How is a general partner in an independent power producer taxed, and are PSC-mandated contract termination payments taxable utility income?

Plain-English summary

Fort Drum Cogenco, Inc. held a 10% general partnership interest in Black River Limited Partnership, an independent power producer (IPP) that had furnished electricity and high-temperature water in New York since 1988 and whose IPP contract with Niagara Mohawk was terminated under a PSC-mandated restructuring (MRA). It raised six issues about Articles 9-A, 9 (section 186), and 186-a.

The Department held:

• Article 9-A (Issue 1). After section 186 was repealed (Chapter 63 of the Laws of 2000), a corporate general partner of a partnership doing business in New York is subject to Article 9-A for years beginning on or after January 1, 2000 (20 NYCRR 1-3.2(a)(5)).
• Section 186 (Issues 2 and 4). For pre-2000 years, whether the partner fell under section 186 depended on whether it was actively, principally engaged in the partnership's utility business (taxable under 186) or a passive investor (taxable under Article 9-A) -- a factual question (GTE Spacenet).
• Termination payments (Issues 3 and 6). The PSC-mandated contract termination payments were not "gross earnings" under section 186 (they are not the employment of capital -- following Central Hudson and KPMG) and not "gross operating income" under section 186-a (they are not receipts from selling electricity or electric service).
• Section 186-a (Issue 5). The partnership, not the corporate partner, is the section 186-a taxpayer on its gross operating income.

What this means for you

After 2000, IPP partners are Article 9-A taxpayers

When the Legislature repealed section 186 (Chapter 63 of the Laws of 2000), corporate partners in utility/IPP partnerships moved to Article 9-A for years from January 1, 2000. For earlier years, the old active-vs-passive test decided between section 186 and Article 9-A.

PSC-forced contract buyouts are not taxable utility income

Payments a producer receives for terminating an IPP contract under a PSC mandate are not "gross earnings" (section 186) or "gross operating income" (section 186-a) -- they are not the employment of capital or receipts from selling electricity.

The partnership, not the partner, owes the 186-a tax

For the section 186-a utility tax, the partnership is the taxpayer on its gross operating income; the corporate partner is taxed on its own franchise basis (Article 9-A).

Common questions

Q: How is an IPP general partner taxed after 2000?
A: Under Article 9-A for years beginning on or after January 1, 2000, after section 186 was repealed.

Q: Are PSC-mandated contract termination payments taxable?
A: No. They are not gross earnings under section 186 or gross operating income under section 186-a.

Q: Who owes the section 186-a tax -- the partner or the partnership?
A: The partnership owes the section 186-a tax on its gross operating income.

Citations and references

Statutes, regulations, and authorities:
- Tax Law section 209.1 (Article 9-A franchise tax)
- Tax Law section 186 (former franchise tax on utilities; repealed by Chapter 63 of the Laws of 2000)
- Tax Law section 186-a (utility gross operating income tax)
- 20 NYCRR section 1-3.2(a)(5) (corporate partner of a partnership doing business)
- Fort Drum Cogenco, Inc., TSB-A-02(4)C (Apr. 24, 2002)

Source

• Landing page: https://www.tax.ny.gov/pubs_and_bulls/advisory_opinions/corporation_ao_2002.htm
• Opinion: https://www.tax.ny.gov/pdf/advisory_opinions/corporation/a02_4c.pdf

