Are a corporate partner's allocations of a limited partnership's trading profits investment income or business income for New York Article 9-A purposes?

Plain-English summary

Renaissance Technologies Corporation was a corporate partner receiving allocations of profits from a limited partnership that traded securities. It asked whether those allocations are investment income or business income for New York Article 9-A franchise-tax purposes -- a distinction that affects allocation and tax.

The Department applied the aggregate method in Regulations section 3-13.3: a corporate partner is treated as realizing each partnership item directly from its original source. So the character of the partner's share is determined as if the partner itself held the securities.

The dividing line is in section 208.5: investment capital means investments in stocks, bonds, and other securities not held for sale to customers in the regular course of business. For a corporate partner, securities are not investment capital if the partnership holds them for sale to customers in its regular business -- then the income is business income.

Whether securities are "held for sale to customers" is a factual question the Department will not resolve in an advisory opinion. But the Department added a key presumption: securities that qualify as capital assets under IRC section 1221 are presumed not held for sale to customers, so they are investment capital and the income from them is investment income under section 208.

What this means for you

Corporate partners take the partnership's character

New York uses the aggregate (not entity) method for corporate partners. You look through the partnership: each item keeps the character it had at the partnership level. A partner cannot convert business income into investment income (or vice versa) simply because it flows through a partnership.

Dealer vs. investor at the partnership level

The pivotal fact is whether the partnership holds the securities for sale to customers in the regular course of business. If it does (a dealer), the partner's share is business income. If the securities are held as capital assets under IRC section 1221, they are presumed investment capital, and the share is investment income.

Be ready to prove the holding purpose

"Held for sale to customers" is a facts-and-circumstances determination the Department will not decide in advance. Keep records showing whether the partnership trades as a dealer or holds for investment; the IRC section 1221 capital-asset characterization gives a helpful presumption of investment treatment.

Common questions

Q: Is a corporate partner's share of partnership trading profits business or investment income?
A: It takes the character it had at the partnership level. If the partnership holds the securities for sale to customers in the regular course of business, the share is business income; otherwise it can be investment income.

Q: What method does New York use for corporate partners?
A: The aggregate method (Regulations section 3-13.3) -- the partner is treated as realizing each item directly from its original source.

Q: How do IRC section 1221 capital assets factor in?
A: Securities that are capital assets under IRC section 1221 are presumed not held for sale to customers, so they are investment capital and produce investment income under section 208.

Citations and references

Statutes, regulations, and authorities:
- Tax Law section 208 (definitions; investment capital and investment income)
- Tax Law section 208.5 (investment capital; securities not held for sale to customers)
- Article 9-A Regulations section 3-13.3 (corporate partner takes income character from the partnership; aggregate method)
- Internal Revenue Code section 1221 (capital assets)
- Renaissance Technologies Corporation, TSB-A-05(10)C (July 25, 2005)

Source

• Landing page: https://www.tax.ny.gov/pubs_and_bulls/advisory_opinions/corporation_ao_2005.htm
• Opinion: https://www.tax.ny.gov/pdf/advisory_opinions/corporation/a05_10c.pdf

Original ruling text

New York State Department of Taxation and Finance

TSB-A-05(10)C
Corporation Tax
July 25, 2005

Office of Tax Policy Analysis
Technical Services Division
STATE OF NEW YORK
COMMISSIONER OF TAXATION AND FINANCE
ADVISORY OPINION

