Is a non-U.S. fund whose only activity is buying and holding life-settlement policies - some originally owned by New York residents - subject to New York's insurance tax or general business franchise tax?

Plain-English summary

A fund organized in the Isle of Man (Lansdown Atlantic) proposed to buy traded life-insurance policies (life settlements) from a New Jersey life-settlement provider — some of which were originally held by New York residents — and hold them to collect the death benefits. It asked whether this would subject it to New York's insurance franchise tax (Article 33) or the general business franchise tax (Article 9-A).

Not an insurance corporation (Article 33). To be taxed under Article 33, a corporation must be "doing an insurance business" (Tax Law § 1500(a)). The Department's longstanding test is whether the corporation is doing a business that, if done in New York, would require a license from the Superintendent of Insurance. Buying and holding life-settlement policies as an investor is not doing an insurance business and does not require such a license, so the fund is not an insurance corporation and owes no Article 33 tax.

Not a general business corporation (Article 9-A). Because the fund is not taxed under Article 33, the next question is Article 9-A. But a foreign corporation is taxable under Article 9-A only if it is doing business, employing capital, owning or leasing property, or maintaining an office in New York (§ 209.1; 20 NYCRR § 1-3.2). The fund's principal place of business is the Isle of Man, it is managed there, and it has no New York office, agents, officers, or employees. So it is not subject to Article 9-A either. Collecting policy proceeds when a New York-resident insured dies is not a separately taxable New York event.

What this means for you

Life-settlement funds and investors

Buying and holding life-insurance policies as an investment — even policies that originated with New York insureds — is not "doing an insurance business" in New York. The taxability question then collapses to ordinary corporate nexus: do you have a New York office, employees, or property? If not, no New York franchise tax.

Foreign funds and offshore managers

Where the fund is genuinely managed and operated outside New York with no in-state personnel or property, the mere fact that some underlying assets relate to New York residents does not create New York franchise-tax nexus.

Accountants and tax professionals

The Article 33 test is the licensing test (would this activity require a Superintendent of Insurance license?), and holding life-settlement policies fails it. Then run the standard 20 NYCRR § 1-3.2 nexus analysis for Article 9-A. Both must be cleared for the no-tax conclusion.

Common questions

Q: Is buying life-settlement policies "doing an insurance business" in New York?
A: No. Buying and holding traded life-insurance policies as an investor does not require an insurance license and is not doing an insurance business, so it is not taxed under Article 33.

Q: Does owning policies on New York insureds create nexus?
A: Not by itself. Without a New York office, employees, or property, a foreign fund is not subject to the Article 9-A franchise tax merely because some policies relate to New York residents.

Q: Is collecting the death benefit taxed?
A: No. Collecting the proceeds when a New York-resident insured dies is not a separately taxable New York event for the fund on these facts.

Citations and references

Statutes, regulations, and authorities:
- Tax Law § 1500(a) (insurance corporation; doing an insurance business)
- Tax Law § 209.4 (corporation taxable under another article not taxed under Article 9-A)
- Tax Law § 209.1 (Article 9-A franchise tax imposition)
- 20 NYCRR § 1-3.2(b), (c), (d), (e) (foreign corporation nexus factors)
- Mound, Cotton & Wollan, TSB-A-88(20)C; Stulmaker, Kohn & Richardson, TSB-A-96(22)C

Source

• Landing page: https://www.tax.ny.gov/pubs_and_bulls/advisory_opinions/corporation_ao_2006.htm
• Opinion: https://www.tax.ny.gov/pdf/advisory_opinions/corporation/a06_9c.pdf

Original ruling text

New York State Department of Taxation and Finance

TSB-A-06(9)C
Corporation Tax
December 28, 2006

Office of Tax Policy Analysis
Technical Services Division
STATE OF NEW YORK
COMMISSIONER OF TAXATION AND FINANCE
ADVISORY OPINION