Original ruling text

New York State Department of Taxation and Finance

Office of Tax Policy Analysis
Technical Services Division

TSB-A-02(4)C
Corporation Tax
April 24, 2002

STATE OF NEW YORK
COMMISSIONER OF TAXATION AND FINANCE
ADVISORY OPINION

PETITION NO. C010117B

On January 17, 2001, a Petition for Advisory Opinion was received from Fort Drum
Cogenco, Inc., 422 S. Church Street, P.O. Box 1244, PB05B, Charlotte, North Carolina 28201-1244.
The issues raised by Petitioner, Fort Drum Cogenco, Inc., are:
1. Whether Petitioner is subject to tax pursuant to Article 9-A of the Tax Law for taxable
years ending on or after December 31, 2000.
2. Whether Petitioner is subject to tax pursuant to section 186 of Article 9 of the Tax Law
for years ended on or before December 31, 1999.
3. If Petitioner is subject to tax under section 186 of the Tax Law pursuant to Issue 2,
whether termination payments derived from a contract restructuring, as described below, are
included in Petitioner’s gross earnings for purposes of section 186 of the Tax Law.
4. If Petitioner is subject to tax under section 186 of the Tax Law pursuant to Issue 2,
whether it is required to file tax returns pursuant to such section beyond the three-year
limitation period set forth in section 1083(a) of the Tax Law, when it has mistakenly filed
its tax returns pursuant to Article 9-A of the Tax Law for previous tax years.
5. Whether Petitioner is subject to tax pursuant to section 186-a of Article 9 of the Tax Law.
6. If Petitioner is subject to tax under section 186-a of the Tax Law pursuant to Issue 5,
whether termination payments derived from a contract restructuring, described below, are
included in the partnership’s taxable gross operating income for purposes of section 186-a
of the Tax Law.
Petitioner submits the following facts as the basis for this Advisory Opinion.
Petitioner owns a 10 percent general partnership interest in Black River Limited Partnership
(“Partnership”). The Partnership has been principally engaged in providing electricity and high
temperature water generating services in New York State since 1988. From 1988 through 1999,
Partnership provided electricity to Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation (“NMPC”), and beginning
in 2000, has provided high temperature water to an unrelated third party, under a separate
purchase agreement. Partnership is not subject to the supervision of the Public Service
Commission (“PSC”).

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Since 1988, the Partnership has been a qualifying small power producer or qualifying
cogenerator that is referred to as an independent power producer (“IPP”). As an IPP, the Partnership
operates in the service area of NMPC, an investor-owned public utility company subject to the
regulation of the PSC. From 1988 through 1999, NMPC was required to purchase all electricity
generated by IPPs operating within its service area. The Partnership had an IPP Agreement with
NMPC for such years, and all of the revenues received from NMPC were derived from wholesale
sales of electricity for “resale”. No sales of electricity were made to ultimate consumers.
NMPC, in order to mitigate the economic burdens related to the favorable IPP agreements,
and consistent with NMPC’s PowerChoice filing for NMPC’s restructuring as part of the mandated
restructuring of the electric industry in New York State under the PSC’s order (Opinion No. 96-12),
NMPC and certain IPPs, including the Partnership, executed the Master Restructuring Agreement
(“MRA”) on July 27, 1997 to terminate or restructure NMPC’s IPP agreements. Petitioner states
that the Partnership, to a great extent, was compelled to participate in such MRA in light of certain
public statements by NMPC (including statements in its 1995 PowerChoice filing with the PSC) that
it was empowered to take the IPP projects under the eminent domain powers afforded to it under
section 11(3-a) of the New York Transportation Corporation Law. The MRA was approved by the
PSC as a key element of its Opinion 98-8, Opinion and Order Adopting Terms of Settlement
Agreement Subject to Modifications and Conditions (Case 94-E-0098 and Case 94-E-0099) issued
March 20, 1998 by the PSC to NMPC, which inter alia, approved PowerChoice. (See Niagara
Mohawk Power Corporation, Adv Op Comm T&F, January 26, 1999, TSB-A-99(3)C.) Under the
MRA, the Partnership terminated its agreement with NMPC, and it received certain contract
termination payments from NMPC that were used by the Partnership to retire debt and to make cash
distributions to its partners.
Petitioner states that from 1988 through 1999, through its ownership interest in the
Partnership, it has provided electricity to NMPC pursuant to the Partnership’s IPP Agreement with
NMPC. Since the beginning of 2000, Petitioner states that through its ownership interest in the
Partnership it has provided high water temperature water to an unrelated third party, under a separate
purchase agreement. Petitioner has never been subject to the supervision of the PSC. Petitioner’s
pro rata share of gross receipts from the Partnership’s sales of electricity and water constitute more
than 50 percent of Petitioner’s gross receipts. Petitioner states that it secures engineering services
for the Partnership on an as needed basis and that it is actively involved in all major operating
decisions of the Partnership.
Discussion
Issue 1
Section 209.1 of Article 9-A of the Tax Law imposes an annual franchise tax on domestic
and foreign corporations for the privilege of exercising a corporate franchise, doing business,
employing capital, owning or leasing property in a corporate or organized capacity, or maintaining