PETITION NO. C040506B

On May 6, 2004, a Petition for Advisory Opinion was received from Renaissance
Technologies Corporation, 800 Third Avenue, New York, New York 10022, c/o Nicholas Nesi
and Robert Zonenschein, BDO Seidman, LLP, 330 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10017
The issue raised by Petitioner, Renaissance Technologies Corporation, is whether
Petitioner’s receipt of allocations from a limited partnership attributable to partnership profits
(the “Allocations”) should be categorized as investment income for New York State corporation
franchise tax purposes under section 208.6 of the Tax Law for taxable years 2000 through 2002.
Petitioner submits the following facts as the basis for this Advisory Opinion.
Petitioner is a Delaware S corporation and is an S corporation for federal and New York
State tax purposes. Petitioner is an investment securities manager with its principal offices
located at 800 Third Avenue, New York, New York. Petitioner is registered as an investment
advisor with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) pursuant to the Investment
Advisors Act of 1940 (the Act), 15 USC §80a-1 et. seq. Petitioner also serves as the general
partner in various limited partnerships operating as hedge funds formed under the Delaware
Revised Uniform Limited Partnership Act (hereinafter a representative limited partnership is
referred to as “LP”.) Hedge funds are pooled investment vehicles, typically formed as limited
partnerships, which employ active portfolio management to obtain above average capital gains
for their own account. Hedge funds attempt to hedge against downturns in the markets through
employing flexible investment strategies, such as short selling, leveraging and utilizing
derivatives (e.g., puts, calls, options and futures.)
Petitioner’s rights and obligations with respect to the LP are set forth in a Partnership
Agreement. Petitioner is obligated to perform certain management activities for the LP,
including making investment decisions on behalf of the hedge fund and various other duties.
The partnership agreement provides that Petitioner will pay all of Petitioner’s operating and
overhead costs, including compensation of all employees responsible for management of the
LP’s investments. As compensation for these services, Petitioner is entitled to receive a
management fee equal to 2.5 % of the value of the limited partners’ respective capital accounts
on a set date, without regard to the performance of the hedge fund (hereinafter this fee is referred
to as the “Management Fee.”) The Management Fee constitutes remuneration for services
provided by Petitioner to the LP for the benefit of its partners. The LP deducts Management
Fees paid to Petitioner each fiscal period as an expense necessary to generate income.
Petitioner’s right to receive a Management Fee from the LP is fixed and guaranteed regardless of
the fund’s performance.

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The Partnership Agreement provides that Petitioner will receive its distributive share of
the LP’s income or loss, and may receive a special allocation called a performance allocation of
up to 44 % of any positive performance change in the LP limited partners’ capital accounts for a
fiscal period. The positive performance change is, in essence, the increase in the net worth of the
capital account of a limited partner determined for the fiscal period, and reflects the appreciated
value of assets held by the fund as well as profits from transactions occurring during the period.
The performance allocations are made by debiting the capital accounts of the limited partners
and crediting the capital account of Petitioner. The Allocations that are at issue in this Advisory
Opinion are that portion of the performance allocations attributable to the profits from
transactions occurring during the period that are deemed to be passed-through from the LP to
Petitioner. The amounts distributed as Allocations are not deducted by the LP regardless of
whether the Allocations are passed-through to Petitioner. The Allocations are not fixed and
guaranteed and are merely an allocation of profits generated from the LP’s investment activities.
A performance allocation is made only if there is a positive performance change in a limited
partner’s capital account for the fiscal period.
Petitioner states that the LP maintains the appropriate capital accounts in accordance with
the requirements of Treasury Regulation section 1.704-1(b)(2)(ii) and (iv).
Applicable law and regulations
Section 208 of the Tax Law provides, in part:
1-A. The term “New York S corporation” means, with respect to any taxable year,
a corporation subject to tax under this article for which an election is in effect pursuant to
subsection (a) of section six hundred sixty of this chapter for such year, any such year
shall be denominated a “New York S year”, and such election shall be denominated a
“New York S election”. The term “New York C corporation” means, with respect to any
taxable year, a corporation subject to tax under this article which is not a New York S
corporation, and any such year shall be denominated a “New York C year”….
*

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5. The term “investment capital” means investments in stocks, bonds and other
   securities, corporate and governmental, not held for sale to customers in the regular
   course of business, exclusive of subsidiary capital and stock issued by the taxpayer,
   provided, however, that, in the discretion of the commissioner, there shall be deducted
   from investment capital any liabilities which are directly or indirectly attributable to
   investment capital ...;
6. The term “investment income” means income, including capital gains in excess
   of capital losses, from investment capital, to the extent included in computing entire net
   income, less, (a) in the discretion of the commissioner, any deductions allowable in

