Is a ferry company that runs New York City interborough routes under a city lease taxed under Article 9 (sections 183/184) or Article 9-A, and how are its ferry receipts allocated to New York?
Plain-English summary
Port Imperial Ferry Corp., a New Jersey corporation, runs three kinds of ferry routes: interstate (NJ-NY), interborough (between New York City boroughs, under a lease of a ferry franchise and terminal from New York City), and intrastate (within New York, sometimes crossing into another state or country).
The threshold question was which tax applies. The Department traced the statutory history: since an 1914 amendment, section 184 (the additional franchise tax on transportation corporations) has excluded a ferry company operating between New York City boroughs under a city lease, and the modern section 183 carries the same exemption. Because such an interborough-lease ferry company is exempt from both sections 183 and 184, the Article 9-A exemption in section 209.4 (which spares corporations taxable under section 184) does not apply -- so the company is subject to Article 9-A.
On allocation, the Department held that the company's income from all its ferry routes -- interborough, intrastate, and interstate -- is business income included in entire net income and allocated within and without New York under section 210.3(a). The proper method for ferry receipts is in Regulations section 4-4.5: allocate by the percentage of New York mileage to total route mileage, or by the percentage of operating time in New York. A different method needs the Commissioner's approval, and section 210.8 lets the Commissioner adjust the allocation to fairly reflect New York activity.
What this means for you
The section 184 exemption is a trap door into Article 9-A
A transportation corporation that is exempt from section 184 loses the Article 9-A escape hatch in section 209.4. A New York City interborough ferry operating under a city lease is exactly that case -- exempt from sections 183/184 and therefore taxed under Article 9-A like an ordinary business corporation. Confirm which franchise-tax article applies before computing anything.
Allocating ferry (transportation) receipts
For ferry and similar transportation receipts, New York uses route-based allocation under Regulations section 4-4.5: New York mileage over total mileage, or New York operating time over total operating time. This applies even to routes that begin and end in New York but pass through another state or country.
Alternative methods need approval
You cannot unilaterally adopt a different allocation method -- it requires the Commissioner's approval, and under section 210.8 the Commissioner can impose a different method if the standard percentage does not fairly reflect your New York business.
Common questions
Q: Is a NYC interborough ferry company taxed under sections 183/184 or Article 9-A?
A: Article 9-A. A ferry company operating between New York City boroughs under a city lease is exempt from sections 183 and 184, so section 209.4 does not exempt it from Article 9-A.
Q: How are the ferry receipts allocated to New York?
A: As business income under section 210.3(a), using the Regulations section 4-4.5 method -- New York mileage over total mileage, or New York operating time over total operating time.
Q: Can the company use a different allocation method?
A: Only with the Commissioner's approval; section 210.8 also lets the Commissioner adjust the allocation to fairly reflect New York activity.
Citations and references
Statutes, regulations, and authorities:
- Tax Law section 184 (additional franchise tax on transportation/transmission corporations; interborough ferry exemption)
- Tax Law section 183 (franchise tax measured by capital stock; interborough ferry exemption)
- Tax Law section 209.4 (Article 9-A exemption for corporations taxable under section 184)
- Tax Law section 210.3(a) (business allocation percentage)
- Article 9-A Regulations section 4-4.5 (allocation of transportation receipts by mileage or operating time)
- Tax Law section 210.8 (Commissioner authority to adjust allocation)
- Port Imperial Ferry Corp., TSB-A-05(11)C (Aug. 22, 2005)
Source
- Landing page: https://www.tax.ny.gov/pubs_and_bulls/advisory_opinions/corporation_ao_2005.htm
- Opinion: https://www.tax.ny.gov/pdf/advisory_opinions/corporation/a05_11c.pdf
Original ruling text
New York State Department of Taxation and Finance
TSB-A-05(11)C
Corporation Tax
August 22, 2005
Office of Tax Policy Analysis
Technical Services Division
STATE OF NEW YORK
COMMISSIONER OF TAXATION AND FINANCE
ADVISORY OPINION
PETITION NO. C041027A
On October 27, 2004, a Petition for Advisory Opinion was received from Port Imperial
Ferry Corp., Pershing Road, Weehawken, New Jersey 07087.
The issues raised by Petitioner, Port Imperial Ferry Corp., are:
(1) Whether gross receipts from its interstate and interborough routes, as well as its
intrastate routes, should be included in its taxable gross earnings for purposes of section
184 of Article 9 of the Tax Law.
