How does a company source receipts from licensing databases and electronically transmitting circulars, forms, manuals, and reports in the Article 9-A receipts factor?

Plain-English summary

Insurance Services Office, Inc. (ISO) licenses databases and electronically transmits circulars, forms, manuals, and reports (insurance rating and statistical material) to its customers. It asked how to source those receipts in the receipts factor of the business allocation percentage under section 210.3(a)(2) of Article 9-A. ISO compiles and aggregates customer-supplied data into unique copyrighted databases (a customer cannot retrieve its own raw submission once integrated) and provides database access and reports for personal and commercial lines.

The Department held the receipts are "other business receipts" sourced to where the customer accesses the data:

• Under section 210.3(a)(2)(D), receipts not otherwise described are "all other business receipts earned within New York." Following the NYMEX/market-data line of opinions, subscription/license fees for delivering data are earned at the location of the modems and other transmission equipment the customer uses to draw upon the material.
• So ISO's license fees are earned in New York when the modems and other transmission equipment the customer (or its agent) uses to access ISO's copyrighted databases and the forms, circulars, manuals, and reports are located in New York.
• Fallback: where the equipment location is not available, it may be presumed to be the customer's mailing address in ISO's records.

What this means for you

Database and e-delivered content fees are "other business receipts"

Fees for licensing databases and electronically transmitting documents are intangible-type "other business receipts" under section 210.3(a)(2)(D) -- not receipts from sales of tangible personal property or from services performed at the provider's location.

Source to where the customer pulls the data

The receipt is earned where the customer's equipment (modems, etc.) draws on the copyrighted material -- an access/use location test, consistent with the market-data and internet-access line of opinions (and the later TSB-A-02(3)C internet gift-certificate opinion).

A practical fallback when access location is unknown

If the provider cannot determine where the customer accessed the data, it may use the customer's mailing address of record as the presumed location -- giving a workable default for the New York numerator.

Common questions

Q: How are database-licensing receipts sourced for the Article 9-A receipts factor?
A: As other business receipts under section 210.3(a)(2)(D), sourced to where the customer's modems and transmission equipment draw upon the data.

Q: What about electronically transmitted forms, manuals, and reports?
A: Same rule -- sourced to the location of the equipment the customer uses to access the copyrighted materials.

Q: What if the access location isn't known?
A: It may be presumed to be the customer's mailing address in the licensor's records.

Citations and references

Statutes, regulations, and authorities:
- Tax Law section 210.3(a)(2) (business allocation percentage; receipts factor)
- Tax Law section 210.3(a)(2)(D) (other business receipts earned within New York)
- Insurance Services Office, Inc., TSB-A-00(15)C (Sept. 6, 2000)

Source

• Landing page: https://www.tax.ny.gov/pubs_and_bulls/advisory_opinions/corporation_ao_2000.htm
• Opinion: https://www.tax.ny.gov/pdf/advisory_opinions/corporation/a00_15c.pdf

