Is a contract capacity charge adjustment (and related interest) received by an unregulated utility taxable as gross operating income under section 186-a, and in what year?

Plain-English summary

XYZ, a limited partnership and a second-class utility (not supervised by the Public Service Commission) under Tax Law section 186-a(1)(c), furnished high-temperature water to Company A under a fixed-price energy contract that included a "Capacity Charge Adjustment" to account for tax-law changes. After a dispute, an arbitration board ultimately reinstated the adjustment in full and awarded interest. KPMG LLP, on XYZ's behalf, asked whether the adjustment and interest are taxable, and in which year.

The Department held:

• The Capacity Charge Adjustment is gross operating income subject to the section 186-a tax -- it is a receipt by reason of furnishing utility (energy) service, and no cost or expense may be deducted from gross operating income (section 186-a.2(d)).
• The interest is not part of gross operating income.
• Timing follows the accounting method (20 NYCRR section 46.2): a cash-basis utility includes the adjustment in the year it receives the cash; an accrual-basis utility includes the amounts as they accrue/are invoiced on its books (the unpaid invoiced amounts were not uncollectible during the contract). Each is taxed at the rate in effect for that year.

What this means for you

Capacity payments are utility "gross operating income"

For an unregulated (second-class) utility, payments for furnishing energy service -- including a contract capacity charge adjustment -- are taxable gross operating income under section 186-a, with no deduction for costs, even when the amount was disputed and later recovered through arbitration.

Interest awarded is treated differently

The interest portion of the arbitration award is not gross operating income for section 186-a purposes.

Your accounting method drives the year

A cash-basis utility reports the adjustment when it actually receives payment; an accrual-basis utility reports it as it accrues/invoices, and the rate that applies is the section 186-a rate in effect for that year (the rate stepped down over 1999-2003).

Common questions

Q: Is a capacity charge adjustment taxable to an unregulated utility?
A: Yes. It is gross operating income subject to the section 186-a tax, with no deduction for costs.

Q: Is the interest taxable as gross operating income?
A: No. The Department held the related interest is not part of gross operating income under section 186-a.

Q: What year does the utility report it?
A: Cash-basis utilities report it when received; accrual-basis utilities report it as it accrues/is invoiced, taxed at the rate in effect for that year.

Citations and references

Statutes, regulations, and authorities:
- Tax Law section 186-a (tax on gross operating income of utilities)
- Tax Law section 186-a.1(c) (tax on second class utilities not supervised by the Public Service Commission)
- Tax Law section 186-a.2(d) (gross operating income defined)
- 20 NYCRR section 46.2 (cash- and accrual-basis accounting for utilities)
- KPMG LLP, TSB-A-03(5)C (May 8, 2003)

Source

• Landing page: https://www.tax.ny.gov/pubs_and_bulls/advisory_opinions/corporation_ao_2003.htm
• Opinion: https://www.tax.ny.gov/pdf/advisory_opinions/corporation/a03_5c.pdf

Original ruling text

New York State Department of Taxation and Finance

Office of Tax Policy Analysis
Technical Services Division

TSB-A-03(5)C
Corporation Tax
May 8, 2003

STATE OF NEW YORK
COMMISSIONER OF TAXATION AND FINANCE
ADVISORY OPINION

PETITION NO. C021015A

On October 15, 2002, a Petition for Advisory Opinion was received from KPMG LLP, c/o
Harold F. Soshnick, 345 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10154.
The issues raised by Petitioner, KPMG LLP, are:
1. Whether the capacity charge adjustment and interest that XYZ received from
Company A on disputed receivables is gross operating income subject to tax under
section 186-a of the Tax Law.
2. If the capacity charge adjustment is taxable, for what taxable year should XYZ
include the amount of the capacity charge adjustment and interest income (if
includible) awarded in the hearing and at what tax rate(s)?
Petitioner submits the following facts as the basis for this Advisory Opinion.
XYZ, a limited partnership, is a utility conducting business in New York. XYZ is not subject
to the supervision of the New York State Department of Public Service, and is classified as a second
class utility under section 186-a(1)(c) of the Tax Law. XYZ entered into a fixed price contract with
Company A, a third party, to provide services from an energy facility in New York in return for
monthly capacity and fuel charges (“Capacity and Fuel Charges”). The energy services provided
by XYZ to Company A comprised furnishing high temperature water for the consumption or use
by Company A. The parties agreed by contract to a “Capacity Charge Adjustment” in the event the
tax laws changed after award of the contract; for example, federal investment tax credits and federal
tax depreciation changed in the Tax Reform Act of 1986. The modification to the contract for the
change in tax laws is referred to as the “Capacity Charge Adjustment.”
XYZ and Company A executed a modification to the contract that increased the monthly
Capacity Charge paid by Company A because passage of tax law changes altered the rate of return
on XYZ’s investment assumed in XYZ’s initial Capacity Charge. Subsequent to this modification,
a dispute arose between the parties regarding whether the adjustment provision in the contract was
applicable to the tax law changes, what methodology should be used to compute the Capacity
Charge Adjustment and whether a Capacity Charge Adjustment was due.
In August 1993, Company A determined that the Capacity Charge Adjustment provision of
the contract did not apply to the tax law changes and that XYZ had failed to disclose certain required
information to Company A in connection with the Capacity Charge Adjustment. As a result of this
determination, Company A unilaterally rescinded the Capacity Charge Adjustment and further
reduced the initial Capacity Charge to recoup previously alleged overpayments by Company A.