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computing entire net income which are directly or indirectly attributable to investment
capital or investment income, and (b) such portion of any net operating loss deduction
allowable in computing entire net income, as the investment income, before such
deduction, bears to entire net income, before such deduction, provided, however, that in
no case shall investment income exceed entire net income;
7. (a) The term “business capital” means all assets, other than subsidiary capital,
investment capital and stock issued by the taxpayer, less liabilities not deducted from
subsidiary or investment capital except that cash on hand and on deposit shall be treated
as investment capital or as business capital as the taxpayer may elect.
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8. The term “business income” means entire net income minus investment
   income;
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9. The term “entire net income” means total net income from all sources, which
   shall be presumably the same as the entire taxable income (but not alternative minimum
   taxable income),
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(ii) which the taxpayer would have been required to report to the United States
treasury department if it had not made an election under subchapter s of chapter one of
the internal revenue code…
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except as hereinafter provided, and subject to any modification required by paragraphs
(d) and (e) of subdivision three of section two hundred ten of this article.
Section 1-2.1 of the Business Corporation Franchise Tax Regulations (Article 9-A
Regulations) provides, in part:
Any term used in this Subchapter shall, unless a different meaning is clearly
required, presumably have the same meaning as when used in a comparable context in:
(a) the laws of the United States relating to Federal income taxes and the Federal
tax regulations promulgated thereunder;
Section 3-3.2 of the Regulations provides, in part:

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(a)(1) The term investment capital means the taxpayer’s investments in stocks,
bonds and other securities issued by a corporation (except as provided in paragraph (2) of
this subdivision) or by the United States, any state, territory or possession of the United
States, the District of Columbia, or any foreign country, or any political subdivision or
governmental instrumentality of any of the foregoing . . . At the election of the taxpayer,
cash on hand and cash on deposit may be treated on any report as either investment
capital or business capital . . . Any debt instrument, including a certificate of deposit,
which is described in paragraph (2) or (3) of subdivision (c) of this section and is not
described in paragraph (2) of this subdivision and which is payable by its terms on
demand or within six months and one day from the date on which the debt was incurred
is deemed to be cash on hand or on deposit. Any such debt instrument which is payable
by its terms more than six months and one day from the date on which the debt was
incurred is deemed to be cash on hand or on deposit on any day which is not more than
six months and one day prior to its date of maturity. Cash also includes shares in a
money market mutual fund. A money market mutual fund is a no-load, open-end
investment company registered under the Federal Investment Company Act of 1940
which attempts to maintain a constant net asset value per share and holds itself out to be a
“money market” fund. A taxpayer may not elect to treat part of its cash as investment
capital and part as business capital. No election to treat cash as investment capital may
be made where the taxpayer has no other investment capital.
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(2) Investment capital does not include:
(i) stock issued by the taxpayer;
(ii) stocks, bonds or other securities constituting subsidiary capital;
(iii) securities of an individual, partnership, trust or other nongovernmental entity
which is not a corporation within the definition contained in section 208.1 of the Tax Law
(such as [FNMA and GNMA] pass-through certificates);
(iv) stocks, bonds and other securities of a DISC, or any indebtedness from a
DISC;
(v) regular interests and residual interests in a real estate mortgage investment
conduit (REMIC), as defined in section 860D of the Internal Revenue Code;
(vi) futures contracts and forward contracts; and

