Is a single-use medical catheter exempt from Colorado sales and use tax when the manufacturer sells it to a healthcare provider who uses it on a patient?

Plain-English summary

A company makes a system for treating venous reflux disease (an underlying cause of varicose veins): a single-use catheter with a heated tip plus a heat generator that ablates the vein. The company asked whether its sale of the catheter is exempt from Colorado sales and use tax. The catheter has a retail price over $100, is sold only to licensed healthcare providers, is used by the provider at the provider's facility, and is removed from the patient and does not leave with the patient after treatment. The Department ruled the catheter is not exempt — it is taxable.

The therapeutic-device exemption doesn't reach a provider's purchase. Colorado exempts therapeutic devices over $100 "when sold in accordance with a written recommendation from a licensed doctor" to treat a human disability or abnormality (§ 39-26-717(b)). The Department reads that introductory phrase to mean the exemption applies only when a patient buys the device on a doctor's recommendation — not when the healthcare provider buys it. (A patient could buy an apnea monitor or enteral pump tax-free on a doctor's recommendation; a physician buying the same device could not.) So the sale of the catheter to the provider is not exempt.

Itemizing the catheter on the patient's bill is not a resale. A provider sometimes separately states a charge for a product on the patient invoice to argue it resold the product to the patient (which would shift the tax to the patient and could eliminate it if the patient or sale were exempt). The Department rejected that here: the true object of the provider-patient transaction is the medical service, and the separate charge is just an itemized cost component of that service. The provider is specially trained to perform the invasive procedure, the patient exercises no meaningful control over the catheter (the provider inserts, operates, and removes it), and the catheter doesn't leave with the patient. The Department compared the catheter to a surgeon's scalpel: the supplier sells it to the surgeon, the patient never uses it or takes it home, and itemizing its cost on the bill doesn't make it a resale. The surgeon is the provider of a service and the consumer of the scalpel.

Bottom line. The provider is the user and consumer of the catheter, so the company is the retailer and must collect sales tax on its sales to providers — unless the provider is otherwise tax-exempt (for example, a charitable entity). Because the catheter isn't sold or used by the patient, the Department didn't need to decide whether it would otherwise qualify as a therapeutic device (though it noted in passing that a simple single-use catheter likely is neither a prosthetic device nor an exempt mechanical therapeutic device).

Because this is a private letter ruling, it is binding on the Department only for this taxpayer and these facts and cannot be relied on by anyone else.

What this means for you

Manufacturers and distributors of medical devices

If you sell a device to a healthcare provider who uses it to perform a service, expect the sale to be taxable — the provider is generally the consumer, and the therapeutic-device exemption (written doctor's recommendation) is keyed to patient purchases. Collect Colorado tax on sales to providers unless the provider gives you a valid exemption (e.g., a charitable or governmental entity).

Doctors, clinics, and hospitals

Buying a device you use on a patient (and that the patient doesn't take home) generally makes you the taxable consumer. You can't avoid that by itemizing the device on the patient's bill — that's not a resale when the true object of what you provide is a service. The analysis could differ if you actually sell or lease the device to the patient for the patient to use independently.

Accountants and tax professionals

The pivot is who is the user/consumer and the true object of the transaction — not whether a charge is separately stated. Control over the item, special training to operate it, and whether the patient leaves with it are the key factors (GIL 09-029; A.D. Stores). Single-use items a provider uses and discards are generally taxable to the provider (FYI Sales 68).

Common questions

Q: We sell catheters (or similar single-use devices) to clinics. Do we charge Colorado tax?
A: Generally yes. The clinic is the user and consumer, so you're the retailer and collect tax — unless the clinic is itself a tax-exempt entity.

Q: Doesn't the medical/therapeutic-device exemption cover this?
A: Not on a provider's purchase. The exemption for therapeutic devices over $100 applies when a patient buys on a doctor's written recommendation. A provider buying the same device is taxable.

Q: If the provider itemizes the device on the patient's invoice, is it a tax-free resale to the patient?
A: No. A separate line item doesn't make it a resale when the true object is the provider's service and the patient never controls or keeps the device. The provider remains the consumer.

