Are electronic-discovery litigation support services -- where the vendor processes a client's own documents -- subject to NY sales tax?

Plain-English summary

The petitioner provides electronic-discovery (e-discovery) litigation support to corporations and law-firm litigation departments. A client gives it data (email, hard drives, etc.); the vendor's proprietary software normalizes the files and the vendor collects, processes, searches, and organizes the documents -- foldering by topic/custodian, de-duplication, email threading, near-duplicate flagging, search, marking/redaction tools, productivity reporting. It charges processing and hosting fees, plus fees by pages delivered and the delivery medium (CD/DVD/hard drive, or free electronic transfer). The client's data stays the client's, is never provided to anyone else by the vendor, and the vendor takes no title to it. The vendor asked whether these services (and the delivery media) are taxable.

The Office of Counsel concluded the services are not taxable:

• It's an information service... The work analyzes, compiles, and organizes the client's information and adds to the "intelligence" of the original documents (categorizing, de-duplicating, threading, making searchable) -- more than mere reformatting -- so it's an information service under Tax Law 1105(c)(1) (ADP Automotive). The marking/redaction tools have some software-like attributes, but that's a single, integral aspect of a comprehensive service whose primary function is the information service, not a sale of prewritten software.
• ...that's personal and individual. The information service is excluded from tax because it's personal or individual in nature: the vendor organizes/analyzes the client's own documents and provides the result only to that client, not to any third party. That the client may later produce documents to an opponent in discovery doesn't change this.
• Optional and related items. Optional targeted searches/sorting are likewise exempt (personal/individual); optional consulting and training are not taxable; and electronic archiving of data is not taxable.
• Delivery media. Because personal/individual information services aren't taxable regardless of the form in which they're delivered, the CDs/DVDs/hard drives used to deliver the results are an integral part of the nontaxable service and the charge for them is not separately taxable. However, the vendor owes sales/use tax on its own purchases of the media it uses to deliver the service (TSB-A-10(20)S).

What this means for you

E-discovery and litigation-support vendors

If you (the vendor) do the processing and organizing on the client's own documents and never share the analysis with anyone else, your service is generally a nontaxable personal/individual information service -- even though it "adds intelligence" and even though some features look like software. Keep the delivery media integral to that service (don't sell it as standalone tangible property), but remember you owe use tax on the blank CDs/DVDs/drives you buy to deliver with. Watch the line, though: if your customers instead log in and operate your software themselves to review/organize data, that flips to a taxable software license (see the companion opinion TSB-A-10(60)S). The key is who runs the software.

Clients

Vendor-performed e-discovery on your own documents shouldn't carry sales tax.

Common questions

Q: Is vendor-performed e-discovery taxable?
A: No. Processing and organizing your own documents and delivering the result only to you is a nontaxable personal/individual information service.

Q: Does it matter that I later produce the documents to the other side?
A: No. Your later discovery production doesn't make the vendor's service taxable.

Q: Are the CDs/hard drives the results come on taxable?
A: Not separately -- they're integral to the nontaxable service. (The vendor, though, owes use tax on buying that media.)

Citations and references

• Tax Law section 1105(c)(1) (information services; personal/individual exclusion)
• Tax Law section 1105(a) (sales tax on tangible personal property)
• Tax Law section 1101(b)(6) (tangible personal property; prewritten software)

Source

• Landing page: https://www.tax.ny.gov/pubs_and_bulls/advisory_opinions/sales_ao_2010.htm
• Opinion: https://www.tax.ny.gov/pdf/advisory_opinions/sales/a10_59s.pdf

Original ruling text

New York State Department of Taxation and Finance

TSB-A-10(59)S
Sales Tax
November 23, 2010

Office of Counsel
Advisory Opinion Unit
STATE OF NEW YORK
COMMISSIONER OF TAXATION AND FINANCE
ADVISORY OPINION

