Does a sculpture bought at a NYC auction qualify for the resale exclusion when the buyer loans it to a museum before reselling it?

Plain-English summary

The petitioner bought a sculpture at a New York City auction. Title passed at the fall of the gavel, and the sculpture had been on display at the auctioneer's NYC sales room. The auctioneer shipped it (as an accommodation) to a Bronx warehouse, then the petitioner arranged for it to be loaned to a museum in Florida -- the museum hired a private carrier to move it from New York to Florida. The petitioner said it bought the sculpture intending to eventually resell it, and displayed it at the museum to increase its cachet and value; it later formed an LLC to buy/sell art and tendered resale certificates. It asked whether it owes New York sales/use tax.

The Office of Counsel concluded the purchase is taxable:

• It's a New York sale (destination/transaction tax). New York sales tax is a transaction tax keyed to the transfer of possession, and a destination tax (20 NYCRR 525.2). When a vendor delivers property in New York to a private/contract carrier engaged by the buyer or the buyer's designee, an in-state transfer of possession occurs (Savemart). Because the museum (the buyer's designee) hired the carrier that took the sculpture from New York, the sculpture was delivered to the buyer in New York -- a New York sale.
• The resale exclusion doesn't apply. The exclusion covers property bought to be resold in the ordinary course of business (20 NYCRR 526.6(b)(4)(i)), and it applies only if the property was bought for one and only one purpose -- resale (P-H Fine Arts). Any use of the property makes the purchase a taxable retail purchase (Micheli). Here the petitioner used the sculpture by entering a loan agreement to display it at a museum, and (judging by frequency, holding period, and sales effort) wasn't selling in the ordinary course of business -- museum display, "without more," isn't a sales activity even if it raises the value. So the sculpture wasn't bought exclusively for resale, and the exclusion fails (resale-certificate timing doesn't change this).
• Florida tax: the Department took no position (it can't opine on other states' taxes).

What this means for you

Art buyers, dealers, and investors

"I'll resell it someday" is not enough for the resale exclusion. New York applies a strict "one and only one purpose" test: if you use the item at all -- displaying it, lending it, enjoying it -- the purchase becomes a taxable retail purchase, even if you genuinely intend to sell later and even if the use increases the value. And watch where delivery occurs: having your carrier (or your designee's carrier) pick the item up in New York makes it a New York sale, regardless of where it ends up. To rely on resale, be a genuine dealer (regular sales, real sales effort) and don't use the inventory.

Practical tip

A resale certificate doesn't rescue a purchase that wasn't exclusively for resale; the use controls.

Common questions

Q: I bought art intending to resell it -- is it exempt under the resale exclusion?
A: Only if you bought it solely for resale and never use it. Any use -- including loaning it to a museum for display -- defeats the exclusion.

Q: It shipped out of state, so isn't it an out-of-state sale?
A: No. Because your designee's carrier took possession in New York, it's a New York sale (Savemart).

Q: Does displaying it to raise its value count as a 'business' use for resale?
A: No. Museum display isn't a sale in the ordinary course of business, even if it enhances the value.

Citations and references

• Tax Law section 1105(a) (sales tax on tangible personal property)
• 20 NYCRR section 525.2 (transaction tax; destination tax)
• 20 NYCRR section 526.6(b)(4)(i) (purchase for resale)

Source

• Landing page: https://www.tax.ny.gov/pubs_and_bulls/advisory_opinions/sales_ao_2011.htm
• Opinion: https://www.tax.ny.gov/pdf/advisory_opinions/sales/a11_10s.pdf

Original ruling text

New York State Department of Taxation and Finance

TSB-A-11(10)S
Sales Tax
April 8, 2011

Office of Counsel
Advisory Opinion Unit
STATE OF NEW YORK
COMMISSIONER OF TAXATION AND FINANCE
ADVISORY OPINION