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an office in New York State. Generally, partnerships are not subject to the franchise tax imposed
under Article 9-A of the Tax Law. Section 1-3.2(a)(5) of the Business Corporation Franchise Tax
Regulations (“Article 9-A Regulations”) provides that if a partnership is exercising any of the
privileges of section 209.1 of the Tax Law, then all of its general corporate partners are subject to
the tax imposed under Article 9-A of the Tax Law. However, section 209.4 of the Tax Law, prior
to the repeal of section 186 by Chapter 63 of the Laws of 2000, provided that a corporation liable
for tax under section 186 of Article 9 of the Tax Law was not subject to tax under Article 9-A of the
Tax Law. Beginning on and after January 1, 2000, corporations previously subject to tax under
section 186 are now subject to tax under Article 9-A of the Tax Law.
In this case, Petitioner is a general corporate partner in the Partnership which is doing
business in New York State. Accordingly, pursuant to section 1-3.2(a)(5) of the Article 9-A
Regulations, Petitioner is subject to tax under Article 9-A for taxable years beginning on and after
January 1, 2000.
Issue 2
Section 186 of Article 9 of the Tax Law, prior to its repeal by Chapter 63 of the Laws of
2000, imposed a franchise tax on a corporation, joint stock company or association “formed for or
principally engaged in the business of supplying water ... when delivered through mains or pipes,
or electricity, or principally engaged in two or more of such businesses ....” The tax was imposed
for the privilege of exercising a corporate franchise or carrying on business in a corporate or
organized capacity in New York State and was based, in part, upon gross earnings from all sources
within New York State.
For purposes of section 186, where a partnership was in the business of supplying water and
electricity in New York, a corporate general partner was, generally, also engaged in the business of
supplying water and electricity in New York. In interpreting section 209.1 of the Tax Law, section
1-3.2(a)(5) of the Article 9-A Regulations sets forth a general rule which holds that if a partnership
is exercising any of the privileges of section 209.1, then all of its corporate general partners are
subject to the tax imposed by Article 9-A. The same interpretation was made for purposes of Article
9 of the Tax Law in The Partners of Buffalo Telephone Company, Adv Op Comm T & F,
February 22, 1989, TSB-A-89(3)C. The Advisory Opinion held that where a partnership is engaged
in a telephone business in New York State, each corporate partner is also engaged in a telephone
business in New York State, and each corporate general partner of the partnership that is principally
engaged in such telephone business is subject to tax under sections 183 and 184 of Article 9.
In GTE Spacenet Corp. v NYS Dept of Taxation and Finance, 224 AD2d 283, the Court held
that while the partnership was arguably engaged in activities enumerated in sections 183, 183-a, 184
and 184-a of the Tax Law, the evidence demonstrated that the partners were engaged in the
investment business and were not engaged in the conduct of any of the businesses enumerated in
sections 183, 183-a, 184 and 184-a of the Tax Law because the partners were mere passive investors

