After an out-of-state buyer restructures the ownership, is a holding company's gain from selling its partnership interest included in Colorado's apportionment factor?
Plain-English summary
A holding company ("Affiliate") existed for one purpose: to invest in a Delaware LLC (and, through it, an operating partnership that did business only in six states — Alabama, Florida, Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi — none of them Colorado). Affiliate's only Colorado tie was the Colorado private equity fund that controlled it. As part of an integrated restructuring directed by a new out-of-state owner, Affiliate sold part of its partnership interest and realized a gain. The question: does that gain go into Affiliate's Colorado apportionment factor?
The Department walked the same three steps as its companion ruling and reached the same place:
- The gain is business income. Affiliate's entire business was acquiring, holding, and selling the investment, so gain from selling that intangible is business income (and a corporation can elect to treat all income as business income anyway). Business income is apportioned.
- Affiliate includes its distributive share of the partnership's gross sales in its Colorado factor (a partner is deemed to conduct the partnership's business directly), to the extent that pass-through income is business income.
- The gain itself is excluded from the factor. Three facts drove this:
- Commercial domicile left Colorado. Although the sale formally happened just before the ownership change, the new out-of-state owners directed the integrated transaction, so for purposes of this sale Affiliate's commercial domicile was not Colorado. The Department cited the step-transaction doctrine of Commissioner v. Court Holding Co. to look at the economic reality of the integrated deal.
- The gain was fully taxed at source. All six operating states included the gain in apportionable income and excluded it from their sales factors, taxing it based on the partnership's activity there. When two states would tax the same income — one on domicile, one on source — the domicile state ordinarily yields to avoid double taxation.
- No Colorado activity. Affiliate had no business activity or Colorado-source income (its 2013–2014 Colorado returns showed zero apportioned income). Putting the gain in Colorado's factor would create a Colorado tax where there was no Colorado business.
So the Department used alternative (equitable) apportionment under § 39-22-303.5(7)(b) to disregard the gain in Affiliate's Colorado factor. As a PLR, it binds the Department only for this taxpayer.
This is the twin of [[plr-17-009-treatment-of-gain-realized-from-the-sale-of-ownership-interest-in-an-l]] (same three-issue structure, gain excluded from the factor). It also sits in the broader "apportionable income but out of the factor" thread with [[plr-26-002-receipts-for-income-apportionment]] and [[plr-23-002-exclusion-of-gain-from-apportionment-factor]].
What this means for you
Private equity and holding-company structures
A gain realized as part of a buyer-directed restructuring can shift your commercial domicile out of Colorado for that sale — and Colorado may then exclude the gain from your factor, especially when the underlying operations and the source-state tax are entirely elsewhere. The step-transaction lens means Colorado looks at the integrated deal, not just the formal order of steps.
Multistate corporations selling partnership interests
Where the gain is fully taxed by the source states and your Colorado activity is nil, expect the domicile-yields-to-source principle to support excluding the gain from Colorado's factor through equitable apportionment.
Accountants and tax professionals
Same three determinations as the companion ruling: business income (presumption + § 303.5(6) election); inclusion of the partnership's gross sales in the factor; and whether the gain is sourced to Colorado by domicile or disregarded under § 303.5(7)(b). Build the file on where the deal was directed, where the operations are, and how the source states taxed the gain.
Common questions
Q: My holding company was domiciled in Colorado. Is the gain on selling its partnership interest automatically Colorado income for the factor?
A: Not necessarily. If a buyer-directed restructuring shifted the commercial domicile out of Colorado and the gain was fully taxed by the states where the business operates, Colorado may exclude the gain from the factor via equitable apportionment.
Q: Why does it matter that the new owners directed the sale?
A: Under the step-transaction doctrine, Colorado looks at the integrated transaction's economic reality. A sale directed by out-of-state owners points commercial domicile away from Colorado for that sale.
Q: What is "domicile yields to source"?
A: When one state would tax income based on the taxpayer's domicile and another based on the income's source, the domicile state ordinarily defers to the source state to avoid double taxation.
Q: Can my company rely on this ruling?
A: No. A private letter ruling binds the Department only for the taxpayer and facts it was issued to and cannot be relied upon by anyone else.