PETITION NO. S100922C

On September 22, 2010, the Department of Taxation and Finance received a Petition for Advisory
Opinion from name and address redacted. Petitioner asks whether its electronic discovery litigation support
services are subject to New York State and local sales or use taxes.
We conclude that Petitioner’s litigation support services are not subject to sales or use taxes, regardless
of the media on which the reports are delivered.
Facts
Petitioner provides collections and forensics, processing, search and review, and document review
services to companies and the litigation departments of law firms. Petitioner performs its operations from its
offices in New York State. Petitioner’s clients are typically large corporations that use Petitioner’s services
cooperatively with their legal counsel to manage the electronic discovery process for litigation and regulatory
matters.
Petitioner describes its electronic discovery litigation services as follows: A client or law firm provides
Petitioner with data to process and search on various media (e.g., e-mail, server, hard drive, CD Rom). This
information is usually gathered in order to respond to a subpoena, a discovery-related request for information or
in connection with a formal complaint in litigation. The data are maintained on the original medium and
returned to the client after installation on Petitioner’s servers. A client may request that documents identified
during the search phase be presented in a basic format (e.g., a TIFF image) or in its native format.
Petitioner’s proprietary software processes the client’s data and then normalizes documents into a
similar format. This software has the ability to process hundreds of different file types, and puts the documents
into a format for review. Petitioner’s proprietary software also performs a number of activities and functions,
which allow a client to more efficiently perform review functions on documents loaded onto Petitioner’s servers.
These functions include:
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Foldering/document categorization by topic, including dynamic foldering (organizing documents by
custodian or e-mail thread, as specified by the client).
Search features.
Marking and redacting, including annotation, highlighting and redaction tools.
Trending analysis – this feature tracks the review process by the number of documents reviewed by a
particular reviewer and the time it takes to complete the review, and creates reports to analyze the
reviewer’s productivity.
E-mail threading – recreates e-mail correspondence in a thread showing the various responses in
sequence.
Near duplicate analysis – flags potential duplicate documents for review.
De-duplications – eliminates duplicate documents (e.g., same e-mail in more than one person’s e-mail
file).

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TSB-A-10(59)S
Sales Tax
November 23, 2010

Automated workflow, so clients can plan and direct the flow of documents and ensure that the right data
are getting to the reviewers on schedule
Foreign language support.
Ability to add/modify fields in real time.
Automated topic clustering.

Petitioner charges clients a processing fee based on the amount of data processed and a hosting fee
based on the amount of data that are stored. Data are stored until a case closes, at which time the data are
archived, returned to the client, or destroyed. Clients then have the ability to access the processed data to sort,
organize, add notes, edit, etc., through a license granted to clients that allows clients to access to the processed
data. Clients do not have the ability to access or manipulate Petitioner’s proprietary software.
While the data are stored, clients can request that files be created in a TIFF format to assist in the
document review process. Once relevant data (e.g., data responsive to a discovery demand) have been identified
by the client, Petitioner sorts and organizes the data. Petitioner writes the data to a universally accessible
version, which is transferred back to the client. The form of output is a TIFF file or native format. Petitioner
also charges fees based on the number of pages delivered and the delivered medium. The charge for the
delivered medium varies by the type of medium (e.g., $10-20 per CD, $35-20 per DVD, $200-300 per hard
drive). Petitioner indicates that the charge for the delivered medium is nominal in relation to the overall charge
for the service. In some cases, the medium of delivery is electronic transfer, for which there is no charge.
Upon completion of the engagement, the processed data are either archived for a storage fee, returned to
the client, or destroyed. The client’s data are not provided to any other person or used by Petitioner for any
other use. Petitioner does not take title to the client’s data.
Petitioner also assists its clients with certain consulting and other services, all of which are related to the
client’s data, including targeted searches of data, sorting and organizing documents, and user training, among
other things. These services are separately available and the charges for these services are separately stated at a
set hourly rate.
Analysis
We conclude that Petitioner’s litigation support services are information services, but they are personal
and individual in nature, and therefore not subject to New York State and local sales taxes.
As relevant here, Tax Law section 1105(c)(1) imposes tax on the receipts from the sale, except for
resale of the service of:
[F]urnishing information by printed, mimeographed or multigraphed matter, or by duplicating
written or printed matter in any other manner, including the services of collecting, compiling or
analyzing information of any kind or nature and furnishing reports thereof to other persons, but
excluding the furnishing of information which is personal or individual in nature and which is
or may not be substantially incorporated into reports furnished to other persons, and excluding
the services of . . . persons acting in a representative capacity . . . .
Petitioner’s litigation support services are information services because they include analyzing,
compiling, and organizing a client’s information. Petitioner’s services do more than merely recast or reformat
the client’s information. For example, Petitioner adds to the information by categorizing like documents,
identifying potential duplicates and eliminating duplicates, organizing e-mails into sequential threads, and

