How is an LLC running a telephone business, and its corporate members, taxed in New York -- under Article 9-A, sections 183/184, or section 186-e?

Plain-English summary

Grant McCarthy Gagnon, LLC described NewCo LLC, a newly formed LLC that would take over TelCo, Inc.'s New York telephone business (TelCo ceasing to exist), with a Managing Member and a 99% Non-managing Member. It asked how NewCo and its members are taxed.

The Department held:

• NewCo LLC is treated as a partnership for federal and New York tax purposes. As a partnership it is not subject to Article 9-A or sections 183/184, but it is a "person"/provider of telecommunication services subject to the section 186-e tax.
• NewCo's corporate members are corporate partners of a partnership doing telephone business in New York and are taxable under Article 9-A or sections 183/184 depending on their activity.
• The Managing Member, treated like a corporate general partner engaged in NewCo's telephone business: if principally engaged in that business, taxed under section 183 (and 184 if it is local telephone business); otherwise under Article 9-A.
• The Non-managing Member, if a mere passive investor, is not engaged in the telephone business (no section 183 tax) but is still taxed under Article 9-A as a corporate limited partner (its 99% interest meets 20 NYCRR section 1-3.2(a)(6)(i)(a)). If it is not passive, it can fall under section 183/184 like the Managing Member. Whether it is passive is a question of fact.

What this means for you

A telephone LLC pays the telecom excise tax, not the corporate franchise tax

An LLC treated as a partnership does not itself pay Article 9-A or the 183/184 telephone franchise taxes -- but if it provides telecommunication services it does owe the section 186-e gross receipts tax.

Corporate members are taxed as partners

Each corporate member is taxed as a corporate partner in a partnership doing telephone business in New York. The tax article depends on the member's own activity: principally engaged in the telephone business points to sections 183/184; otherwise Article 9-A.

Passive vs. active changes the answer for the non-managing member

A 99% passive non-managing member is taxed under Article 9-A as a corporate limited partner. If it actually participates in the business, it can be pulled into 183/184. Whether a member is truly passive is a factual determination.

Common questions

Q: Is a telephone-business LLC taxed under Article 9-A or 183/184?
A: Neither, if it is treated as a partnership -- but it owes the section 186-e tax as a provider of telecommunication services.

Q: How are the LLC's corporate members taxed?
A: As corporate partners: a member principally engaged in the telephone business is taxed under section 183 (and 184 if local telephone), otherwise under Article 9-A.

Q: How is a 99% passive non-managing member taxed?
A: Under Article 9-A as a corporate limited partner; if it is not actually passive, it can fall under sections 183/184.

Citations and references

Statutes, regulations, and authorities:
- Tax Law section 209.1 (Article 9-A franchise tax)
- Tax Law sections 183 and 184 (franchise tax on telephone and telegraph corporations)
- Tax Law section 186-e (excise tax on telecommunication services)
- 20 NYCRR section 1-3.2(a)(5) (partnership doing business; corporate partners)
- 20 NYCRR section 1-3.2(a)(6)(i) (corporate limited partner subject to Article 9-A)
- Grant McCarthy Gagnon, LLC, TSB-A-02(14)C (July 9, 2002)

Source

• Landing page: https://www.tax.ny.gov/pubs_and_bulls/advisory_opinions/corporation_ao_2002.htm
• Opinion: https://www.tax.ny.gov/pdf/advisory_opinions/corporation/a02_14c.pdf