Citations and references
Statutes, rules, and authorities:
- § 39-22-303.5(1)(a), (b), (c), C.R.S. (business/nonbusiness income; commercial domicile)
- § 39-22-303.5(4), C.R.S. (single-sales-factor apportionment); (4)(c)(V) (gain from intangibles to commercial domicile)
- § 39-22-303.5(6), C.R.S. (election to treat all income as business income)
- § 39-22-303.5(7)(b), C.R.S. (alternative / equitable apportionment)
- § 39-22-108, C.R.S. (resident credit — cited by analogy)
- 1 CCR 201-2, Rules 39-22-303.5.4(A)(2), 303.5.7(B)(4)(c)
- 26 U.S.C. § 702; Commissioner v. Court Holding Co., 324 U.S. 331 (1945)
- 1 CCR 201-1, Rule 24-35-103.5 (private letter ruling procedure)
Source
- Landing page: https://tax.colorado.gov/all-letter-rulings
- Original PDF: https://tax.colorado.gov/sites/tax/files/documents/PLR-16-015.pdf
Original ruling text
Office of Tax Policy
P.O. Box 17087
Denver, CO 80217-0087
[email protected]
PLR-16-015
September 30, 2016
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Attn: XXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Re: Acquisition and restructuring transaction
Dear XXXXXXXXXXXX,
You submitted on behalf of XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX (“Company”) a request for a private
letter ruling to the Colorado Department of Revenue (“Department”) pursuant to
Department Rule 24-35-103.5. This letter is the Department’s private letter ruling. This
ruling is binding on the Department to the extent set forth in Department Rule 24-35-103.5.
It cannot be relied upon by any taxpayer other than the taxpayer to whom the ruling is
made.
Issues
1. Is the gain realized by the corporate partner from the sale of its interest in the
partnership considered business income?
2. Should a corporate partner include in its apportionment factor its distributive share of
the partnership’s gross sales?
3. Should the gain the corporate partner realized from the sale of its interest in the
partnership be excluded from its Colorado apportionment factor?
Conclusion
1. The gain from the sale of its interest in the partnership is business income for the
corporate partner.
2. To the extent that the partnership income a corporate partner receives is business
income, the corporate partner should include in its apportionment factor its distributive
share of the partnership’s gross sales.
3. Because the sale was directed by the corporate partner’s new ownership outside of
Colorado, because the gain from the sale was fully subjected to state taxation by the
states in which the partnerships operate, and because inclusion of the gain in
Colorado’s apportionment factor would not fairly represent the corporate partner’s
business activity in Colorado, the corporate partner should exclude from its
apportionment factor the gain it realized from the sale of its interest in the partnership.
Background
Company requests guidance regarding the tax treatment of a gain that
XXXXXXXXXXXX (“Affiliate”) realized from the sale of part of Affiliate’s interest in a
partnership as part of a series of related transactions. See Appendix A at the end of this
ruling for an illustration of ownership structure both before and after the transactions
discussed herein.
Prior to the series of transactions that included the sale under consideration here,
Affiliate was one of six blocker corporations that, along with other unrelated entities,
held ownership interests in XXXXXXXXXXXXXX, a Delaware limited liability company
(“XYZ”). The six blocker corporations were each controlled by separate investment
entities. Affiliate was controlled by a private equity fund located in Colorado. However,
Company represents that Affiliate had no other business activity in or connection to
Colorado beyond the private equity fund that controlled it.
Affiliate is a holding company that exists for the sole purpose of investing in XYZ.
Affiliate’s only business activity is investing in XYZ and eventually selling its investment
in XYZ. This activity comprises the entirety of Affiliate’s economic enterprise.
XYZ holds a majority interest in XXXXXXXXXX, another Delaware limited liability
company (“Operating LLC”). Both XYZ and Operating LLC were treated as partnerships
for federal and state income tax purposes. Both XYZ and Operating LLC operate and
are subject to taxation exclusively in six states (Alabama, Florida, Illinois, Kentucky,
Louisiana, and Mississippi).
The focus of this ruling is a series of related transaction, described below, involving
Affiliate, XYZ, Company, and Company’s subsidiaries. Company is a private equity fund
located outside of Colorado. Company is the managing member of two LLCs,
XXXXXXXXX and XXXXXXXXXXXX (“ABC” and “DEF”, respectively), each of which is
treated as a partnership for state and federal income tax purposes. Company, ABC, and
DEF are all commercially domiciled outside of Colorado.
In 2015, Company, ABC, and DEF engaged in three related transactions involving
Affiliate. Company represents that the three transactions occurred at about the same
time and were treated as an integrated transaction for federal tax purposes. First, DEF
acquired ownership shares of XYZ from the six blocker corporations, including Affiliate,
resulting in a gain for each of the blocker corporations. Affiliate’s sale of shares in XYZ
to DEF (“Sale”) and the gain resulting therefrom are the subject of this ruling. ABC then
fully acquired all 6 blocker corporations. Finally, the five other blocker corporations were
then merged into Affiliate. Company managed and directed all three of these
transactions. Following these transactions Affiliate and DEF, along with other unrelated
entities, held ownership interests in XYZ, and Affiliate was owned entirely by ABC.
XYZ and Operating LLC generated income from six states (Alabama, Florida, Illinois,
Kentucky, Louisiana, and Mississippi) and have no business activity in or income from
any other states. Affiliate, XYZ, and Operating LLC filed or will file 2015 income tax
returns in each of these six states. On each of the six state returns Affiliate files for
2
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these states, the entire gain for Sale is 1) included in apportionable income and 2)
excluded when computing the sales factor.