PETITION NO. S100504B

On May 4, 2010, the Department of Taxation and Finance received a Petition for Advisory
Opinion from name and address redacted. Petitioner asks whether he owes sales or use tax on the
purchase of a sculpture from a New York vendor. We conclude that Petitioner owes sales tax on the
purchase because the purchase was not made exclusively for resale.
Facts
On November 18, 2009, Petitioner purchased a sculpture at an auction held by name redacted
(“Auctioneer”) at its New York City sales room. Under the terms of auction, the sculpture became
Petitioner’s property at the fall of the gavel and acceptance of Petitioner’s bid. The sculpture was on
display at the Auctioneer’s New York City establishment prior to the sale.
The Auctioneer issued a sales invoice to Petitioner on the auction date. As an accommodation
to Petitioner, the Auctioneer arranged and paid for the shipment of the sculpture to a warehouse in the
Bronx. The Auctioneer also paid for the warehousing of the sculpture. Petitioner’s fine arts insurance
policy covered the sculpture while it was stored at the Bronx warehouse.
Petitioner made a down payment of $50,000 on purchase of the sculpture on November 25,
2009 and paid the balance of the amount due on December 14, 2009.
Petitioner contends that he purchased the sculpture with the intent of eventually reselling it. To
increase its value and visibility, Petitioner executed a loan agreement with name redacted (“Museum”)
for the purpose of displaying the sculpture at the museum. The Museum arranged and paid for
delivery of the sculpture from New York to its location in Florida. The Museum hired a private carrier
specializing in the transportation of large items, to transport the statue to the Museum.
Petitioner remitted Florida sales tax to the Auctioneer on February 8, 2010 because the
Auctioneer conditioned its release of the sculpture from the Bronx warehouse on Petitioner paying this
tax.
Prior to the purchase of the sculpture from the Auctioneer, Petitioner had discussions with his
advisors on the merits of creating a separate legal entity to buy and sell art works as a business. As a
result, name redacted (“LLC”) was formed on February 2, 2010. The LLC had an office in
Minneapolis, Minnesota and was registered to do business in Florida.
Petitioner tendered the Auctioneer a New York resale certificate executed by the LLC but the
Auctioneer refused to accept the exemption certificate. Petitioner then presented the Auctioneer
within 90 days of the date of the purchase a sales tax resale certificate executed in his own name. The

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Sales Tax
April 8, 2011

Auctioneer, however, refused to accept the certificate because it believed the sale occurred in Florida
for purposes of New York sales tax.
Analysis
New York sales tax is a transaction tax; liability for the tax occurs at the time of the
transaction. 20 NYCRR §525.2. Generally speaking, a taxed transaction occurs upon the transfer of
title or possession or both of tangible personal property or rendition of services. Id. The time or
method of payment is immaterial. Id. The sales tax is a destination tax. 20 NYCRR §525.2(a)(3). The
point of delivery or point at which possession is transferred by the vendor to the purchaser or designee
controls both the tax incident and the tax rate. Id.
If a vendor delivers property in New York to a private or contract carrier engaged by the
customer or his designee, an in-state transfer of possession of purchased goods is considered to have
occurred. Matter of Savemart, Inc. v State Tax Comm’n, 105 AD2d 1001 (3rd Dep’t 1984). Because
the sculpture was shipped to Florida by a private carrier hired by the Museum, acting as the
Petitioner’s designee, the sculpture was delivered to Petitioner in New York for purposes of New York
sales tax. Petitioner’s purchase of the sculpture constitutes a New York sale; therefore, the sale is
subject to New York sales tax unless the sale is not a retail sale or is otherwise exempt from sales tax.
20 NYCRR §526.6(b)(4)(i) provides:
Where a person, in the ordinary course of his business operations, purchases tangible
personal property or services which he intends to sell, either in the form in which
purchased, or as a component part of other property or services, the property or
services which he has purchased will be considered as purchased for resale and
therefore not subject to tax until he as transferred the property to this customer.
(Emphasis added.)
Factors that would be relevant as to whether tangible personal property is sold in the ordinary course
of business are the frequency and regularity of sales, the length of time property is held, the extent of
the owner’s sales efforts by advertising or otherwise, and the time and effort that the owner devotes to
sales. Based on these factors, Petitioner is not selling the sculpture in the ordinary course of business.
Stated differently, the display of the sculpture at the Museum, without more, does not constitute a
sales activity in the ordinary course of business even if the display enhances the cachet and, thus, the
value of artwork.
Petitioner's purchase of the sculpture qualifies for the resale exclusion from sales and use tax
only if the property was purchased for one and only one purpose: resale. See P-H Fine Arts Ltd. v. Tax
Appeals Tribunal, 227 AD2d 683 (3rd Dep’t 1996). That is, any use of the sculpture by Petitioner
would make his purchase of the tangible personal property a purchase at retail subject to sales tax. See
Micheli Contracting Corp. v. New York State Tax Comm'n, 109 AD2d 957 (3rd Dep’t 1985). Here,
Petitioner made use of the sculpture by entering into an agreement for the sculpture to be exhibited at
the Museum. Accordingly, the sculpture was not purchased exclusively for resale and the exclusion
does not apply.
This Department is authorized to issue Advisory Opinions about the taxes administered by the
Department, but has no authority to issue opinions about the applicability of taxes imposed by other

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states. Consequently, this Advisory Opinion takes no position as to the applicability of Florida sales
tax to the sale at issue.

DATED: April 8, 2011

NOTE:

/S/
DANIEL SMIRLOCK
Deputy Commissioner and Counsel

An Advisory Opinion is issued at the request of a person or entity. It is limited to the facts
set forth therein and is binding on the Department only with respect to the person or entity
to whom it is issued and only if the person or entity fully and accurately describes all
relevant facts. An Advisory Opinion is based on the law, regulations, and Department
policies in effect as of the date the Opinion is issued or for the specific time period at issue
in the Opinion.