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XYZ continued to invoice Company A for the Capacity Charge Adjustment until the contract was
terminated in 1999.
XYZ appealed this action of Company A to an appropriate body (the board) with jurisdiction
to resolve contract disputes between XYZ and Company A. After a hearing the board determined
that the Capacity Charge Adjustment provision of the contract did apply to the tax law changes but
that XYZ had failed to disclose certain relevant data to Company A which entitled Company A to
a reduction in the Capacity Charge Adjustment. The board returned the matter to the parties for
determination of the reduction. When the parties could not reach agreement on the reduction, the
board heard further testimony and on April 5, 2002, rendered a second decision. In that decision,
the board reinstated the Capacity Charge Adjustment in full. In addition, the board held that XYZ
was entitled to interest on the Capacity Charge Adjustment amounts withheld from XYZ from
October 11, 1993 until XYZ is actually paid those amounts. Company A has not appealed the
decision, and the decision is final. XYZ billed Company A in 2002 for the total amount of unpaid
receivables due plus interest as a result of the board decision. Payment has not yet been received.
Applicable Law and Regulations
Section 186-a.1(c) of the Tax Law provides, in part:
a tax equal to three and one-quarter percent through December thirty-first,
nineteen hundred ninety-nine, two and one-tenth percent from January first, two
thousand through December thirty-first, two thousand, two percent from January
first, two thousand one through December thirty-first, two thousand one, one and
nine-tenths percent from January first, two thousand two through December
thirty-first, two thousand two, eighty-five one hundredths of one percent from
January first, two thousand three through December thirty-first, two thousand three
... of its gross operating income is hereby imposed upon every other utility [a utility
not subject to the supervision of the New York State Department of Public Service]
doing business in this state which has a gross operating income for the year ending
December thirty-first in excess of five hundred dollars, which taxes shall be in
addition to any and all other taxes and fees imposed by any other provision of law
for the same period.
Section 186-a.2(a) of the Tax law provides, in part:
the word “utility” includes ... every person ... who sells gas, electricity, steam,
water or refrigeration, delivered through mains, pipes or wires, or furnishes gas,
electric, steam, water or refrigerator service, by means of mains, pipes, or wires;
regardless of whether such activities are the main business of such person or are only
incidental thereto, or of whether use is made of the public streets;
Section 186-a.2(d) of the Tax Law provides, in part:

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the words “gross operating income” mean and include receipts received in
or by reason of any sale, conditional or otherwise, made for ultimate consumption
or use by the purchaser of gas, electricity, steam, water or refrigeration, or in or by
reason of the furnishing for such consumption or use of gas, electric, steam, water
or refrigerator service in this state, including cash, credits and property of any kind
or nature, without any deduction therefrom on account of the cost of the property
sold, the cost of materials used, labor or services or other costs, interest or discount
paid, or any other expenses whatsoever....
Section 46.2 of the Tax on the Furnishing of Utility Services Regulations (Regulations),
discusses methods of accounting with respect to utilities not subject to the supervision of the
New York State Department of Public Service that are taxable on their gross operating income, and
provides that:
(a) A utility in this class keeping its accounts on the cash basis will include
in gross operating income cash received by reason of any sale made or service
rendered, all amounts allowed as credits against charges for sales made or services
rendered, and credits allowed for property of any kind or nature.
(b) A utility keeping its accounts on the accrual basis will include in gross
operating income all receipts accrued on its books for the reporting period, but will
be permitted to deduct such sums as represent, for example, uncollectible accounts,
returned merchandise, etc., regardless of when the sales were made or services
rendered, thus achieving substantially, if not exactly, the same results as would be
attained by accounting and reporting on the cash basis.
Opinion
The provisions of Article 9 of the Tax Law are not federally conformed. Therefore, the
determination of the treatment of an item of income for purposes of section 186-a of the Tax Law
is made using the definitions contained in such section and applying generally accepted accounting
principles.
In this case, Petitioner states that XYZ entered into a fixed price contract with Company A
to provide energy services in return for monthly Capacity and Fuel Charges. The parties agreed by
contract to a Capacity Charge Adjustment in the event the tax laws changed after award of the
contract. Pursuant to such provision, the parties executed a modification to the contract for the
Capacity Charge Adjustment that increased the monthly Capacity Charge paid by Company A.
XYZ continued to invoice Company A for the Capacity Charge Adjustment until the contract was
terminated in 1999.
Subsequent to the contract modification, a dispute arose between the parties, and in August
1993, Company A determined that the Capacity Charge Adjustment provision of the contract did