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and did not participate in the day-to-day management or operations of the partnership. Therefore,
the partners were subject to tax under Article 9-A and were not subject to the franchise taxes
imposed pursuant to sections 183, 183-a, 184 and 184-a of the Tax Law.
To determine the classification and proper taxability of a corporation under either Article 9
or Article 9-A, an examination of the nature of the corporation’s activities is necessary, regardless
of the purpose for which the corporation was organized. See Matter of McAllister Bros., Inc.
v Bates, 272 App Div 511, 517 (3rd Dept. 1947). Ordinarily, a corporation is deemed to be
principally engaged in the activity from which more than 50 percent of its receipts are derived. See,
e.g., Joseph Bucciero Contracting Inc., Adv Op St Tax Commn, July 23, 1981, TSB-A-81(5)C.
Generally, partnerships were not subject to the franchise tax imposed under section 186 of
Article 9 of the Tax Law, prior to its repeal. Accordingly, in this case, Partnership was not subject
to tax under section 186 of Article 9 of the Tax Law, prior to its repeal.
Petitioner states that it is a general partner in the Partnership, and that it secures engineering
services for the Partnership on an as needed basis and is actively involved in all major operating
decisions of the Partnership. As explained in Issue 1, Petitioner, as a general partner in the
Partnership which is doing business in New York State, is subject to tax under Article 9-A of the
Tax Law for all taxable years, unless Petitioner is subject to tax under section 186 of Article 9 of the
Tax Law, prior to its repeal. If Petitioner is a mere passive investor and does not participate in the
day-to-day management or operations of the Partnership, then, pursuant to GTE Spacenet, supra,
Petitioner will not be subject to tax under section 186 of the Tax Law, prior to its repeal. However,
if Petitioner is not a mere passive investor or if it participates in the day-to-day management or
operations of the Partnership, Petitioner will not come within the scope of GTE Spacenet, supra, and
following Partners of Buffalo Telephone, supra, Petitioner will be considered to be engaged in the
business of the Partnership and will be subject to tax under section 186 of the Tax Law, prior to its
repeal. The determination of whether Petitioner is a mere passive investor or whether it participates
in the day-to-day management or operations of Partnership is a question of fact that is not
susceptible of determination within the context of an advisory opinion. An advisory opinion merely
sets forth the applicability of pertinent statutory and regulatory provisions to “a specified set of
facts.” Tax Law, §171.Twenty-fourth; 20 NYCRR 2376.1(a).
However, based on the facts presented, it appears that Petitioner may be more than a mere
passive investor in the Partnership. If it is determined that Petitioner’s circumstances are not
distinguishable from GTE Spacenet, supra, then Petitioner will be subject to tax under Article 9-A
of the Tax Law for all taxable years. If Petitioner’s circumstances are distinguishable from GTE
Spacenet, id, then following Partners of Buffalo Telephone, supra, Petitioner will be considered to
be principally engaged in the business of supplying electricity and water because Petitioner’s pro
rata share of the Partnership’s gross receipts from sales of electricity and water account for more
than 50 percent of the Petitioner’s gross receipts. In such case, Petitioner will be subject to tax under

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section 186 of the Tax Law, prior to its repeal. In any event, for taxable years beginning on and after
January 1, 2000, Petitioner is subject to tax under Article 9-A of the Tax Law.
Issue 3
When section 186 of the Tax Law was enacted in 1896, it provided for a franchise tax
measured by “gross earnings from all sources within this state.” In 1907, the Legislature amended
section 186 of the Tax Law by providing a statutory definition of gross earnings. Gross earnings
is defined as “all receipts from the employment of capital without any deduction.”
The definition of gross earnings was added to address a 1906 New York State Appellate
Division decision holding that in order to arrive at taxable “gross earnings,” the cost of raw materials
used in producing the utility service was to be deducted from the company’s gross receipts. (See
People ex rel Brooklyn Union Gas Co. v Morgan, 114 App Div 266, affd 195 NY 616).
In 1969, the New York State Court of Appeals stated that “the 1907 amendment [of section
186] did not contemplate a substitution of ‘capital’ or ‘gross receipts’ for ‘gross earnings’ as the
basis for taxation. It merely sought to include that portion of capital which the Brooklyn Union Gas
Co. case [supra] required to be deducted from ‘gross earnings’ to arrive at the proper basis. This is
only that portion of ‘gross earnings’ which represents the ‘employment of capital’ to manufacture,
distribute and sell various public utility services.” (Matter of Consolidated Edison Co. of NY v State
Tax Commission, 24 NY2d 114, 119). In the Con Ed case, the court determined that the proceeds
received by the company for property damage and insurance claims and from the sale of capital
assets no longer employed in its business, consisting of real property, scrap and used machinery, are
amounts realized from the destruction or confiscation of capital, not from the employment of capital.
Several utilities in New York State are being compelled by the PSC to reorganize their
corporate structure and possibly sell off some of their business to unrelated third parties pursuant
to the PSC's Competitive Opportunities Proceeding and the PSC’s policy objectives set forth in
Opinion No. 96-12. With respect to such mandated restructuring, the Commissioner of Taxation and
Finance has issued an advisory opinion to Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corporation, Adv Op
Comm T&F, July 29, 1998, TSB-A-98(12)C. (See also, Long Island Lighting Company, Adv Op
Comm T&F, February 27, 1998, TSB-A-98(3)C and New York State Electric & Gas Corporation,
Adv Op Comm T&F, July 29, 1998, TSB-A-98(11)C.) The Central Hudson advisory opinion
concluded that the sale of electric generation assets pursuant to the auction process, implementing
the petitioner’s restructuring agreement that was confirmed by a PSC order, does not represent the
employment of capital, and that the consideration received by the petitioner for the generation assets
does not constitute “gross earnings” taxable under section 186 of the Tax Law.
In KPMG LLP, Adv Op Comm T&F, October 11, 2000, TSB-A-00(17)C, the fact pattern
was substantially similar to Petitioner’s facts. In that opinion, the taxpayer was a partner in a
general partnership that was an IPP that had an IPP Agreement with NMPC that was terminated