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(vii) stocks, bonds and other securities held by the taxpayer for sale to customers
in the regular course of its business.
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(c) For purposes of paragraph (1) of subdivision (a) of this section, the phrase
stocks, bonds and other securities means:
(1) stocks and similar corporate equity instruments, such as business trust
certificates, and units in a publicly traded partnership included in the definition of
“corporation” contained in section 208.1 of the Tax Law;
(2) debt instruments issued by the United States, any state, territory or possession
of the United States, the District of Columbia, or any foreign country, or any political
subdivision or governmental instrumentality of any of the foregoing;
(3) qualifying corporate debt instruments (see subdivision (d) of this section);
(4) options on any item described in paragraph (1), (2) or (3) of this subdivision
and not described in paragraph (2) of subdivision (a) of this section, or on a stock or bond
index, or on a futures contract on such an index, unless the options are purchased
primarily to diminish the taxpayer’s risk of loss from holding one or more positions in
assets which constitute business or subsidiary capital; and
(5) stock rights and stock warrants not in the possession of the issuer thereof.
Provided, however, debt instruments described in paragraph (2) or (3) of this subdivision
which are deemed to be cash pursuant to paragraph (1) of subdivision (a) of this section
do not constitute stocks, bonds or other securities.
(d) Qualifying corporate debt instruments. (1) The term qualifying corporate
debt instruments means all debt instruments issued by a corporation other than the
following:
(i) instruments issued by the taxpayer or a DISC;
(ii) instruments which constitute subsidiary capital in the hands of the
taxpayer;
(iii) instruments acquired by the taxpayer for services rendered or for the sale,
rental or other transfer of property, where the obligor is the recipient of the services or
property; however, where a taxpayer sells or otherwise transfers property which is
investment capital in the hands of such taxpayer (e.g., stock) and receives in return a
corporate obligation issued by the recipient of such property, such corporate obligation, if

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it is not otherwise excluded from the category of investment capital, would constitute
investment capital in the hands of the taxpayer;
(iv) instruments acquired for funds if:
(a) the obligor is the recipient of such funds;
(b) the taxpayer is principally engaged in the business of lending funds; and
(c) the obligation is acquired in the regular course of the taxpayer’s business of
lending funds;
(v) accepted drafts (such as banker’s acceptances and trade acceptances) where
the taxpayer is the drawer of the draft;
(vi) instruments issued by a corporation which is a member of an affiliated group
which includes the taxpayer; and
(vii) accounts receivable, including those held by a factor.
Section 3-13.2 of the Regulations provides:
Each partnership item of income, capital, gain, loss or deduction has the same
source and character in the hands of a partner for article 9-A purposes as it has in its
hands for Federal income tax purposes. Where an item is not characterized for Federal
income tax purposes or is not required to be taken into account for Federal income tax
purposes, the source and character of the item shall be determined as if such item were
realized by the partner directly from the source from which realized by the partnership, or
incurred by the partner in the same manner as incurred by the partnership.
Internal Revenue Code (IRC) section 704(b) provides:
Determination of distributive share. – A partner’s distributive share of income,
gain, loss, deduction, or credit (or item thereof) shall be determined in accordance with
the partner’s interest in the partnership (determined by taking into account all facts and
circumstances), if –
(1) the partnership agreement does not provide as to the partner’s distributive
share of income, gain, loss, deduction, or credit (or item thereof), or
(2) the allocation to a partner under the agreement of income, gain, loss,
deduction, or credit (or item thereof) does not have substantial economic effect.

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Treasury Regulation section 1.704-1(b)(2) provides, in part:
Substantial economic effect – (i) Two-part analysis. The determination of
whether an allocation of income, gain, loss, or deduction (or item thereof) to a partner has
substantial economic effect involves a two-part analysis that is made as of the end of the
partnership taxable year to which the allocation relates. First, the allocation must have
economic effect…. Second, the economic effect of the allocation must be substantial….
(ii) Economic effect – (a) Fundamental principles. In order for an allocation to
have economic effect, it must be consistent with the underlying economic arrangement of
the partners. This means that in the event there is an economic benefit or economic
burden that corresponds to an allocation, the partner to whom the allocation is made must
receive such economic benefit or bear such economic burden.
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(iii) Substantiality – (a) General rules. Except as otherwise provided in this
paragraph (b)(2)(iii), the economic effect of an allocation (or allocations) is substantial if
there is a reasonable possibility that the allocation (or allocations) will affect substantially
the dollar amounts to be received by the partners from the partnership, independent of tax
consequences….
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(iv) Maintenance of capital accounts – (a) In general. The economic effect test
described in paragraph (b)(2)(ii) of this section requires an examination of the capital
accounts of the partners of a partnership, as maintained under the partnership agreement.
Except as otherwise provided in paragraph (b)(2)(ii)(i) of this section, an allocation of
income, gain, loss, or deduction will not have economic effect under paragraph (b)(2)(ii)
of this section, and will not be deemed to be in accordance with a partner’s interest in the
partnership under paragraph (b)(4) of this section, unless the capital accounts of the
partners are determined and maintained throughout the full term of the partnership in
accordance with the capital accounting rules of this paragraph (b)(2)(iv).
IRC section 707 provides, in part:
(a) Partner not acting in capacity as partner. –
(1) In general. – If a partner engages in a transaction with a partnership other than
in his capacity as a member of such partnership, the transaction shall, except as otherwise
provided in this section, be considered as occurring between the partnership and one who
is not a partner.