Structure of Analysis
1) Is the gain Affiliate realizes from Sale “business income” under §§§39-22-303.5(1)(a),
(4)(a), and (6), C.R.S.?
2) Under § 39-22-303.5(4), C.R.S. should Affiliate include in its apportionment factor its
distributive share of Operating LLC’s gross sales?
3) Should the gain from Sale be excluded under § 39-22-303.5(7), C.R.S. and Dept. Rules
1 CCR 201-2, 39-22-303.5.4(A)(2) and 303.5.7(4)(c) from Affiliate’s Colorado
apportionment factor?
a) How was Affiliate’s commercial domicile, as defined in §39-22-303.5(1)(b),
C.R.S., affected by the series of transactions that included Sale?
b) For the purpose of applying § 39-22-303.5(7), C.R.S and Dept. Rule 1 CCR 2012, 39-22-303.5.4(A)(2), what was Affiliate’s business activity in Colorado during
the tax year?
c) For the purpose of equitable apportionment under §39-22-303.5(7), C.R.S., to
what extent was the gain from Sale taxed as source income by other states?
Discussion
1. Is the gain Affiliate realized from Sale business income?
The tax treatment of corporate income is determined in part by whether the income is
business income or nonbusiness income. Both “business income” and “nonbusiness
income” are defined by law for Colorado corporate income tax purposes.1 Within these
definitions there is a clear presumption, in absence of compelling evidence to the
contrary, that the income of a corporation is business income (“the income of the taxpayer
is business income unless clearly classifiable as nonbusiness income”).2 Furthermore,
business income is defined as income derived through the “regular course of a taxpayer’s
trade or business” and includes “income from...intangible property if the acquisition,
management, and disposition of the property constitute integral parts of the taxpayer's
regular trade or business operations.”3 Affiliate is a holding company whose business
activity consists exclusively of acquiring, holding, and selling investments. Therefore, the
gain Affiliate realized from Sale (a sale of intangible property) is business income.
Additionally, under Colorado law a corporation may elect to treat all of its income as
business income.4 Consequently, Affiliate’s may elect to treat all of its income, including
the gain from Sale, as business income for Colorado tax purposes.
2. Should Affiliate include in its apportionment factor its distributive share of Operating
LLC’s gross sales?5
1
§§ 39-22-303.5(1)(a) & (c), C.R.S
§ 39-22-303.5(1)(a), C.R.S.
3
Id.
4
§ 39-22-303.5(6), C.R.S.
2
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For corporations, Colorado statute prescribes the apportionment of business income in
the ratio of the taxpayer’s total sales in Colorado to the taxpayer’s total sales
everywhere.6 With respect to state taxation, a “partner is generally deemed to be
conducting the partnership business directly.”7 This approach is consistent with the tax
treatment of a partner’s gross income for federal purposes.8 Thus, where’s Affiliate’s
partnership income from Operating LLC is business income for Colorado tax purposes,
Affiliate’s distributive share of Operating LLC’s gross sales are Affiliate’s own gross sales.
To the extent that the partnership income that Affiliate receives through Operating LLC is
business income, Affiliate should include in its apportionment factor its distributive share
of Operating LLC’s gross sales.
3. Should the gain from Sale be excluded from Affiliate’s Colorado apportionment factor?
Statute and regulation prescribe apportionment on the basis of total gross receipts, but
allow for the departure from prescribed apportionment rules and allow for alternative
methods when necessary to “fairly calculate...the net income derived from or attributable
to sources in Colorado.”9 Rules further instruct that “gross receipts..be disregarded in
determining the sales factor” when necessary to “fairly...apportion to this state the income
of the taxpayer's trade or business.”10 More specifically, “[w]here business income from
intangible property cannot readily be attributed to any particular income-producing activity
of the taxpayer, and such income cannot be assigned to the numerator of the sales factor
for any state, such income shall be excluded from the denominator of the sales factor.”11
For the purpose of apportionment, “gain from the sale of intangible property” is
apportioned to Colorado and included in the numerator of the apportionment ratio “if the
taxpayer’s commercial domicile is in Colorado.”12 A corporation’s commercial domicile is
“the principal place from which the trade or business of the taxpayer is directed or
managed.”13 Prior to the sale that generated the gain, Affiliate was domiciled in Colorado
and conceded as much with the filing of 2013 and 2014 Colorado income tax returns.
Affiliate’s Colorado domicile was assumed because it was controlled by a private equity
fund located in Colorado and, as a holding company, Affiliate conducted no active
business directed or managed from any location outside of Colorado.