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pursuant to the MRA. In that case, the partnership was one of several IPPs and utilities in New York
State being mandated by the PSC, pursuant to the Competitive Opportunities Proceeding and the
PSC’s policy objectives set forth in Opinion No. 96-12, to restructure IPP contracts by such means
as a buyout or renegotiation of the contracts that would mitigate the impact of such contracts on rates
to benefit ratepayers, so as to align them more closely with a competitive framework. Such
mandated restructuring was implemented by NMPC under the restructuring plan described in the
PowerChoice Filing and approved in PSC Opinion No. 98-8. Pursuant to the MRA, the partnership
terminated its contract with NMPC in 1998. The opinion held, in part, that the partnership did not
employ its capital within the meaning of section 186 of the Tax Law, prior to its repeal, for the
purpose of being forced to restructure its IPP contract with NMPC. The taxpayer’s pro rata share
of the termination payments received by the partnership pursuant to the MRA did not represent the
employment of capital and did not constitute “gross earnings” of the taxpayer under section 186 of
the Tax Law.
Similarly, in this case, the Partnership is one of the IPPs and utilities in New York State
being mandated by the PSC, pursuant to the Competitive Opportunities Proceeding and the PSC’s
policy objectives set forth in Opinion No. 96-12, to restructure IPP contracts by such means as a
buyout or renegotiation of the contracts that would mitigate the impact of such contracts on rates to
benefit ratepayers, so as to align them more closely with a competitive framework. Such mandated
restructuring was implemented by NMPC under the restructuring plan described in its PowerChoice
filing. Pursuant to the MRA, the Partnership terminated its contract with NMPC in 1999.
Like KPMG, supra, Con Ed, supra, and Central Hudson, supra, the Partnership did not
employ its capital within the meaning of section 186 of the Tax Law, prior to its repeal, for the
purpose of being forced to restructure its IPP contract with NMPC. If pursuant to Issue 2, Petitioner
is subject to tax under section 186 of the Tax Law, prior to its repeal, Petitioner’s pro rata share of
the termination payments received by the Partnership pursuant to the MRA does not represent the
employment of capital, and Petitioner’s pro rata share of the termination payments received by the
Partnership for the termination of its IPP contract with NMPC would not constitute “gross earnings”
of Petitioner taxable under section 186 of the Tax Law. See KPMG, supra.
Issue 4
Section 192.3 of Article 9 of the Tax Law, prior to its repeal by Chapter 63 of the Laws of
2000, provided that every corporation liable to pay a tax under section 186 of Article 9, shall on or
before March fifteenth of each year, make a written report to the Commissioner of Taxation and
Finance of its condition at the close of its business on the preceding December thirty-first.
Article 27 of the Tax Law applies to the administration of and the procedures with respect
to the taxes imposed by both Articles 9 and 9-A of the Tax Law. Section 1083(a) of Article 27
provides that, except as otherwise provided, any tax under Articles 9 and 9-A shall be assessed
within three years after the return is filed. Section 1083(c)(1) of Article 27 provides, in pertinent