Original ruling text

New York State Department of Taxation and Finance

Office of Tax Policy Analysis
Technical Services Division

TSB-A-02(14)C
Corporation Tax
July 9, 2002

STATE OF NEW YORK
COMMISSIONER OF TAXATION AND FINANCE
ADVISORY OPINION

PETITION NO. C011219A

On December 19, 2001, a Petition for Advisory Opinion was received from Grant McCarthy
Gagnon, LLC, 70 West Red Oak Lane, White Plains, New York 10604.
The issues raised by Petitioner, Grant McCarthy Gagnon, LLC, are:
1. Whether the limited liability company (“LLC”) described below (“NewCo LLC”)
will be treated as a partnership for New York State tax purposes.
2. Whether NewCo LLC will be taxable under section 186-e of the Tax Law, and
whether it will be subject to tax under Article 9-A or sections 183 and 184 of
Article 9 of the Tax Law.
3. Whether NewCo LLC’s managing member (“Managing Member”) will be taxable
under section 186-e of the Tax Law and whether it will be subject to tax under
Article 9-A or sections 183 and 184 of Article 9 of the Tax Law.
4. Whether NewCo LLC’s non-managing member (“Non-managing Member”) will
be taxable under section 186-e of the Tax Law and whether it will be subject to tax
under Article 9-A or sections 183 and 184 of Article 9 of the Tax Law.
5. Whether the conclusions in the Issues above are dependent on whether Managing
Member is owned directly by the corporate group’s parent (“Parent”) or by Non­
managing Member.
Petitioner submits the following facts as the basis for this Advisory Opinion.
TelCo, Inc. is a corporation doing business in New York, and is a member of an affiliated
group of corporations. TelCo, Inc., plans to expand its operations to several states and intends for
business and regulatory reasons to form separate entities to conduct its telephone operations in each
state in which it anticipates doing business. Operations in other states may be established either as
corporations or LLCs owned by Non-managing Member and/or Managing Member.
As part of this plan, TelCo, Inc. will cease to exist as an entity, and a newly formed LLC,
NewCo, LLC, will hold and operate its New York State telephone business. NewCo, LLC will have
two members: Managing Member will own a one percent membership interest and Non-managing
Member will own a 99 percent membership interest. The group will be structured in one of the two

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following ways: (1) Managing Member will be a wholly-owned subsidiary of Non-managing
Member which will be a wholly-owned subsidiary of Parent, or (2) Managing Member and Non­
managing Member will both be wholly-owned subsidiaries of Parent. NewCo LLC will be treated
as a partnership for federal income tax purposes.
It is anticipated that NewCo LLC’s business will include providing carrier access service to
telecommunication vendors and a limited amount of intra-LATA and inter-LATA retail telephone
service to end users. NewCo LLC will be responsible for all day-to-day business activities, and will
make all ordinary operational business decisions related to the telephone business.
Managing Member will oversee the management and operations of NewCo LLC, and will
be ultimately responsible for the successful design and execution of the LLC’s New York State
telephone business strategy. It is anticipated that Managing Member’s only income/receipts will
be derived from its membership interest in NewCo LLC.
Non-managing Member may conduct business activities unrelated to NewCo LLC.
However, it is anticipated that the majority of Non-managing Member’s assets will consist of its
membership interest in NewCo LLC. Nonetheless, Non-managing Member’s interest in NewCo
LLC will be held solely for investment purposes. While Non-managing Member may share certain
board members and executives with NewCo LLC and Managing Member, Non-managing Member
will have no managerial responsibility or authority related to NewCo LLC, and will not participate
in NewCo LLC’s business operations.
Applicable Law and Regulations
Section 209.1 of Article 9-A of the Tax Law imposes an annual franchise tax on domestic
or foreign corporations for the privilege of exercising a corporate franchise, doing business,
employing capital, owning or leasing property in a corporate or organized capacity, or maintaining
an office in New York State. Section 209.4 of the Tax Law provides that a corporation liable for
tax under sections 183 through 185 of Article 9 of the Tax Law is not subject to tax under Article
9-A of the Tax Law.
Section 1-3.2(a)(5) of the Business Corporation Franchise Tax Regulations (“Article 9-A
Regulations”) provides that “[i]f a partnership is doing business, employing capital, owning or
leasing property or maintaining an office in New York State, then all of its corporate general
partners are subject to the tax imposed by article 9-A of the Tax Law.”
Section 1-3.2(a)(6)(i) of the Article 9-A Regulations provides, in part:
A foreign corporation is doing business, employing capital, owning or leasing
property or maintaining an office in New York State if it is a limited partner of a