Q: Would the answer change if the patient bought or leased the device directly?
A: It might. The Department said it could view the transaction differently if the company sold or leased the system directly to a patient who could operate it without a provider.

Citations and references

Statutes, rules, and authorities:
- § 39-26-104(1)(a), C.R.S. (sales tax); § 39-26-202, C.R.S. (use tax)
- § 39-26-717(b)/(c), C.R.S. (therapeutic-device exemption for patient purchases on a doctor's written recommendation)
- Reg. 39-26-102.7(a) (true object / mixed transactions)
- A.D. Stores v. Dep't of Revenue, 19 P.3d 680 (Colo. 2001) (separability of services and goods)
- General Information Letter 09-029 (true-object / control factors); General Information Letter 09-001 (possession not required to be a reseller)
- FYI Sales 68 (Medical and Dental Supplies and Materials)

Related rulings

• [[gil-13-012-sutures-and-iv-catheters]] — sutures/IV catheters; medical-supply taxability
• [[gil-12-009-durable-medical-equipment]] — DME exemption framework and limits
• [[gil-11-011-taxability-of-medical-related-services-providers]] — provider as consumer; medical-related services not taxed
• [[plr-10-003-private-letter-ruling-re-food-service-company]] — true-object service; user/consumer analysis

Source

• Landing page: https://tax.colorado.gov/sales-use-tax-letter-rulings
• Original PDF: https://tax.colorado.gov/sites/tax/files/documents/PLR-10-004.pdf

Original ruling text

Office of Tax Policy
P.O. Box 17087
Denver, CO 80217-0087
[email protected]

PLR-10-004
August 17, 2010
XXXXXXXXXXXX
Attn: XXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXX
Re: Private Letter Ruling Dear
XXXXXXXXX,
XXXXXXXX (“Company”) submitted a request for a private letter ruling to the Colorado
Department of Revenue (“Department”) pursuant to Regulation 24-35103.5. This letter is the Department’s private letter ruling.
Issue
Is the sale of XXXXXXXXX catheter1 exempt from Colorado sales and use taxes?
Conclusion
The sale of XXXXXXXXXXXX catheter is not exempt from Colorado sales or use taxes. The
healthcare provider is the consumer of the device, does not resell the device, for tax
purposes, by itemizing the device on a patient’s invoice, and is responsible for collecting and
reporting the tax.
Background
Company manufactures the XXXXXXXXX system, which is comprised of a catheter and a
heat generator. The system treats venous reflux disease, which is an underlying cause of
varicose veins. The catheter is a single-use catheter that allows for the rapid and uniform
ablation of a varicose vein using thermal energy. The catheter consists, in part, of a wire that
has a heating element at its tip. The generator produces energy that is transmitted to the
catheter’s heating element. The catheter also has the ability to transmit information about
the temperature of the

1

The XXXXXXXXXX system is comprised of a catheter and generator. The request for a ruling is limited to
the taxability of the catheter.

–2–

treated area back to the generator. The treatment shrinks and occludes thevaricose vein.
Company sells the device only to licensed healthcare providers. The device is used by the
provider at the provider’s facilities. After the treatment session is concluded, the catheter is
removed from the patient by the provider. The provider may or may not separately state a
charge for the catheter in the patient invoice. The catheter and generator each have a retail
price greater than $100.
Discussion
Colorado levies sales and use tax on the sale or use of tangible personal property.
§§39-26-104(1)(a) and 202, C.R.S. However, sales and use of certain medical
products are exempt. This ruling considers the application of the exemption for
therapeutic devices to sale of the catheter.2
Colorado exempts from sales and use tax the sale of therapeutic devices under the following
circumstances:

(b) When sold in accordance with a written recommendation from a licensed

doctor, all sales of therapeutic devices, appliances, or related accessories, with
a retail value of more than one hundred dollars, that are sold to correct or treat a
human physical disability or surgically created abnormality; and

(c) All sales of therapeutic devices, appliances, or related accessories, with a
retail value of one hundred dollars or less, that are sold to correct a human
disability or surgically created abnormality.