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part, that the tax may be assessed at any time if (A) no return is filed, or (B) a false or fraudulent
return is filed with intent to evade tax.
In this case, Petitioner states that it has been filing its franchise tax returns pursuant to Article
9-A of the Tax Law. If pursuant to Issue 2, Petitioner was subject to tax under section 186 of Article
9 of the Tax Law, prior to its repeal, Petitioner should have been filing its tax returns pursuant to
such section 186 of the Tax Law. Pursuant to section 1083 of the Tax Law, the tax imposed under
section 186 of Article 9 for a taxable year may be assessed within three years after the tax return was
filed for such taxable year. The fact that Petitioner may have erroneously filed returns under Article
9-A rather than Article 9 does not prevent the three year limitation period from running for the
periods covered by those returns, unless such tax returns are determined to be false or fraudulent
with intent to evade tax, in which case the tax imposed pursuant to section 186 of Article 9 may be
assessed at any time.
Issue 5
Section 186-a of the Tax Law imposes a tax on the furnishing of utility services. With
respect to a utility which is not subject to the supervision of the PSC, the tax is imposed if it “sells
... electricity [or] water ... delivered through mains, pipes or wires, or furnishes ... electric [or] water
... service, by means of mains, pipes, or wires; regardless of whether such activities are the main
business of such person or are only incidental thereto ....” The tax, for such utilities, is equal to two
and one-tenth percent from January 1, 2000 through December 31, 2000, of the gross operating
income of such a utility doing business in New York State which has annual gross operating income
in excess of $500. The tax imposed under section 186-a of the Tax Law is imposed in addition to
any and all other taxes and fees imposed by any other provision of law for the same period.
For purposes of section 186-a of the Tax Law, the word “utility” includes a person and the
word “person” includes, among others, a partnership. Thus, section 186-a imposes a tax upon
incorporated and unincorporated entities alike, including a partnership (see, Partners of Buffalo
Telephone Company, supra.). The Partnership is not subject to the supervision of the PSC.
Therefore, the Partnership would be subject to the tax imposed under section 186-a of Article 9 on
its gross operating income from the sale of electricity or water and from the furnishing of electric
or water service, for ultimate consumption or use within New York State.
Since the Partnership is a utility subject to the tax imposed under section 186-a of the Tax
Law on its gross operating income, Petitioner is not subject to tax under section 186-a on its pro rata
share of such gross operating income. However, Petitioner may be subject to tax under section 186­
a of the Tax Law if it has gross operating income that is attributable to an activity subject to tax
under section 186-a, other than Petitioner’s pro rata share of the Partnership’s gross operating
income.

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Issue 6
As stated in Issue 5, the Partnership, not Petitioner is subject to the tax imposed under section
186-a of the Tax Law on its gross operating income. However, in KPMG, supra, it was also held,
in part, that the termination payments received by the partnership from the termination of its IPP
contract with NMPC, pursuant to mandate by the PSC and pursuant to the Competitive
Opportunities Proceeding and the PSC’s policy objectives set forth in Opinion No. 96-12, and
implemented under the restructuring plan described in the PowerChoice filing and approved in PSC
Opinion No. 98-8 to restructure IPP contracts by such means as a buyout or renegotiation of the
contracts, did not constitute receipts from the sale of electricity or electric services. Therefore, such
payments did not constitute gross operating income of the partnership taxable under section 186-a
of the Tax Law.
Likewise, in this case the termination payments received by the Partnership from the
termination of its IPP Agreement with NMPC, pursuant to the MRA, do not constitute receipts from
the sale of electricity or electric services, and such payments do not constitute gross operating
income of the Partnership taxable under section 186-a of the Tax Law.

DATED: April 24, 2002

NOTE:

/s/
Jonathan Pessen
Tax Regulations Specialist IV
Technical Services Division

The opinions expressed in Advisory Opinions are
limited to the facts set forth therein.