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(2) Treatment of payments to partners for property or services. – Under
regulations prescribed by the Secretary –
(A) Treatment of certain services and transfers of property. – If –
(i) a partner performs services for a partnership ...,
(ii) there is a related direct or indirect allocation and distribution to such
partner, and
(iii) the performance of such services ... and the allocation and
distribution, when viewed together, are properly characterized as a transaction
occurring between the partnership and a partner acting other than in his capacity
as a member of the partnership,
such allocation and distribution shall be treated as a transaction described in
paragraph (1).
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(c) Guaranteed payments. – To the extent determined without regard to the
income of the partnership, payments to a partner for services or the use of capital shall be
considered as made to one who is not a member of the partnership, but only for the
purposes of section 61(a) (relating to gross income) and, subject to section 263, for
purposes of section 162(a) (relating to trade or business expenses).
The legislative history of IRC section 707(a)(2)(A) [1 Senate Comm of Finance, 98th
Cong., 2d Sess., Deficit Reduction Act of 1984 (PL 98-369), S. Prt. No. 169, at 227 - 230]
provides, in part:
The comittee does intend that the provision apply to allocations which are
determined to be related to the performance of services for, or the transfer of property to,
the partnership and which, when viewed together with distributions, have the substantive
economic effect of direct payments for such property or services under the facts and
circumstances of the case.
The bill authorizes the Treasury Department to prescribe such regulations as may
be necessary or appropriate to carry out the purposes of the provision. In prescribing
these regulations, the Treasury should be mindful that the committee is concerned with
transactions that work to avoid capitalization requirements or other rules and restrictions
governing direct payments and not with non-abusive allocations that reflect the various
economic contributions of the partners. These regulations may apply the provision both

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to one-time transactions and to continuing arrangements which utilize purported
partnership allocations and distributions in place of direct payments....
These regulations will provide, when appropriate, that the purported partner
performing services or transferring property is not a partner at all. Once it is determined
that the service performer or property transferor is actually a partner, the committee
believes the factors described below should be considered in determining whether the
partner is receiving the putative allocation and distribution in his capacity as a partner.
The first, and generally the most important, factor is whether the payment is
subject to an appreciable risk as to amount. Partners extract the profits of the partnership
with reference to the business success of the venture while third parties generally receive
payments which are not subject to this risk. An allocation and distribution provided for a
service partner under the partnership agreement which subjects the partner to significant
entrepreneurial risk as to both the amount and the fact of payment generally should be
recognized as a distributive share and a partnership distribution, while an allocation and
distribution provided for a service partner under the partnership agreement which
involves limited risk as to amount and payment should generally be treated as a fee under
sec. 707(a). For example, allocations that limit a partner’s risk may be either “capped”
allocations of partnership income (i.e., percentage or fixed dollar amount allocations
subject to an annual maximum amount when the parties could reasonably expect the cap
to apply in most years) or allocations for a fixed number of years under which the income
that will go to the partner is reasonably certain. Similarly, continuing arrangements in
which purported allocations and distributions (under a formula or otherwise) are fixed in
amount or reasonably determinable under all the facts and circumstances and which arise
in connection with services also shield the purported partner from entrepreneurial risk....
The second factor is whether the partner status of the recipient is transitory.
Transitory partner status suggests that a payment is a fee or is in return for property. The
fact that the partner status is continuing, however, is of no particular relevance.
The third factor is whether the distribution and allocation that are made to the
partner are close in time to the partner’s performance of services for or transfers of
property to the partnership. In the case of continuing arrangements, the time at which
income will be allocated to the partner may be a factor indicating that an allocation is, in
fact, a disguised payment. For example, an allocation close in time to the performance of
services, or the transfer of property, is more likely to be related to the services or
property. Also, when the income subject to allocation arises over an extended period or
is remote in time from the services or property contributed by a partner the risk of not
receiving payment (the first factor described above) may increase.
The fourth factor is whether, under all the facts and circumstances, it appears that
the recipient became a partner primarily to obtain tax benefits for himself or for the