However, Affiliate’s commercial domicile in Colorado was terminated by the series of
transactions that included Sale. Company, as managing member of ABC and DEF,
5
This section of this ruling concerns not the gain Affiliate realized from Sale, but the partnership
income Affiliate received through its ownership in XYZ and, indirectly, its ownership in
Operating LLC.
6
§ 39-22-303.5(4), C.R.S.
7
Hellerstein & Hellerstein, State Taxation, ¶ 9.12[1]. See also Hellerstein & Hellerstein, State
Taxation, ¶ 20.08[2][b].
8
26 USC § 702. “In any case where it is necessary to determine the gross income for a
partner...such amount shall include his distributive share of the gross income of the
partnership.”
9
§ 39-22-303.5(7)(b), C.R.S.
10
Dept. Rule 1 CCR 201-2, 39-22-303.5.4(A)(2)
11
Dept. Rule 1 CCR 201-2, 39-22-303.5.7(B)(4)(c)
12
§ 39-22-303.5(4)(c)(V), C.R.S.
13
§ 39-22-303.5(1)(b), C.R.S.
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DR 4010A (06/11/14)
directed and managed the series of transactions, including Sale. Following the series of
transactions, Affiliate was no longer domiciled in Colorado as its new owner, ABC was not
located in Colorado and Affiliate no longer had any connection to the state. As Sale was
executed under the management and direction of Affiliate’s new ownership that was not
located in Colorado, Affiliate’s commercial domicile was not Colorado with respect to
Sale.14
Company further represents that gain from Sale was fully taxed by the six states in which
XYZ and Operating LLC were active. With respect to each of these states 1) the gain was
included in apportionable income and 2) the gain was excluded from both the numerator
and denominator of the sales factor. As a consequence, the gain Affiliate realized from
Sale was apportioned to these six states on the basis of the source of the partnership
income Affiliate received from Operating LLC, through XYZ, which was Affiliate’s only
other income. When two states seek to tax the same income, one on the basis of domicile
and one on the basis of source, “the state of domicile ordinarily yields to the state of
source to avoid double taxation.”15 Indeed, with respect to individuals, Colorado is just
such a state, granting to residents a credit for taxes paid to other state.16
Additionally, Affiliate had no business activity in Colorado. Based upon Affiliate’s previous
commercial domicile, it filed 2013 and 2014 Colorado income tax returns. However, on
each of these returns Affiliate reported no Colorado source income, apportioned no
income to Colorado, and incurred no Colorado tax. Furthermore, Affiliate derived no
income from business activity in Colorado in 2015. Consequently, the inclusion of the gain
from the sale in question here in both the numerator and the denominator of Affiliate’s
apportionment factor would produce inequitable apportionment and a Colorado tax liability
where Affiliate had no business activity in Colorado.
Because Sale was directed by Affiliate’s new ownership outside of Colorado, because
gain from Sale was fully subjected to state taxation by the states in which XYZ and
Operating LLC operate, and because inclusion of the gain from Sale in Colorado’s
apportionment factor would not fairly represent Affiliate’s business activity in Colorado,
the gain from Sale should be excluded from Affiliate’s Colorado apportionment factor.
Miscellaneous
This ruling is premised on the assumption that Company has completely and accurately
disclosed all material facts and that those material facts will not change or be amended.
The Department reserves the right, among others, to independently evaluate Company’s
representations. The ruling is null and void if any such representation is incorrect and has
a material bearing on the conclusions reached in this ruling and is subject to modification
14
In Commissioner v. Court Holding Co., 324 U.S. 331, 65 S.Ct. 707 (1945), the Court effectively
reordered a series of transactions for tax purposes in order to more accurately reflect the
economic reality of the transactions. Where a corporation was liquidated, transferring its assets
to its shareholders who subsequently sold such assets, the Court deemed the assets to have
been sold directly by the corporation which had engaged in negotiations with the buyer prior to
the liquidation. Here, while Sale may have formally preceded Affiliate’s change in ownership
(and the resultant change in commercial domicile), it nonetheless was executed at the direction
of the new owners.
15
Hellerstein & Hellerstein, State Taxation, ¶ 6.04
16
§ 39-22-108, C.R.S.
5
DR 4010A (06/11/14)
or revocation in accordance to Department Regulation 24-35-103.5.
This ruling is binding on the Department to the extent set forth in Department Regulation
24-35-103.5. It cannot be relied upon by any taxpayer other than the taxpayer to whom
the ruling is made.
Enclosed is a redacted version of this ruling. Pursuant to statute and regulation, this
redacted version of the ruling will be made public within 60 days of the date of this letter.
Please let me know in writing within that 60 day period whether you have any suggestions
or concerns about this redacted version of the ruling.
Sincerely,
Office of Tax Policy
Colorado Department of Revenue
This ruling cannot be relied upon by any other taxpayer other than the taxpayer to whom
the ruling is made.
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Appendix A
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