PETITION NO. C050721B

On July 21, 2005, a Petition for Advisory Opinion was received from Lansdown Atlantic
Ltd., 32 Finch Road, Douglas, Isle of Man IM1 2PS. Petitioner, Lansdown Atlantic Ltd.,
provided additional information with respect to the Petition on October 3, 2006.
The issues raised by Petitioner are:
1. Whether Lansdown Atlantic Life Settlement Fund (hereinafter the Fund), a non-U.S.
corporation, will be subject to the franchise tax imposed under Article 9-A of the Tax
Law, if the Fund purchases traded life policies from a New Jersey life settlement provider
and some of these life policies were originally held by New York State residents.
2. Whether the Fund would be subject to any other tax under the New York State Tax
Law when it collected the proceeds of the policies upon the death of the insured when the
insured was a New York resident.
Petitioner submits the following facts as the basis for this Advisory Opinion.
The Fund was incorporated in the Isle of Man, and its registered office and principal
place of business is in the Isle of Man. The Fund is controlled and managed from the Isle of
Man. The Fund has no offices in New York State. The Fund does not employ any agents,
officers, or employees in New York State. The Fund’s sole activity is purchasing and holding life
insurance that has been acquired in life settlements. Shares in the Fund have not been, and will
not be, registered under the United States Securities Act of 1933 or under the securities
legislation of any state of the United States of America. Accordingly, shares will not be directly
or indirectly offered or sold in the United States of America or any of its territories or to or for
the benefit of a United States person.
The Fund is not required to be licensed by the New York State Superintendent of
Insurance to do an insurance business, and it is not regulated under the New York State
Insurance Law.
The Fund is designed to provide investors with capital growth through its investments in
a diversified portfolio of traded life policies, specifically life settlements, issued primarily, but
not exclusively, by U.S.-based life insurance companies. A life settlement is the transfer, via a
sale, of a life insurance policy from the policyholder. Individual life insurance policy owners
may wish to unlock a portion of the value of their policies. They may do so by selling their
personal policies for less than the death benefit. On the death of the insured, the insurance
company that issued the policy will pay the death benefit to the person who owns the policy. A

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life settlement provider or broker typically purchases the policies directly from the individual
policy owners and then resells the policies to investors such as the Fund.
The Fund proposes to purchase the traded life policies from a U.S. life settlement
provider based in New Jersey. The actual investment or purchase would take place in New Jersey
through the Fund's New Jersey-based escrow agent. The life settlement provider is one of the
largest life settlement providers in the U.S., and it purchases life insurance policies all across the
U.S. Therefore, it is possible that some of the policies that it purchased and plans to resell to the
Fund may have been originally held by New York State residents.
The whole transaction essentially breaks down in the following manner: 1) the life
settlement provider purchases a life insurance policy directly from the original insured, 2) it then
resells the policy to the Fund, and 3) on the death of the insured, the insurance company that
issued the policy will pay the death benefit to the Fund.
Applicable law and regulations
Section 209.1 of Article 9-A of the Tax Law imposes an annual franchise tax and
provides, in part, as follows:
For the privilege of exercising its corporate franchise, or of doing business, or of
employing capital, or of owning or leasing property in this state in a corporate or
organized capacity, or of maintaining an office in this state, for all or any part of each of
its fiscal or calendar years, every domestic or foreign corporation, except corporations
specified in subdivision four of this section, shall annually pay a franchise tax, upon the
basis of its entire net income base, or upon such other basis [capital base, minimum
taxable income bases or the fixed dollar minimum] as may be applicable as hereinafter
provided, for such fiscal or calendar year or part thereof ….
Section 209.4 of Article 9-A of the Tax Law provides, in part:
Corporations … taxable under articles thirty-two and thirty-three of this chapter
… shall not be subject to tax under this article.
Section 1500 of Article 33 of the Tax Law contains general definitions, and provides, in
part:
(a) The term “insurance corporation” includes a corporation, association, joint
stock company or association, person, society, aggregation or partnership, by whatever
name known, doing an insurance business ….
*