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partnership, other than a portfolio investment partnership, which is doing business,
employing capital, owning or leasing property or maintaining an office in New York
State and if it is engaged, directly or indirectly, in the participation in or the
domination or control of all or any portion of the business activities or affairs of the
partnership. A foreign corporation is engaged in such manner in the business
activities or affairs of the partnership if one or more of certain factual situations ...
exist during the taxable year or, except for clause (a) of this subparagraph, any
previous taxable year:
(a) The foreign corporation has a one percent or more interest as a limited
partner in a partnership and/or the basis of the foreign corporation’s interest
in the limited partnership, determined pursuant to section 705 of the Internal
Revenue Code, is more than $1,000,000. For purposes of determining
whether the level of interest in the partnership or level of basis of the interest
in the partnership is met, the percentage of interest in the partnership and
basis of interest in the partnership of members of the foreign corporation’s
affiliated group, of officers or directors of the foreign corporation or of
officers or directors of members of the foreign corporation’s affiliated group
are added to the foreign corporation’s interest in the partnership or the basis
of its interest in the partnership, respectively.
Section 183 of Article 9 of the Tax Law imposes a franchise tax on a domestic or foreign
corporation formed for or principally engaged in the conduct of a telephone business, for the
privilege of exercising its corporate franchise, doing business, employing capital, owning or leasing
property in a corporate or organized capacity or maintaining an office, in New York State.
Section 184.1 of the Tax Law provides that a corporation subject to tax under section 183
of the Tax Law is subject to the additional franchise tax under section 184 for the privilege of
exercising its corporate franchise, doing business, employing capital, owning or leasing property in
a corporate or organized capacity or maintaining an office, in New York State, if it is formed for or
principally engaged in the conduct of local telephone business.
Section 186-e.2(a) of the Tax Law imposes an excise tax on “the sale of telecommunication
services by any person which is a provider of telecommunication services ....” Section 186-e.1(c)
of the Tax Law provides that the term “person” includes corporations, companies, partnerships and
LLCs. Section 186-e.1(e) of the Tax Law defines “provider of telecommunication services” as “any
person who furnishes or sells telecommunications services regardless of whether such activities are
the main business of such person or are only incidental thereto....” Section 186-e.1(g) of the Tax
Law defines “telecommunication services”as “telephony or telegraphy, or telephone or telegraph
service, including, but not limited to, any transmission of voice, image, data, information and
paging, through the use of wire, cable, fiber-optic, laser, microwave, radio wave, satellite or similar

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media or any combination thereof and shall include services that are ancillary to the provision of
telephone service ....”
Discussion
Issue 1
An LLC that is treated as a corporation for federal income tax purposes is treated as a
corporation for New York State tax purposes. An LLC that is treated as a partnership for
federal income tax purposes, is treated as a partnership for New York State tax purposes. (See,
FGIC CMRC Corp, Adv Op Comm T & F, April 1, 1996, TSB-A-96(11)C; and Department of
Taxation and Finance Memorandum, TSB-M-94(6)I and (8)C, October 25, 1994.)
In this case, NewCo LLC would be treated as a partnership for federal income tax purposes,
and would be treated as a partnership for New York State tax purposes.
Issue 2
As a partnership, NewCo LLC would not be subject to tax under Article 9-A or section 183
or 184 of Article 9 of the Tax Law. However, NewCo LLC would be a person pursuant to section
186-e.1(c) of the Tax Law, and as a provider of telecommunication services would be subject to the
tax imposed under section 186-e of the Tax Law.
Issues 3 and 4
NewCo LLC’s Managing Member and Non-managing Member would be treated as corporate
partners of a partnership conducting business in New York and would be subject to tax under
Article 9-A or sections 183 and 184 of the Tax Law.
If the activities of a corporate member of an LLC that is treated as a partnership for
New York State tax purposes are similar to the activities of a general partner of a partnership, such
corporate member will be treated like a general partner. However, if the activities of a corporate
member of an LLC are similar to the activities of a limited partner of a partnership, such corporate
member will be treated like a limited partner. See Stone Commodities Corp, Adv Op Comm T&F,
December 4, 1997, TSB-A-97(26)C and FGIC CMRC Corp, supra.
To determine the classification and proper taxability of a corporate partner of a partnership
under either Article 9 or Article 9-A, an examination of the nature of the corporation’s activities
is necessary, regardless of the purpose for which the corporation was organized. See Matter
of McAllister Bros., Inc. v Bates, 272 App Div 511, 517 (3rd Dept. 1947). Ordinarily, a corporation
is deemed to be principally engaged in the activity from which more than 50 percent of its receipts