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partnership which would not have been available if he had rendered services to the
partnership in a third party capacity. The fact that a partner has significant non-tax
motivations in becoming a partner is of no particular relevance.
The fifth factor, which relates to purported allocations/distributions for services, is
whether the value of the recipient’s interest in general and continuing partnership profits
is small in relation to the allocation in question. This is especially significant if the
allocation for services is for a limited period of time. The fact that the recipient’s interest
in general and continuing partnership profits is substantial does not, however, suggest
that the purported partnership allocation/distribution arrangement should be recognized.
The sixth factor ... relates to purported allocation /distributions for property....
The committee anticipates that the Secretary may describe other factors that are
relevant in evaluating whether a purported allocation and distribution should be
respected. In applying these various factors, the Treasury and courts should be careful
not to be misled by possibly self-serving assertions in the partnership agreement as to the
duties of a partner in his partner capacity but should instead seek the substance of the
transaction.
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The principles of this provision can be illustrated by the following examples.
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Example 2. – There may be instances in which allocation/distribution arrangements that
are contingent in amount may nevertheless be recharacterized as fees. Generally, these
situations should arise only when (1) the partner in question normally performs, has
previously performed, or is capable of performing similar services for third parties; and
(2) the partnership agreement provides for an allocation and distribution to such partner
that effectively compensates him in a manner substantially similar to the manner in which
the partner’s compensation from third parties normally would be computed.
For example, suppose that a partnership is formed to invest in stock. The
partnership admits a stock broker as a partner. The broker agrees to effect trades for the
partnership without the normal brokerage commission. In exchange for his partnership
interest, the broker contributes 51 percent of partnership capital and receives a 51 percent
interest in residual partnership profits and losses. In addition, he receives an allocation of
gross income that is computed in a manner which approximates his foregone
commissions. It is expected that the partnership will have sufficient gross income to
make this allocation. The agreement provides that the broker will receive a priority
distribution of cash from operations up to the amount of the gross income allocation. In

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this case, even though the broker/partner’s special allocation appears contingent and not
substantially fixed as to amount, it is computed by means of a formula like a normal
brokerage fee and effectively varies with the value and amount of services rendered
rather than with the income of the partnership. Thus, this contingent gross income
allocation along with the equivalent priority distribution should be treated as a fee under
sec. 707(a), rather than as a distributive share and partnership distribution.
Opinion
Petitioner is a registered investment advisor, and is the general partner of various LPs that
operate as hedge funds. Petitioner is the service partner obligated to perform certain
management activities for each LP, including making investment decisions on behalf of the LP
and various other duties. In addition to its distributive share of items of LP income, capital, gain,
loss and deduction, Petitioner receives, pursuant to the partnership agreement, a Management
Fee. The Management Fee is paid for each fiscal period in consideration for the services that
Petitioner provides for each LP, and is based on a fixed percentage and guaranteed regardless of
the performance of the LP. The LP deducts Management Fees paid to Petitioner each fiscal
period as an expense necessary to generate income.
Pursuant to the partnership agreement, Petitioner also receives special allocations called
performance allocations. Such performance allocations are made only when there is a positive
performance change in the LP limited partners’ capital accounts for a fiscal period. The positive
performance change is, in essence, the increase in the net worth of the capital account of a
limited partner determined for the fiscal period, and reflects the appreciated value of assets held
by the LP (unrealized gains) as well as profits from transactions occurring during the fiscal
period (interest, dividends, capital gains, etc. from the activities of the hedge fund). The
performance allocations are based on a percentage of the positive performance change in the LP
limited partners’ capital accounts and are made by debiting or decreasing the capital accounts of
the limited partners and crediting or increasing the capital account of Petitioner. If there is a
decrease in the net worth of the capital accounts of the limited partners, no performance
allocation is made to Petitioner. The Allocations are the portion of the performance allocations
reflecting the profits from transactions occurring during the fiscal period as provided by the
Partnership Agreement.
Petitioner is a New York S corporation that is subject to tax under Article 9-A of the Tax
Law. In determining its entire net income pursuant to section 208.9 of the Tax Law for taxable
years 2000 through 2002, Petitioner’s starting point, federal taxable income, will include its
distributive share of the LP’s items of income, capital, gain, loss and deduction, as well as the
Management Fees and the performance allocations received by Petitioner from the LP. Pursuant
to section 3-13.2 of the Regulations, the source and character of each LP item of income, capital,
gain, loss or deduction is the same as for federal income tax purposes. If an item is not
characterized for federal income tax purposes, the source and character of the item is determined
as if such item were realized by Petitioner directly from the source from which realized by the