(2) Whether it is permitted to allocate the receipts from its intrastate routes that traverse
into another state or country based on the mileage traveled in New York divided by the
total mileage traveled on those routes.
Petitioner submits the following facts as the basis for this Advisory Opinion.
Petitioner is a New Jersey corporation that operates ferry routes between New Jersey and
New York (interstate routes), ferry routes between various New York City boroughs
(interborough routes) and ferry routes between various points in New York State (intrastate
routes).
The interborough routes are operated under a lease of a ferry franchise and a lease of a
ferry terminal with New York City. The intrastate routes originate and terminate in New York,
but may traverse into another state or country.
Applicable law
Section 183.1(b) of Article 9 of the Tax Law imposes a franchise tax on transportation
and transmission corporations and provides, in part:
For the privilege of exercising its corporate franchise, or of doing business, or of
employing capital, or of owning or leasing property in this state in a corporate or
organized capacity, or of maintaining an office in this state, every domestic corporation,
joint-stock company or association formed for or principally engaged in the conduct of
… ferry (except a ferry company operating between any of the boroughs of the city of
New York under a lease granted by the city) … business … shall pay, in advance, an
annual tax to be computed upon the basis of the amount of its capital stock within this
state during the preceding year, and upon each dollar of such amount….
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Section 184.1 of Article 9 of the Tax Law imposes an additional franchise tax on
transportation and transmission corporations and associations, and provides, in part:
Every corporation, joint-stock company or association formed for or principally
engaged in the conduct of … ferry (except a ferry company operating between any of the
boroughs of the city of New York under a lease granted by the city) … business … for
the privilege of exercising its corporate franchise, or of doing business, or of employing
capital, or of owning or leasing property in this state in a corporate or organized capacity,
or maintaining an office in this state, shall pay a franchise tax … upon its gross earnings
from all sources within this state … excluding earnings derived from business of an
interstate or foreign character ….
Section 209 of Article 9-A of the Tax Law, provides, in part:
1. For the privilege of exercising its corporate franchise, or of doing business, or
of employing capital, or of owning or leasing property in this state in a corporate or
organized capacity, or of maintaining an office in this state, for all or any part of each of
its fiscal or calendar years, every domestic or foreign corporation, except corporations
specified in subdivision four of this section, shall annually pay a franchise tax, upon the
basis of its entire net income base, or upon such other basis as may be applicable as
hereinafter provided, for such fiscal or calendar year or part thereof, on a report which
shall be filed, except as hereinafter provided, on or before the fifteenth day of March next
succeeding the close of each such year, or, in the case of a corporation which reports on
the basis of a fiscal year, within two and one-half months after the close of such fiscal
year, and shall be paid as hereinafter provided.
*
*
*
- Corporations liable to tax under sections one hundred eight-three to one
hundred eighty-five, inclusive … shall not be subject to tax under this article.
Section 210.3 of the Tax Law provides, in part:
The portion of the entire net income of a taxpayer to be allocated within the state
shall be determined as follows:
(a) multiply its business income by a business allocation percentage to be
determined by
(1) ascertaining the percentage which the average value of the taxpayer’s real and
tangible personal property, whether owned or rented to it, within the state during the
period covered by its report bears to the average value of all the taxpayer’s real and
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tangible personal property, whether owned or rented to it, wherever situated during such
period….
(2) ascertaining the percentage which the receipts of the taxpayer, computed on
the cash or accrual basis according to the method of accounting used in the computation
of its entire net income, arising during such period from
(A) sales of its tangible personal property where shipments are made to points
within this state,
(B) services performed within the state …,
(C) rentals from property situated, and royalties from the use of patents or
copyrights, within the state … and
(D) all other business receipts earned within the state, bear to the total amount of
the taxpayer’s receipts, similarly computed, arising during such period from all sales of
its tangible personal property, services, rentals, royalties … and all other business
transactions, whether within or without the state;
(3) ascertaining the percentage of the total wages, salaries and other personal
service compensation, similarly computed, during such period of employees within the
state, except general executive officers, to the total wages, salaries and other personal
service compensation, similarly computed, during such period of all the taxpayer’s
employees within and without the state, except general executive officers; and
(4) adding together the percentages so determined and dividing the result by the
number of percentages; provided, however, except (i) in the case of a New York S
corporation … the business allocation percentage shall be determined by adding the
percentages so determined and an additional percentage equal to the percentage
determined under subparagraph two of this paragraph together, and dividing the result by
the number of percentages so added together …;
*
*
*
(b) multiplying its investment income by an investment allocation percentage to
be determined by
(1) multiplying the amount of its investment capital invested in each stock, bond
or other security (other than governmental securities) during the period covered by its
report by the issuer’s allocation percentage of the issuer or obligor thereof.