*

*

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(c) The term “foreign insurance corporation” means an insurance corporation
incorporated or organized under the laws of any other state of the United States, the
District of Columbia or the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.
(d) The term “alien insurance corporation” means an insurance corporation
incorporated or organized under the laws of any other foreign nation, or of any province
or territory not included under the definition of “foreign insurance corporation.”
Section 1501(a) of Article 33 of the Tax Law provides, in part:
Every domestic insurance corporation and every foreign or alien insurance
corporation, for the privilege of exercising its corporate franchise, or of doing business,
or of employing capital, or of owning or leasing property in this state in a corporate or
organized capacity, or of maintaining an office in this state … shall annually pay a
franchise tax ….
Section 1101 of the New York State Insurance Law provides, in part:
(a) In this article: (1) "Insurance contract" means any agreement or other
transaction whereby one party, the "insurer", is obligated to confer benefit of pecuniary
value upon another party, the "insured" or "beneficiary", dependent upon the happening
of a fortuitous event in which the insured or beneficiary has, or is expected to have at the
time of such happening, a material interest which will be adversely affected by the
happening of such event.
(2) "Fortuitous event" means any occurrence or failure to occur which is, or is
assumed by the parties to be, to a substantial extent beyond the control of either party.
(3) "Contract of warranty, guaranty or suretyship" means an insurance contract
only if made by a warrantor, guarantor or surety who or which, as such, is doing an
insurance business.
(b)(1)Except as provided in paragraph two, three or three-a of this subsection, any
of the following acts in this state, effected by mail from outside this state or otherwise, by
any person, firm, association, corporation or joint-stock company shall constitute doing
an insurance business in this state and shall constitute doing business in the state within
the meaning of section three hundred two of the civil practice law and rules:
(A) making, or proposing to make, as insurer, any insurance contract, including
either issuance or delivery of a policy or contract of insurance to a resident of this state or
to any firm, association, or corporation authorized to do business herein, or solicitation of
applications for any such policies or contracts;

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(B) making, or proposing to make, as warrantor, guarantor or surety, any contract
of warranty, guaranty or suretyship as a vocation and not as merely incidental to any
other legitimate business or activity of the warrantor, guarantor or surety;
(C) collecting any premium, membership fee, assessment or other consideration
for any policy or contract of insurance;
(D) doing any kind of business, including a reinsurance business, specifically
recognized as constituting the doing of an insurance business within the meaning of this
chapter;
(E) doing or proposing to do any business in substance equivalent to any of the
foregoing in a manner designed to evade the provisions of this chapter.
Section 1102(a) of the New York State Insurance Law provides, in part:
No person, firm, association, corporation or joint-stock company shall do an
insurance business in this state unless authorized by a license in force pursuant to the
provisions of this chapter, or exempted by the provisions of this chapter from such
requirement….
Section 1-3.2 of the Business Corporation Franchise Tax Regulations (“Article 9-A
Regulations”) provides, in part:
(b) Foreign corporation – doing business. (1) The term doing business is used in
a comprehensive sense and includes all activities which occupy the time or labor of
people for profit. Regardless of the nature of its activities, every corporation organized
for profit and carrying out any of the purposes of its organization is deemed to be doing
business for the purposes of the tax. In determining whether a corporation is doing
business, it is immaterial whether its activities actually result in a profit or a loss.
(2) Whether a corporation is doing business in New York State is determined by
the facts in each case. Consideration is given to such factors as:
(i) the nature, continuity, frequency, and regularity of the activities of the
corporation in New York State;
(ii) the purposes for which the corporation was organized;
(iii) the location of its offices and other places of business;
(iv) the employment in New York State of agents, officers and employees; and

