/or services provided by AV provider.
The hotel does not guarantee collection of the AV service charges from the hotel's guests.
Indeed, even where the customer is billed through its master account, its payment obligation is to
the AV provider, not to the hotel. Pursuant to the contract between the hotel and the AV

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provider, the AV provider bears the risk of loss for its charges on the master account and has the
responsibility to collect the amounts due directly from the customer if the customer does not
make full payment on the master account to the hotel.
Analysis
Tax Law §1105(a) imposes a tax on every retail sale of tangible personal property in the
State. Pursuant to Tax Law section 1101(b)(4)(i)(A), a sale of tangible personal property for use
in performing certain enumerated services is not considered to be a retail sale and is not,
therefore, subject to tax. However, catering services, which are taxable under Tax Law section
1105(d), are not one of those services. For the purposes of the sales and use tax, a rental is a sale
(Tax Law §1101(b)(5)). Section 527.8(f)(2)(i) of the Sales and Use Tax Regulations state that
"[t]axable tangible personal property or services used or consumed by a caterer in performing
catering services are not purchased for resale as such and are subject to tax." For the purposes of
AV services, if the Petitioner were to contract with its customer for the provision of the AV
services, but then hire an AV provider to provide such services to its customer, the sale of such
service to the Petitioner would be subject to tax. See Matter of 21 Club, Inc. v. Tax Appeals
Tribunal, 69 AD3d 996 (3d Dep't. 2010).
Similar to the petitioners in TSB-A-11(27), Petitioner does not enter into a contract for
the rental of the AV equipment to its customers. Petitioner’s agreements with its customers do
not include the terms of the rental of the AV equipment. That is left exclusively to the separate
agreement between the customer and the AV provider. The equipment is owned by the AV
provider, and only its employees may handle it. While the Petitioner may establish general
guidelines for the overall performance of the AV provider's service, the AV provider's
employees are the only ones which take direction from, and provide service to, the customer in
renting the AV equipment and providing related AV services. Therefore, the Petitioner is not
purchasing either the equipment rental or the AV services from the AV provider, and the
Petitioner is not selling such services as a component part of its catering services.
The Petitioner does, however, frequently collect the revenue owed to it and the AV
provider through the use of the "master billing" account. While the hotel and the AV provider
are separate, unrelated entities, the hotel does receive a considerable commission in exchange for
allowing the AV provider to act as the sole on-site provider of the AV equipment and related AV
Services. While a customer is free to bring in their own equipment or AV provider, they
generally will also have to pay a member of the AV provider's staff to be present as well.
The contract between the Petitioner and the AV provider acknowledges that the manner
in which the AV provider delivers its services will reflect upon the hotel. For this reason, the
provisions of the contract provide that the AV provider operate within a number of detailed
guidelines. For example, the hotel has the right to establish rules relating to the appearance and
conduct of the AV provider's employees. The contract not only details the staffing levels
expected of the AV provider, but also provides detailed lists of the type (and amount) of
equipment to be located at the hotel.

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October 15, 2012

These provisions illustrate the shared interest between the hotel and the AV provider.
While other AV providers may be used by the customer, the hotel has a contractual obligation
and significant financial interest in acting on the AV provider’s behalf. Moreover, the hotel
often collects the receipts received on the AV provider's behalf. As a result, we conclude that the
hotel and the AV provider are co-vendors for the purposes of the Tax Law. See Names in The
News v. New York State Tax Commn, (75 AD2d 145 (3d Dep’t 1980); Matter of Edward Yager
and Patrick McKeon d/b/a California Brew Haus, TAT (March 23, 1989). As such, the hotel is
jointly and severally liable for any sales tax due on the sales of AV service contracts if it collects
the receipts and then turns those receipts over to the AV provider, and the AV provider
subsequently fails to remit the tax due on such sales. See, Jericho Boats of Smithtown, Inc. v.
State Tax Commission, (144 AD2d 163 (3d Dep’t 1988); Sec. l101(b)(8)(ii)(A) Tax Law.
Accordingly, the hotel will be liable for tax if the AV provider fails to remit it to the Department.
Similarly, in cases where the hotel collects the receipts on the AV provider’s behalf and remits
the sales tax itself, the AV provider is jointly and severally liable for any sales tax due on the
sales of AV service contracts if the hotel fails to remit the tax due on such sales. However, the
hotel is not required to remit tax on the sales if the AV provider has reported and remitted the tax
due nor is the AV provider required to remit tax on the sales if the hotel has reported
and remitted the tax due. See Old Republic Minnehoma Insurance Co. and Ordesco, Inc.,
TSB-A-02(16)S. Both the hotel and the AV provider must be able to substantiate, in every
instance, how and when tax received from its co-vendor was remitted to the department.

DATED: October 15, 2012

NOTE:

/S/
DEBORAH R. LIEBMAN
Deputy Counsel

An Advisory Opinion is issued at the request of a person or entity. It is limited to the
facts set forth therein and is binding on the Department only with respect to the
person or entity to whom it is issued and only if the person or entity fully and
accurately describes all relevant facts. An Advisory Opinion is based on the law,
regulations, and Department policies in effect as of the date the Opinion is issued or
for the specific time period at issue in the Opinion. The information provided in this
document does not cover every situation and is not intended to replace the law or
change its meaning.