*
*
*
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(2) adding together the sums so obtained, and
(3) dividing the result so obtained by the total of its investment capital invested
during such period in stocks, bonds and other securities … and provided further, that if a
taxpayer’s investment allocation percentage is zero, interest received on bank accounts
shall be multiplied by its business allocation percentage …; and
(c) add the products so obtained.
*
*
*
- If it shall appear to the [Commissioner of Taxation and Finance] that any
business or investment allocation percentage or alternative business allocation percentage
determined as hereinabove provided does not properly reflect the activity, business,
income or capital of a taxpayer within the state, the [Commissioner] shall be authorized
in [his] discretion, in the case of a business allocation percentage or alternative business
allocation percentage, to adjust it by (a) excluding one or more of the factors therein, (b)
including one or more other factors, such as expenses, purchases, contract values (minus
subcontract values), (c) excluding one or more assets in computing such allocation
percentage, provided the income therefrom is also excluded in determining entire net
income or minimum taxable income, or (d) any other similar or different method
calculated to effect a fair and proper allocation of the income and capital reasonably
attributable to the state, and in the case of an investment allocation percentage, to adjust it
by excluding one or more assets in computing such percentage provided the income
therefrom is also excluded in determining entire net income or minimum taxable income.
Section 4-4.5 of the Business Corporation Franchise Tax Regulations (Regulations)
provides rules for the allocation of receipts from transportation by omnibus, in part, as follows:
Receipts by the taxpayer from transportation by omnibus may be allocated to
New York State by the percentage that the mileage within New York State bears to the
total mileage within and without New York State, or by the percentage that the time
operated within New York State bears to the total time operated within and without
New York State or by any other method approved by the [Commissioner of Taxation and
Finance]….
Opinion
In this case, Petitioner operates New York City interborough ferry routes as well as
New York intrastate and interstate ferry routes. The interborough routes are operated under a
lease of a ferry franchise and a lease of a ferry terminal with New York City. The intrastate ferry
routes originate and terminate in New York, but may traverse into other states and countries.
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Before addressing Petitioner’s issues, it must be determined whether Petitioner is subject
to tax under section 184 of the Tax Law. Historically, Chapter 908 of the Laws of 1896
consolidated the corporation tax law provisions creating Article 9 of Chapter 60 (Tax Law) of
the Consolidated Laws. As added by Chapter 908 of the Laws of 1896, section 182 of Article 9
of the Tax Law imposed a franchise tax on corporations that was based on capital stock; section
183 of Article 9 of the Tax Law contained specific exemptions from the section 182 franchise
tax; and section 184 of Article 9 of the Tax Law imposed an additional franchise tax on
transportation and transmission corporations. Both the franchise tax under section 182 and the
additional franchise tax under section 184 were imposed on corporations formed for carrying on
a ferry business within New York State.
Section 184 of the Tax Law was amended by Chapter 334 of the Laws of 1914, to
exclude from the additional franchise tax, “a ferry company operating between any of the
boroughs of the city of New York under a lease granted by the city.” This exemption was not
added to section 183 and did not apply to the franchise tax imposed under section 182 of the Tax
Law. Therefore, such ferry companies continued to be subject to such section 182 of the Tax
Law, even though exempt from section 184 of the Tax Law.
Article 9-A of the Tax Law was added by Chapter 726 of the Laws of 1917, imposing a
franchise tax on manufacturing and mercantile corporations. Pursuant to Chapter 628 of the
Laws of 1919, the imposition of tax under Article 9-A was amended to include business
corporations generally, taxing every domestic corporation and foreign corporations doing
business in New York, except those specifically exempted. One exemption was for corporations
liable to a tax under section 184 of the Tax Law. There was no exemption for taxpayers liable to
a tax under section 182 of the Tax Law. Therefore, a ferry company operating between any of
the boroughs of the city of New York under a lease granted by the City (which company was
exempt from section 184) was subject to the franchise tax imposed under Article 9-A of the Tax
Law. Chapter 431 of the Laws of 1922 amended section 183 of the Tax Law to exclude
corporations taxable under Article 9-A from the tax on capital stock imposed under section 182.