Original ruling text

New York State Department of Taxation and Finance

Office of Tax Policy Analysis
Technical Services Division

TSB-A-00(15)C
Corporation Tax
September 6, 2000

STATE OF NEW YORK
COMMISSIONER OF TAXATION AND FINANCE
ADVISORY OPINION

PETITION NO. C991118A

On November 18, 1999, a Petition for Advisory Opinion was received from Insurance
Services Office, Inc., 7 World Trade Center, 15th Floor, New York, New York 10048.
The issue raised by Petitioner, Insurance Services Office, Inc., is how to allocate receipts
from the licensing of databases and from the electronic transmission of circulars, forms, manuals and
reports in computing the receipts factor of the business allocation percentage under section
210.3(a)(2) of Article 9-A of the Tax Law.
Petitioner submits the following facts as the basis for this Advisory Opinion.
Petitioner is one of the property and casualty insurance industry’s leading suppliers of
statistical, actuarial, underwriting and claims information. Petitioner collects information from
customers, and compiles and aggregates this information. This information becomes a part of
Petitioner’s databases, and the information so compiled is in a format that is unique and different
from the information supplied. Further, a customer cannot retrieve its individual information after
it is submitted since the information has been integrated with data from other customers to form a
unique product that is the property of Petitioner. At any one time, Petitioner’s computers store more
than 5.5 billion records. For commercial insurance lines, that represents 70 -75 percent of the entire
industry’s premium volume.
Petitioner’s business focuses on statistics, underwriting and claims information, actuarial
analyses, policy language, and consulting and technical services in connection with its 18 lines of
property and casualty insurance, as well as information about specific properties. Petitioner’s
products can be broken out into the following related segments: Personal and Commercial Insurance,
Form Development, Risk Securitization, and Field Property Surveys. A customer can also purchase
certain other information provided by third parties through Petitioner, although the sale of third party
information is a very small percentage of Petitioner’s revenues.
Personal and Commercial Insurance
Petitioner offers information reports and database access for both personal and commercial
lines of insurance. A typical information report addresses advisory prospective loss costs which are
the expected losses from underwriting a particular risk or class of risks, validated by an actuarial
analysis of historic losses on similar risks or risk classes. Petitioner, by compiling its customers’
information, develops advisory prospective loss costs, projections of average future claim payments

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and loss adjustment expenses, for various lines of insurance and classifications of policyholders.
These estimates provide a sound basis for customers to develop their own independent rates.
Petitioner also compiles the data it gathers from customers into aggregate insurance statistics,
available not only to customers but also to state regulators. This helps customers comply with state
requirements to report data and provides regulators with statistics in a common format. Petitioner
also serves as a licensed statistical-reporting agent for various states, enabling customers to submit
their required reports of premium and loss data to state regulators through Petitioner.
Form Development and Advisory Programs
Petitioner develops standardized policy forms and endorsements for underwriting many
insurance lines and classes. Petitioner modifies such forms in response to legislative, judicial,
regulatory, sociological, demographic and market place changes. Standardized forms permit the
aggregation of comparable statistics for analysis, which allows customers to resolve claims, set fair
rates, and share risks with re-insurers.
Petitioner has employed its policy-language expertise to help customers address a variety of
issues associated with the year-2000 (Y2K). In 1998, Petitioner obtained approval for its Y2K
endorsements in almost all jurisdictions for the major lines of insurance. These endorsements can
better define and manage loss exposure by excluding coverage, specify that coverage applies only
in certain circumstances, and providing limited coverage.
Petitioner’s Market Segments Program helps customers penetrate potentially profitable
market segments without incurring internal development costs. The program is a series of advisory
programs designed to meet the specialized coverage needs of particular classes of insurance. As an
example, Petitioner developed “Auto Service Risks”. Through the use of “wrap-around”
endorsements and simplified rating procedures, the Auto Services Risk Program contains the
coverage needed to tailor a policy to the needs of auto repair shops, service stations and garages.
Regulators in 35 jurisdictions have approved the Auto Service Risks Program. Market segments that
Petitioner will address in the future include supermarkets, family-style restaurants, and bed-and­
breakfast establishments.
Risk Securitization
Petitioner is establishing itself as a vital source of information and analysis in the emerging
field of risk securitization. In 1998, Petitioner experts developed a methodology that determines for
each customer, based on its unique characteristics, the most cost-effective mix of traditional
catastrophe financing, including reinsurance, and securitization vehicles such as catastrophe bonds,
contingent surplus notes, catastrophe options, and catastrophe equity puts.