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are derived. See, e.g., Joseph Bucciero, Contracting Inc., Adv Op St Tax Commn, July 23, 1981,
TSB-A-81(5)C.
For purposes of sections 183 and 184 of the Tax Law, where a partnership is engaged in the
conduct of a telephone business, a corporate general partner is, generally, also engaged in the
conduct of a telephone business. In interpreting section 209.1 of the Tax Law, section 1-3.2(a)(5)
of the Article 9-A Regulations sets forth a general rule which holds that if a partnership is exercising
any of the privileges of section 209.1, then all of its corporate general partners are subject to the tax
imposed by Article 9-A. The same interpretation was made for purposes of Article 9 of the Tax Law
in The Partners of Buffalo Telephone Company, Adv Op Comm T & F, February 22, 1989,
TSB-A-89(3)C. The Advisory Opinion held that where a general partnership is engaged in a
telephone business in New York State, each corporate partner is also engaged in a telephone
business in New York State, and each corporate partner of the partnership that was principally
engaged in such telephone business was subject to tax under sections 183 and 184 of Article 9 of
the Tax Law.
In GTE Spacenet Corp. v NYS Dept of Taxation and Finance, 224 AD2d 283 (1996), the
Court held that while the partnership was arguably engaged in activities enumerated in sections 183
and 184 of the Tax Law, the evidence demonstrated that the partners were engaged in the investment
business and were not engaged in the conduct of any of the businesses enumerated in sections 183
and 184 of the Tax Law because the partners were mere passive investors and did not participate in
the day-to-day management or operations of the partnership. Therefore, the partners were subject
to tax under Article 9-A and were not subject to the franchise taxes imposed pursuant to sections 183
and 184 of the Tax Law.
Pursuant to section 1-3.2(a)(6) of the Article 9-A Regulations, a corporate partner would be
engaged, directly or indirectly, in the participation in or the domination or control of all or any
portion of the business activities or affairs of the partnership if it meets the conditions of such
section 1-3.2(a)(6). If the corporation does meet the conditions of section 1-3.2(a)(6), it would be
doing business, employing capital, owning or leasing property or maintaining an office in New York
State and would be subject to tax under Article 9-A unless it is subject to tax under section 183 of
Article 9 of the Tax Law.
In this case, Petitioner states that the Managing Member would participate in the day-to-day
management of NewCo LLC. Therefore, the Managing Member would be treated like a corporate
general partner of a partnership, and following Partners of Buffalo Telephone, supra, would be
considered to be engaged in the telephone business of NewCo LLC. If the Managing Member is
principally engaged in such business, it would be subject to tax under section 183 of the Tax Law.
Otherwise, it would be subject to tax under Article 9-A of the Tax Law.
If the Non-managing Member is a mere passive investor and does not participate in the
day-to-day management or operations of NewCo LLC, then, pursuant to GTE Spacenet, supra, the

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Non-managing Member would not be considered to be engaged in the telephone business of NewCo
LLC and would not be subject to tax under section 183 of Article 9 of the Tax Law. The Non­
managing Member would be treated like a corporate limited partner and would be subject to tax
under Article 9-A of the Tax Law even if it were organized outside of New York, because it would
hold a 99 percent interest in NewCo LLC and would meet the conditions of section 1-3.2(a)(6)(i)(a)
of the Article 9-A Regulations.
However, if the Non-managing Member is not a mere passive investor or if it participates
in the day-to-day management of the operations of NewCo LLC, the Non-managing Member would
not come within the scope of GTE Spacenet, supra. Following Partners of Buffalo Telephone, supra,
the Non-managing Member would be considered to be engaged in the business of NewCo LLC, and
if the Non-managing Member is principally engaged in such business, it would be subject to tax
under section 183 of the Tax Law. Otherwise, it would be subject to tax under Article 9-A of the
Tax Law.
The determination of whether the Non-managing Member is a mere passive investor and
whether it participates in the day-to-day management or operations of NewCo LLC is a question of
fact that is not susceptible of determination within the context of an advisory opinion. An advisory
opinion merely sets forth the applicability of pertinent statutory and regulatory provisions to “a
specified set of facts.” Tax Law, §171.Twenty-fourth; 20 NYCRR 2376.1(a).
If either the Managing Member or the Non-managing Member is considered to be principally
engaged in a telephone business taxable under section 183 of the Tax Law, and it is also principally
engaged in local telephone business as defined in section 184 of the Tax Law, it would also be
subject to the additional franchise tax imposed under section 184 of the Tax Law.
Since NewCo LLC would be subject to the tax imposed under section 186-e of the Tax Law,
neither the Managing Member nor the Non-managing Member would be subject to section 186-e
of the Tax Law on their share of NewCo LLC’s receipts for which NewCo LLC is taxable under
section 186-e. However, the Managing Member or the Non-managing Member may be subject to
the tax imposed under section 186-e of the Tax Law if it is otherwise providing telecommunication
services taxable under section 186-e.
Issue 5
The conclusions in Issues 3 and 4 above would not be dependent on whether Managing
Member is owned directly by the Parent. However, if the Managing Member is a wholly owned
subsidiary of the Non-managing Member, such structure may be considered in determining whether
the Non-managing Member is a mere passive investor and not participating in the day-to-day
management or operation of NewCo LLC so as to come within the scope of GTE Spacenet, supra.

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As stated above, such factual determination may not be made within the context of this Advisory
Opinion.

DATED: July 9, 2002

NOTE:

/s/
Jonathan Pessen
Tax Regulations Specialist IV
Technical Services Division

The opinions expressed in Advisory Opinions are
limited to the facts set forth therein.