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LP, or incurred by Petitioner in the same manner as incurred by the LP. Therefore, before it can
be determined whether the income Petitioner receives from the LP is investment income or
business income, the federal treatment of such income must be determined.
IRC section 707(a) applies to any payments made by each LP for services rendered by
Petitioner other than in its capacity as a partner (i.e., for services rendered by Petitioner as a third
party). If a payment to Petitioner is received in consideration of services provided in its capacity
as a partner, and the payment is determined with regard to partnership income so that it is not a
guaranteed payment under IRC section 707(c), such payment is treated as a distributive share of
partnership income under IRC section 704.
To determine whether the Management Fees and Allocations received by Petitioner are in
its capacity as a partner of the LP or as other than a partner (i.e., as a third party), guidance may
be obtained from the legislative history with respect to IRC section 707(a)(2)(A). IRC section
707(a)(2)(A) applies to partners who perform services for a partnership and who receive a related
allocation and distribution. Such payment would be treated as a payment to the partner other
than in its capacity as a partner if the performance of the services and the related allocation and
distribution “when viewed together, are properly characterized as a transaction occurring
between the partnership and a partner acting other than in his capacity as a member of the
partnership.” The Senate Finance Committee Report discussing the provisions of section
707(a)(2)(A) lists six factors to be taken into account in making the distinction, and the most
important factor is whether the payment is subject to an appreciable risk as to amount. Pursuant
to such legislative history:
Partners extract the profits of the partnership with reference to the business success of the
venture while third parties generally receive payments which are not subject to this risk.
An allocation and distribution provided for a service partner under the partnership
agreement which subjects the partner to significant entrepreneurial risk as to both the
amount and the fact of payment generally should be recognized as a distributive share
and a partnership distribution, while an allocation and distribution provided for a service
partner under the partnership agreement which involves limited risk as to amount and
payment should generally be treated as a fee under section 707(a).
With respect to the Management Fees received by Petitioner as the service partner of
each LP, such fees are paid by each LP in consideration for services rendered by Petitioner.
Such Management Fees are fixed and guaranteed and are paid without regard to the income of
the LP. It appears that pursuant to IRC section 707(a)(2)(A) the Management Fees are allocated
and distributed each fiscal period to Petitioner in its capacity as other than a partner. These
Management Fees are an expense of the LP, and constitute part of the operating income of
Petitioner for services performed for the LP.
The performance allocations are allocated to Petitioner by crediting Petitioner’s capital
account, but it is not clear from the facts whether the portion of the performance allocations