§39-26-717(b) and (c), C.R.S. Subsection (b) is the only relevant provision because the
catheter has a value greater than $100. However, the exemption under subsection (b)
applies only when a patient purchases the device and does not apply when the healthcare
provider purchases the device. This limitation is created in the introductory phrase of the
statute: the sale must be on the “written recommendation from a licensed doctor.” Thus, for
example, a patient can purchase tax free such therapeutic devices as apnea monitors and
enteral pumps if they are purchased pursuant to a doctor’s written recommendation.
However, a purchase by a physician of the same therapeutic device is not exempt under this
provision.
Therefore, we conclude that the sales of catheters by the Company to healthcare providers
are not exempt from sales or use taxes under subsection (b).
2

Colorado also exempts the sale of prosthetic devices and materials supplied by a doctor to a patient.
See, §39-26-717, C.R.S. The request for ruling does not ask us to consider these exemptions. However, we
note in passing and without formally ruling on the issue, that it is unlikely that either of these two exemptions
apply to the sale of the catheter. The catheter is not a prosthetic device because it does not replace a body
part or function. It is not a medical supply because the patient does not leave the facility with the catheter.
See, FYI Sales 68(Medical Supplies) for more information.

2

–3–

In cases such as this where a service provider uses a product to perform a service, the
question sometimes arises whether the service provider can resell the product to the
provider’s client. A resale moves the incident of taxation from the provider to the client. A
resale may also have the effect of eliminating the tax if the client is an exempt entity or the
sale to the client qualifies as an exempt sale. For these reasons, a service provider will
sometimes separately state a charge on the client’s invoice in an effort to characterize the
transaction as a resale of the product to the client.
In the present case, a separately stated a charge for the catheter on the patient’s invoice
does not mean that the catheter has been resold by the provider to the patient. We
conclude that a separate charge in this case is merely an itemization of the cost
components of a service and not a resale of the catheter. The “trueobject” of the
3
transaction between the healthcare provider and patient is the performance of a service. In
making this determination, the department considers a number of factors,
… including whether the lessor [seller] charges a lump sum or separately
charges for the operator and rental of the property, whether the lessor [seller]
provides the option to rent [purchase] the property without an operator, whether
the lessee [purchaser] has obligations normally associated with someone who
has a possessory interest in the property (e.g., obligations for risk of loss and
insurance), and whether the operation of the property requires special skills not
possessed by the lessee [purchaser].
Department General Information Letter 09-029. Although a separate charge is indicative of a
sale, we believe that such a conclusion is unwarranted here in light of the other factors we
consider. We note, in particular, that the healthcare provider is specially trained to perform
this invasive medical procedure and the procedure is typically performed at the provider’s
facility. The person with the special training is often viewed as the user and consumer of the
goods.
In addition to the provider’s special training, the patient does not exercise any meaningful
control over the catheter. The healthcare provider places the catheter into the patient,
operates both the catheter and generator during treatment, and removes the catheter when
the treatment is completed. The catheter does not leave with the patient after the
treatment.4 Although it is not necessary that a purchaser
3

Compare, Hellerstein, State Taxation (WG&L), ¶14.02. Sales for Resale (“Accordingly, if a purchaser of
tangible personal property is engaged in selling services, its purchase may be regarded not as the resale of
tangible personal property, but rather as the sale of services with merely the incidental transfer of tangible
personal property in connection with the rendering of those services.”). See also, FYI Sales 68 – Medical
and Dental Supplies and Materials, which states, in part, that therapeutic devices generally do not include a
single-use device. Moreover, medical goods that used by a doctor to treat a patient and then discarded, are
generally taxable. In such cases, the doctor is deemed the user and consumer of such goods.
4
Although not dispositive, we have generally held that, with respect to the exemption formedical supplies
furnished by a physician, a physician is generally considered the user or consumer of