Sections 182 and 183 of the Tax Law were repealed by chapter 663 of the Laws of 1930 and
replaced by a new section 183 of the Tax Law to impose a franchise tax measured by capital
stock on transportation and transmission corporations. The new section 183 imposes the
franchise tax on ferry companies, but exempts a ferry company operating between any of the
boroughs of the city of New York under a lease granted by the City.
Therefore, pursuant to sections 183.1 and 184.1 of the Tax Law, a corporation principally
engaged in the conduct of a ferry business is subject to the franchise tax and the additional
franchise tax, respectively, imposed annually under sections 183 and 184. However, a ferry
company that operates between any of the boroughs of the city of New York under a lease
granted by New York City is not taxable under the franchise tax imposed under section 183 of
the Tax Law or the additional franchise tax imposed under section 184 of the Tax Law.
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Accordingly, pursuant to section 209.4 of Article 9-A of the Tax Law, a ferry company
operating between any of the boroughs of the city of New York under a lease granted by the City
is not exempt from the franchise tax imposed under section 209.1 of the Tax Law. Therefore,
Petitioner is subject to franchise tax under Article 9-A of the Tax Law and is not subject to the
franchise tax imposed under section 183 of the Tax Law or the additional franchise tax imposed
under section 184 of the Tax Law.
Since Petitioner is not subject to tax under section 184 of the Tax Law, this Advisory
Opinion will address Petitioner’s issues with respect to its taxation under Article 9-A of the Tax
Law.
Issue 1 For purposes of Article 9-A of the Tax Law, Petitioner’s income from its interborough
ferry routes, its intrastate ferry routes and its interstate ferry routes is included in its entire net
income as computed under section 208.9 of the Tax Law, and is treated as business income that
is allocated within and without New York State pursuant to section 210.3(a) of the Tax Law
using the three factor formula contained in such section.
Issue 2 Petitioner’s receipts from its interborough, intrastate and interstate ferry routes are
receipts from a transportation activity. Section 210.3(a)(2)(A), (B) and (C) of the Tax Law does
not provide an enumerated method for determining the portion of such receipts that is allocated
to New York. Therefore, Petitioner’s receipts from its ferry business constitute other business
receipts under section 210.3(a)(2)(D) of the Tax Law. Other business receipts earned by a
taxpayer in New York State are allocated to New York State.
Petitioner’s transportation of passengers by ferry boat is similar to the transportation of
passengers by omnibus. Therefore, a reasonable method to determine the portion of Petitioner’s
receipts from its interborough, intrastate and interstate ferry business that is earned in New York
is to use one of the methods described in section 4-4.5 of the Regulations. Following
section 4-4.5 of the Regulations, Petitioner’s allocation of its receipts from its ferry business
should be based on the percentage that the mileage within New York State of Petitioner’s ferry
routes bears to the total mileage of such routes within and without New York State, or on the
percentage that the time the ferries operate within New York State bears to the total time the
ferries operate within and without New York State. A different method of allocating Petitioner’s
receipts from its ferry business may not be used unless it is approved by the Commissioner of
Taxation and Finance.
It should be noted that section 210.8 of the Tax Law authorizes the Commissioner of
Taxation and Finance to use other methods to more accurately reflect the taxpayer’s business
activity within New York State when it appears to the Commissioner that the business allocation
percentage determined pursuant to section 210.3(a) of the Tax Law does not properly reflect the
activity, business, income or capital of a taxpayer within New York State. If a different method
is used, it must be calculated to effect a fair and proper allocation of the business income and
business capital reasonably attributable to New York State. The determination of whether the
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business allocation percentage determined pursuant to section 210.3(a) of the Tax Law results in
a fair allocation of Petitioner’s business capital and business income to New York State is a
factual matter that is not susceptible of determination within the scope of an advisory opinion.
(Tax Law, §171.Twenty-fourth; 20 NYCRR 2376.1(a).)
DATED: August 22, 2005
NOTE:
/s/
Jonathan Pessen
Tax Regulations Specialist IV
Technical Services Division
The opinions expressed in Advisory Opinions are
limited to the facts set forth therein.