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Data Management Services
Petitioner also offers various reports and database information providing financial analysis,
actuarial information, special market analysis and actuarial consulting.
Field Property Surveys
Petitioner offers a variety of underwriting, classification, and loss cost information about
individual locations. Petitioner’s field staff surveys commercial and personal properties to support
customers’ underwriting. Its specific property products help customers evaluate the quality of a risk
and identify ways to improve a risk. Petitioner’s database contains underwriting information on
more than 2.2 million commercial properties throughout the country. Petitioner also conducts on-site
surveys of individual properties, develops prospective loss costs for specific large commercial
properties, and reports on properties’ risk characteristics.
Databases
Petitioner owns a number of databases , which provide information for both the personal and
commercial lines of insurance. These databases are licensed to Petitioner’s customers and are
accessed either through the Internet or through direct access to Petitioner’s servers. All information
contained within these databases is copyrighted by Petitioner and may only be used under terms and
conditions that clearly indicate the information is copyrighted by Petitioner. By using the databases,
a customer consents that any information obtained is proprietary to Petitioner, unless stated
otherwise.
As stated above, there are a number of databases available to customers of Petitioner. For
purposes of this ruling, we will describe the principle databases. However, this discussion of the
databases is not exhaustive, as there are numerous databases, and databases that are in development.
All databases contain proprietary, copyrighted information.
Actuarial Database
Petitioner owns and licenses to its customers a database of information derived from actuarial
review and analysis. This database, which is available for both commercial and personal lines of
insurance, allows the customer to access Petitioner’s actuarial data and extend or adapt the analyses
or perform the customer’s own original analyses on the data. This also allows a customer to access
actuarial circulars. This database is available over the Internet.

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Lines of Insurance Databases
Petitioner owns and licenses to its customers databases which provide statistical information
for personal and commercial lines of insurance including but not limited to automobile, personal
property, homeowners, earthquake, inland marine, and personal theft. These databases provide
information relating to severity and frequency of incidents as well as pure premium information.
Underwriting Determinants Database
Petitioner and an unrelated third party jointly developed another database available to
customers. This database allows the customer to enter a street address and the database provides all
the key underwriting variables necessary to determine whether to write a particular risk and if so,
what level of premium to charge. The customer will also be able to access detailed hazard
information. This database provides information on public fire protection, auto, wind, crime, brush
fire and earthquake risks.
Each of the databases is populated with information that is proprietary to and copyrighted by
Petitioner. The license of the database to the customer gives the customer an intangible right to
access the information.
Electronic Transmission of Forms, Circulars, Manuals
Petitioner produces standardized policy forms, endorsements, circulars, manuals and reports
for many insurance lines and classes. Petitioner modifies such forms in response to legislative,
judicial, regulatory, sociological, demographic, and market place changes. Standardized forms
permit the aggregation of comparable statistics for analysis, which helps customers resolve claims,
set fair rates, and share risks with reinsurers. A customer must be licensed for the relevant line of
insurance in order to obtain such policy language or data.
These products are delivered to the customer in a variety of formats namely, Internet, direct
access to Petitioner server, CD-ROM or hard copy. This request for Advisory Opinion does not
apply to revenues derived from the delivery of these products via CD-ROM or hard copy.
License Agreement
All information, however obtained, including information obtained by electronic transmission
or by the Internet, is copyrighted information. For example, the license agreement which applies to
the access of the databases, forms, manuals, circulars and reports via the Internet specifically
provides that all of the information is proprietary to Petitioner and copyrighted by Petitioner. The
license agreement further provides that the reproduction of any materials by the customer must

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include a statement that the information is copyrighted by Petitioner. All of the product names are
registered trademarks or service marks of Petitioner.
Additional Information
Through telephone calls on January 7, 2000, and April 18, 2000, Petitioner’s representative
provided the following additional information . Petitioner’s receipts from its customers consist of
an annual fixed fee and a variable usage based fee that is based on the number of times a database
is accessed and the number of items that are electronically transmitted (downloaded). When
Petitioner licenses a customer, the customer has access only to the databases and other material
related to the type of insurance that the customer is licensed to write. The customer has access
through a user name and identification number. Petitioner’s customer may allow an independent
agent of the customer to access the databases and other material using the Petitioner’s access user
name and identification number. The Petitioner has a mailing address for each customer, but does
not know where the customer actually accesses the databases or downloads material, or whether an
agent of the customer is the person accessing the databases and other material. With respect to the
forms, circulars, manuals etc., a customer would download each item once. For instance, a customer
would download into its computer system a model policy form. The customer could use the form
as downloaded to write its policies, or the customer could customize the form for its own needs and
use the customized version to write its policies.
Discussion
Section 210.3(a)(2) of the Tax Law provides that, for purposes of computing the receipts
factor of the business allocation percentage, receipts allocable to New York State include:
(A) sales of tangible personal property where shipments are made to points within
New York;
(B) services performed within New York;
(C) rentals from property situated, and royalties from the use of patents or copyrights,
within New York, and receipts from sales of rights for closed-circuit and cable
television transmissions of an event taking place within the state as a result of the
rendition of services by employees of the corporation, but only to the extent that such
receipts are attributable to such transmission received or exhibited within New York;
(D) all other business receipts earned within New York.