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not apply to the tax law changes and that XYZ failed to disclose certain required information to
Company A in connection with the adjustment. As a result, Company A unilaterally rescinded the
Capacity Charge Adjustment and further reduced the initial Capacity Charge to recoup previously
alleged overpayments by Company A.
XYZ appealed this action of Company A to the board. After a hearing, the board determined
that the Capacity Charge Adjustment provision of the contract did apply to the tax law changes but
that XYZ had failed to disclose certain relevant data to Company A which entitled Company A to
a reduction in the Capacity Charge Adjustment. The board returned the matter to the parties for
determination of the amount of the reduction. When the parties could not reach agreement on the
amount of the reduction, the board heard further testimony, and on April 5, 2002, rendered a second
decision. In that decision, the board held that the full Capacity Charge Adjustment amounts
withheld from XYZ were due and that XYZ was entitled to interest on those amounts from
October 11, 1993, until XYZ is actually paid those amounts. XYZ billed Company A in 2002 for
the total amount of unpaid receivables due plus interest as a result of the board decision.
With respect to Issue 1, XYZ’s gross operating income under section 186-a.2(d) of the Tax
Law includes receipts from the furnishing of energy services for the consumption or use by
Company A. Since the parties agreed by contract to a “Capacity Charge Adjustment” in the event
the tax laws changed after award of the contract, the charges for such adjustment to the contracted
fixed price for the furnishing of such energy services also constitute gross operating income of XYZ.
However, the interest charges for the late payment by Company A of the charges billed by XYZ are
not charges for the provision of furnishing energy services, and do not constitute gross operating
income of XYZ.
With respect to Issue 2, if XYZ keeps its accounts on the cash basis, pursuant to section
46.2(a) of the Regulations, XYZ must include in its gross operating income for each taxable year,
the amount it received during the taxable year from Company A for the furnishing of energy
services. In this case, the charges for Capacity Charge Adjustment will be included in XYZ’s gross
operating income in the taxable year that it receives such amount from Company A, excluding any
interest charges, and would be taxed at the tax rate applicable for such taxable year.
However, if XYZ keeps its accounts on the accrual basis, then pursuant to section 46.2(b)
of the Regulations, XYZ will include in its gross operating income for each taxable year, all receipts
accrued on its books for the taxable year for furnishing energy services to Company A, but would
be permitted to deduct such sums representing uncollectible accounts, etc., regardless of when the
services were rendered. Petitioner states that even though Company A unilaterally rescinded the
Capacity Charge Adjustment, XYZ invoiced Company A for the Capacity Charge Adjustment
amounts during the term of the contract until the contract was terminated in 1999. The unpaid
Capacity Charge Adjustment amounts did not represent an uncollectible account during the years
of the contract. Further, in XYZ’s view, it had properly executed a modification to the contract for
the Capacity Charge Adjustment, and it was never established that the charges for such Capacity
Charge Adjustment were invoiced in error. Therefore, the receipts accruing on XYZ’s books for

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each taxable year would include the amounts for the Capacity Charge Adjustment that were invoiced
to Company A during that year. Accordingly, XYZ must include in its gross operating income for
each taxable year the amounts it accrued on its books during the taxable year for the invoiced
Capacity Charge Adjustment, and would be taxed at the tax rate applicable for such taxable year.

DATED: May 8, 2003

NOTE:

/s/
Jonathan Pessen
Tax Regulations Specialist IV
Technical Services Division

The opinions expressed in Advisory Opinions are
limited to the facts set forth therein.