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TSB-A-10(59)S
Sales Tax
November 23, 2010

enabling documents to be searched by type, custodian, etc. This analysis adds to “intelligence” contained in the
original documents, and therefore constitutes an information service. See ADP Automotive Claims Services, Inc.
v. Tax Appeals Tribunal, 188 AD2d 245 (3d Dep’t 1993). The ability for a client to mark and redact documents
has some attributes of the use of software. However, because this is a single aspect of a more comprehensive
service, and this aspect is integrally related to the overall service provided by Petitioner, we conclude that the
primary function of Petitioner’s service is the provision of an information service, and not the sale of prewritten
computer software.
However, we further conclude that Petitioner’s services are excluded from the tax on information
services because they are personal and individual in nature. Petitioner organizes and analyzes the client’s own
documents and does not provide the original documents, or the analysis, compilation, or organization, to any
party other than the client. The fact that the client, in the context of a litigation discovery process, may
subsequently provide the original documents to a third party does not change this result.
Petitioner’s optional services of targeted data searches, sorting and organizing documents may
constitute information services to the extent that they add to the intelligence contained in a client’s original
documents. However, because these services, like the litigation support services discussed above, are performed
on the client’s own documents, and no information or analysis, compilation, or organization is provided to third
parties, these services are excluded from tax as personal and individual in nature. Petitioner’s optional
consulting and training services are not services that are subject to sales tax. See TSB-A-09(46)S;
TSB-A-09(33)S; KPMG, LLP, TSB-A-00(7)S. Petitioner’s charges for archiving data in electronic form are not
subject to tax. See Connected Corp., TSB-A-05(40)S; Immediate Medical Records, Inc., TSB-A-92(7)S.
Petitioner also asks whether the delivered media (i.e., DVDs, CDs, hard drives, electronic transfer) are
subject to sales tax. Tax Law section 1105(a) imposes sales tax on “the receipts from every retail sale of tangible
personal property.” Tangible personal property includes “[c]orporeal personal property of any nature.” Tax Law
§1101(b)(6). Some of the delivered media Petitioner describes (e.g., DVDs, CDs and hard drives) are tangible
personal property. Nevertheless, because personal or individual information services are not subject to tax
regardless of the form in which the information is provided to clients, tangible personal property that is an
integral part of the provision of these services is not separately taxable. Accordingly, because Petitioner's
delivered media are an integral part of the provision of its nontaxable information services, we conclude that the
charge for the delivered media is not a receipt for tangible personal property. However, Petitioner’s purchases
of tangible media that it uses to deliver its services to its clients are subject to State and local sales and use tax.
See TSB-A-10(20)S.

DATED: November 23, 2010

NOTE:

/S/
DANIEL SMIRLOCK
Deputy Commissioner and Counsel

An Advisory Opinion is issued at the request of a person or entity. It is limited to the facts set forth
therein and is binding on the Department only with respect to the person or entity to whom it is
issued and only if the person or entity fully and accurately describes all relevant facts. An Advisory
Opinion is based on the law, regulations, and Department policies in effect as of the date the Opinion
is issued or for the specific time period at issue in the Opinion.