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In New York Mercantile Exchange, Adv Op Comm T&F, April 7, 1999, TSB-A-99(16)C
(NYMEX), the petitioner’s Market Data was its exclusive property, and petitioner entered into
license agreements with Vendors, DEAVs and IEAVs, for worldwide distribution of the Market
Data. The Vendors generally did not use the Market Data other than to provide it to Subscribers via
electronic transmission. The Subscribers were only permitted to use the Market Data internally and
could not distribute it to any third parties. The petitioner was responsible for the telecommunications
link between its network and a DEAV, and it provided modems and other transmission equipment
to the DEAV, at the DEAV's place of business, for its physical connection with the petitioner’s
network. At all times such modems and other transmission equipment remained the property of the
petitioner. The IEAVs obtained access to the Market data through a DEAV. A Vendor paid the
petitioner a monthly subscription fee based on the number of terminals at Subscriber locations that
provided access to the petitioner’s Market Data. The advisory opinion held that the monthly
subscription fees that the petitioner received from the Vendors constituted "other business receipts"
and were earned at the location where the petitioner delivered the Market Data to the Vendors. That
is, they were earned at the location of the modems and other transmission equipment that the Vendor
used to draw upon the Market Data obtained under the license arrangement with the petitioner.
Accordingly, the petitioner’s monthly subscription fees from a Vendor were earned in New York
when the location of the modems and other transmission equipment that the Vendor used to draw
upon the Market Data was in New York State.
In this case, the information contained in the databases and licensed to customers of
Petitioner is all copyrighted material. Customers that subscribe to the databases are paying Petitioner
for the intangible right to access and obtain copyrighted data. The information in the databases is
proprietary to Petitioner and bears the Petitioner’s copyright. In addition, the circulars, forms,
manuals and reports that are transmitted electronically to the customers of Petitioner are also
copyrighted by Petitioner. The license agreement signed by customers of Petitioner’s Internet service
clearly states that all information belongs to Petitioner, is proprietary to Petitioner, is copyrighted
by Petitioner and any reproductions must acknowledge the copyright by Petitioner.
Although not dictating the conclusion, NYMEX is instructive. Similar to the subscription
fees in NYMEX, the revenues for the access to Petitioner’s copyrighted material constitute "other
business receipts" for purposes of the receipts factor of the business allocation percentage under
section 210.3(a)(2) of the Tax Law. Such receipts are considered New York receipts to the extent
that they are earned in New York. Neither Article 9-A of the Tax Law nor the Business Corporation
Franchise Tax Regulations provide specific guidance on where receipts of the type at issue in this
case are "earned". It is concluded that the annual fee, and the variable fee based on the number of
times that a database is accessed and the number of items electronically transmitted that Petitioner
receives from its customers for access to the copyrighted databases and the copyrighted forms,
circulars, manuals and reports are properly sourced within and without New York on the basis of the
location of modems and other transmission equipment that the customer uses to draw upon the

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material obtained under the licensing agreement with Petitioner. That is, Petitioner’s fees from a
customer under the licensing agreement are earned in New York when the location of the modems
and other transmission equipment that the customer or its agent uses to draw upon Petitioner’s
copyrighted databases and the copyrighted forms, circulars, manuals and reports is in New York
State. In instances where information is not available to determine the location of the modems and
other transmission equipment that the customer uses to draw upon Petitioner’s databases and other
material under the licensing arrangement with Petitioner, such location may be presumed to be at the
customer’s mailing address in the records of Petitioner.

DATED: September 6, 2000

NOTE:

/s/
John W. Bartlett
Deputy Director
Technical Services Division

The opinions expressed in Advisory Opinions are
limited to the facts set forth therein.