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attributable to the profits from the LP’s transactions (the Allocations) are distributed to
Petitioner. If there is no distribution, the Allocations cannot be treated under IRC section
707(a)(2)(A) as a payment to Petitioner in its capacity as other than a partner. However, under
the facts presented (regardless of whether there is a distribution), it does not appear that such
Allocations to Petitioner meet the requirements to be treated under IRC section 707(a)(2)(A).
Since Petitioner will receive an Allocation from an LP only if there are profits from the LP’s
transactions, Petitioner is at risk not only as to the amount of the Allocation but as to whether
there will even be an Allocation. Therefore, the Allocations made to Petitioner are in
consideration for services performed by Petitioner in its capacity as a partner of LP. Since such
Allocations are determined with regard to the LP’s profits, they are not guaranteed payments
under IRC section 707(c). Accordingly, it appears that the Allocations are treated as part of
Petitioner’s distributive share of partnership income under IRC section 704.
Pursuant to IRC section 704, where a partnership agreement provides for a special
allocation to a partner, such allocation will be relied on to determine the partner’s distributive
share if it has substantial economic effect. If a special allocation does not have substantial
economic effect pursuant to Treasury Regulation section 1.704-1(b)(2), such allocation will be
determined in accordance with the partner’s interest in the partnership. However, whether the
Allocations made to Petitioner pursuant to each LP Partnership Agreement have substantial
economic effect is a factual question not susceptible of determination in an Advisory Opinion.
An Advisory Opinion merely sets forth the applicability of pertinent statutory and regulatory
provisions to a “specified set of facts.” Tax Law §171.Twenty-fourth; 20 NYCRR 2376.1(a).
For purposes of Article 9-A of the Tax Law, for taxable year 2000 through 2002, the
Management Fees received by Petitioner that appear to be subject to IRC section 707(a) are
compensation for services provided by Petitioner for each LP in the regular course of its business
operations. As such, the Management Fees are not investment income under section 208.6 of the
Tax Law because the Management Fees are not attributable to investment capital as defined in
section 208.5 of the Tax Law. Therefore, the Management Fees received by Petitioner constitute
business income under section 208.8 of the Tax Law.
The Allocations made to Petitioner by each LP are included in Petitioner’s distributive
share of the LP’s items of income, gain, loss and deduction under IRC section 704. The
performance allocations will be determined in accordance with the Partnership Agreement if the
allocations meet the substantial economic effect provisions under Treasury Regulation section
1.704-1(b)(2). If the substantial economic effect provisions of such section 1.704.-1(b)(2) are
not met, under IRC section 704(b) the performance allocations will be determined in accordance
with Petitioner’ interest in the LP. Where distributive share treatment is given to the
performance allocations, including the Allocations, for federal income tax purposes, pursuant to
section 3-13.2 of the Article 9-A Regulations, each item of income, capital, gain, loss and
deduction reflected in the Allocation will retain the same source and character for purposes of
Article 9-A as it has for federal income tax purposes. Where an item is not characterized or
taken into account for federal income tax purposes, the source and character of such item for

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purposes of Article 9-A is determined as if such item were realized by Petitioner directly from
the source from which realized by the LP or incurred by Petitioner in the same manner as
incurred by the LP. Therefore, where an LP has gain or loss from the sale of stock, Petitioner has
such gain or loss.
Section 208.5 of the Tax Law provides, in part, that investment capital means
investments in stocks, bonds and other securities, not held for sale to customers in the regular
course of business. In the case of a corporate partner, stocks, bonds and other securities will not
be investment capital if held for sale to customers in the regular course of business by the
partnership of which it is a partner. Whether stocks, bonds or other securities are being held for
sale to customers in the regular course of business is a factual question not susceptible of
determination in an Advisory Opinion. An Advisory Opinion merely sets forth the applicability
of pertinent statutory and regulatory provisions to a “specified set of facts.” Tax Law
§171.Twenty-fourth; 20 NYCRR 2376.1(a). However, stocks, bonds and other securities which
qualify as capital assets pursuant to IRC section 1221 are presumably not being held for sale to
customers in the regular course of business for purposes of section 208.5. Accordingly, such
stocks, bonds and other securities will be investment capital, and the income from such stocks,
bonds and other securities will be investment income, for purposes of section 208 of the Tax
Law.

DATED: July 25, 2005

NOTE:

/s/
Jonathan Pessen
Tax Regulations Specialist IV
Technical Services Division

The opinions expressed in Advisory Opinions are
limited to the facts set forth therein.