3

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have control of property in order to constitute a sale,5 the absence of control is indicative of
a service transaction.
Moreover, the fact that the system is sold to providers and not patients, that providers are
trained to operate the system and patients are not, and that the provider has exclusive
control of the catheter, at least suggests that the use of the catheter is inseparably6 linked to
the service provided by the healthcare provider. This close relationship between the service
performed by the provider and use of the catheter suggests that the provider’s service is the
dominant and controlling component of this transaction. We might have a different view of
this transaction if Company also sold or leased the system directly to a patient and if the
patient could operate the system without employing a healthcare provider.
Finally, our determination is consistent with other similar transactions between a healthcare
provider and patient. For example, we view this catheter in the same fashion we view a
surgeon’s scalpel or other surgical instrument that the surgeon uses to perform a surgery.
The surgeon is specially trained to use the scalpel; the supplier sells the scalpel to the
surgeon; the patient does not use the scalpel; and the patient does not leave with the scalpel
after surgery. The surgeon is the provider of a service and is the consumer of the scalpel.
The fact that a surgeon may itemize on the patient’s invoice a charge for the cost of the
scalpel does not mean that the surgeon has resold the scalpel to the patient.
In sum, these factors describe a transaction for the provision of a service in which the
catheter is used and consumed by the healthcare provider, and not a resale of the catheter to
the patient. Company is the retailer and must collect sales tax on its sales to healthcare
providers, unless the provider is otherwise tax exempt (e.g., a charitable entity).

medical supplies when such supplies do not leave with the patient. See §39-26-717, C.R.S. and FYI Sales
68.
5
For example, a drop shipment reseller may never have physical possession of goodsprovided to the
ultimate consumer, but the absence of such possession does not make the reseller a
service provider (e.g., a broker). See, Department General Information Letter 09-001.
6
The issue of separability of services and goods also arises in the context of whether a charge
for a service must be included in the calculation of sales tax when the service is part of a sale of taxable
goods. See, A.D. Stores v. Department of Revenue, 19 P.3d 680 (Colo. 2001). If a service is so inextricably
tied to the sale of goods as to be deemed inseparable, then thecharge for the service is also taxable. The
issue here, however, is somewhat different. Here, the issue is whether the “true object” of the transaction is
a service (and, therefore, not a resale of the catheter) or a mixed transaction involving a sale of both a
services and a sale of goods. Inmixed transactions, tax is calculated on the entire purchase price, unless the
service charge is separately stated. See, Hellerstein, State Taxation (WG&L), ¶ 17.12 (The Separate
Statement Rule); Dell, Inc. v. Superior Court, 159 Cal. App. 4th 911, 71 Cal. Rptr. 3d 905, 912 (1st Dist.
2008) (true object test applied only when the sale of services and goods are inseparable (bundled) and not
when the transaction is a mix transaction); Department regulation 39-26- 102.7(a); Private Letter Ruling 09004. We conclude that this transaction is a service transaction, not a mixed transaction.

4

–5–

Having concluded that the catheter does not qualify under the therapeutic device exemption
because the device is not sold or used by the patient, we do not reach the separate issue of
whether the catheter qualifies as a therapeutic device.7
Miscellaneous
This ruling applies only to sales and use taxes administered by the Department. You may
wish to consult with local governments which administer their own sales or use taxes about
the applicability of those taxes.
This ruling is premised on the assumption that the Company has completely and accurately
disclosed all material facts. The department reserves the right, among others, to
independently evaluate Company’s representations. This ruling is null and void if any such
representation is incorrect and has a material bearing on the conclusions reached in this
ruling. This ruling is subject to modification or revocation in accordance to Department
Regulation 24-35-103.5
Enclosed is a redacted version of this ruling. You have previously reviewed and stated you
have no comment or objection to the redaction.

Sincerely,

Office of Tax Policy
Colorado Department of Revenue

7

In FYI Sales 68, we state that the therapeutic device exemption requires that the product be a mechanical
device. A simple catheter is not a mechanical device. However, the department may reach a different
conclusion if the catheter has mechanical complexity.

5