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(v) the location of the actual seat of management or control of the corporation.
(c) Foreign corporation – employing capital. The term employing capital is used
in a comprehensive sense. Any of a large variety of uses, which may overlap other
activities, may give rise to taxable status. In general, the use of assets in maintaining or
aiding the corporate enterprise or activity in New York State will make the corporation
subject to tax. Employing capital includes such activities as:
(1) maintaining stockpiles of raw materials or inventories; or
(2) owning materials and equipment assembled for construction.
(d) Foreign corporation – owning or leasing property. The owning or leasing of
real or personal property within New York State constitutes an activity which subjects a
foreign corporation to tax. Property owned by or held for the taxpayer in New York
State, whether or not used in the taxpayer’s business, is sufficient to make the corporation
subject to tax. Property held, stored or warehoused in New York State creates taxable
status. Property held as a nominee for the benefit of others creates taxable status. Also,
consigning property to New York State may create taxable status if the consignor retains
title to the consigned property.
(e) Foreign corporation – maintaining an office. A foreign corporation which
maintains an office in New York State is engaged in an activity which makes it subject to
tax. An office is any area, enclosure or facility which is used in the regular course of the
corporate business. A salesperson’s home, a hotel room, or a trailer used on a
construction job site may constitute an office.
Opinion
In order for a corporation to be an insurance corporation subject to tax under Article 33 of
the Tax Law, the corporation must be "doing an insurance business." See section 1500(a) of the
Tax Law. Under Article 33 of the Tax Law, "doing an insurance business" is not defined.
However, the Department of Taxation and Finance has historically looked to whether a
corporation is doing a business which, if done in New York, would require the corporation to be
licensed by the Superintendent of Insurance. (See Stulmaker, Kohn & Richardson, LLP, Adv Op
Comm T & F, September 12, 1996, TSB-A-96(22)C.) In Mound, Cotton & Wollan, Adv Op
Comm T & F, September 16, 1988, TSB-88(20)C, it was held that a foreign life insurance
company not authorized to transact an insurance business in New York State was an insurance
corporation subject to franchise tax under Article 33 of the Tax Law.
Petitioner states that the Fund is not required to be licensed by the New York State
Superintendent of Insurance to do an insurance business, and it is not regulated under the
New York State Insurance Law. Petitioner states that the Fund’s sole activity is purchasing and

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holding life insurance that has been acquired in life settlements. Therefore, the Fund will not be
doing an insurance business as contemplated by section 1500 of the Tax Law, will not be an
insurance corporation for purposes of Article 33 of the Tax Law and will not be subject to the
taxes imposed under Article 33 of the Tax Law.
Section 209.4 of Article 9-A of the Tax Law provides, in essence, that if a corporation is
subject to one of the other franchise taxes imposed under the Tax Law, the corporation is not
subject to the franchise tax on general business corporations imposed by Article 9-A. Since the
Fund is not an insurance corporation, for purposes of the franchise taxes imposed on insurance
corporations by Article 33 of the Tax Law, the issue is whether it is subject to the franchise tax
on general business corporations imposed by Article 9-A of the Tax Law.
Pursuant to section 209.1 of the Tax Law and section 1-3.2(b), (c), (d), and (e) of the
Article 9-A Regulations, a corporation organized outside of New York State is subject to the tax
imposed under Article 9-A of the Tax Law if the corporation is doing business, employing
capital, owning or leasing property in a corporate or organized capacity, or maintaining an office
in New York State.
Petitioner states that the Fund’s principal place of business is in the Isle of Man and the
business is controlled and managed in the Isle of Man. Petitioner also states that the Fund has no
offices in New York State and does not employ any agents, officers, or employees in New York
State. Accordingly, with regard to the Fund’s proposed activities described in this Opinion, since
the Fund will not be doing business, employing capital, owning or leasing property, or
maintaining an office in New York State pursuant to section 209.1 of the Tax Law and as
described in section 1-3.2(b), (c), (d), and (e) of the Article 9-A Regulations, the Fund will not be
subject to tax under Article 9-A of the Tax Law.
Accordingly, with regard to the Fund’s proposed activities described in this Opinion, the
Fund will not be subject to the franchise tax imposed by Article 9-A or Article 33 of the Tax
Law.

DATED: December 28, 2006

NOTE:

/s/
Jonathan Pessen
Tax Regulations Specialist IV
Technical Services Division

The opinions expressed in Advisory Opinions are
limited to the facts set forth therein.