Are optional, separately stated charges for a rental car company's prepaid-toll, roadside-assistance, and carbon-offset programs subject to Colorado sales or use tax?

Plain-English summary

A car-rental company offers customers three optional add-on programs and asked whether the charges are taxed along with the (taxable) vehicle rental:

• Prepaid toll program — for a set daily rate, the customer can incur unlimited highway tolls.
• Roadside assistance — for a set charge, the company helps with things like lost keys or keys locked in the car.
• Carbon-offset program — the customer contributes an amount equal to the average vehicle's carbon emissions; the company holds it in escrow, matches it, and donates the total to a certified offset administrator, keeping nothing.

The Department ruled that none of the three is subject to Colorado sales or use tax.

The rule — separable, separately stated services come out of the base. Colorado taxes motor-vehicle rentals on the purchase price (§§ 39-26-102(23), 713(1)(a), 104(1)(a)). But a charge for a non-taxable service is excluded from that base when it is both (1) "separable" from the taxable transaction and (2) separately stated (A.D. Stores v. Department of Revenue). A service is "separable" when, among other things, the customer has the option to get the taxable item (the rental) without buying the service and the service isn't essential to using the item. (Contrast custom-fabrication labor, which is not separable from custom goods even if separately stated — § 39-26-102(12).)

Applying it to the three programs. The company represented that customers can rent the vehicle without any of these programs and that each charge is separately stated — and none is essential to using the car:
- Tolls are imposed by a third party for using the toll road, not for the vehicle; the program just shifts collection/risk of toll charges from renter to company.
- The carbon offset isn't really a purchase of a service or goods at all — it looks like an intangible right or a donation, and certainly isn't essential to the rental.
- Roadside assistance is the kind of help a locksmith or tow-truck driver provides — which Colorado wouldn't tax if bought from a third party (e.g., AAA) — and is more like exempt personal-accident/personal-effects coverage than taxable collision coverage. The Department analogized to its prior treatment of maintenance/service agreements (not taxed if in a separate contract — Reg. 39-26-105.2) and refueling charges (not taxed — Revenue Bulletin 85-1).

A useful contrast (insurance). The Department reaffirmed (Revenue Bulletin 92-14) that collision insurance/damage waiver is taxable because it's closely tied to the rented vehicle itself, while personal-accident, personal-effects, and similar personal coverage are exempt — they protect the person, not the car. Roadside assistance falls on the exempt side because it protects the renter's ability to use the car rather than the car itself.

One caution on "optional." The Department noted it will likely find a service wasn't truly optional if the option isn't obvious to the customer — for example, an "opt-out" buried in contract terms can indicate the option isn't genuine.

Because this is a private letter ruling, it is binding on the Department only for this taxpayer and these facts and cannot be relied on by anyone else.

What this means for you

Rental car companies

Optional add-ons that customers can decline and that aren't essential to using the vehicle — tolls, roadside assistance, carbon offsets — can be kept out of the taxable rental price if you separately state them and make the option genuinely optional and obvious (don't bury it in opt-out fine print). But collision-damage waiver / collision insurance stays taxable.

Other rental and retail businesses

The same two-part test applies broadly: a non-taxable service is excluded from a taxable item's base only if it's separable (customer can buy the item without it; it isn't essential) and separately stated. Bundling an optional service into the price, or making it mandatory, pulls it into the tax base.

Accountants and tax professionals

Separability turns on the customer's option and whether the service is essential, not merely on separate statement. Watch the insurance line: collision/damage waiver (tied to the property) is taxable, while personal-accident/effects coverage is exempt — and the Department treats roadside assistance like the latter. Document that options are real and obvious.

Common questions

Q: Do we charge Colorado tax on optional roadside assistance, prepaid tolls, or carbon offsets on a car rental?
A: No, provided the customer can rent without them and you state the charges separately. They're separable, non-essential services excluded from the rental's tax base.

Q: What about the collision-damage waiver?
A: That's taxable. Collision coverage is closely tied to the vehicle itself. Personal-accident and personal-effects coverage, by contrast, are exempt.

Q: Does separately stating a charge automatically make it untaxed?
A: No. It must also be separable — the customer has to be able to rent the car without it, and it can't be essential to using the car. Separate statement alone isn't enough.

Q: We have an "opt-out" add-on. Is that optional?
A: Be careful. The Department may treat a service as not optional if the opt-out isn't clearly stated and obvious to the customer.

Citations and references

Statutes, rules, and authorities:
- § 39-26-102(23) & 713(1)(a), C.R.S. (motor-vehicle rentals taxed); § 39-26-104(1)(a), C.R.S. (purchase price); § 39-26-102(7)(a) & 102(5), C.R.S. (purchase price defined)
- Reg. 39-26-102.7(a) (separable, separately stated charges excluded); § 39-26-102(12) & Reg. 39-26-102.12 (custom-fabrication labor not separable); Reg. 39-26-105.2 (maintenance/service agreements)
- A.D. Stores v. Dep't of Revenue, 19 P.3d 680 (Colo. 2001)
- Revenue Bulletin No. 92-14 (collision insurance taxable; personal coverage exempt); Revenue Bulletin No. 85-1 (refueling not taxable)
- Persuasive out-of-state authority: TX PLR 9308044L.2 & 9907553L; MO LR 5619; MA Directives 02-9 & 04-3

Related rulings

• [[gil-16-011-vehicle-rentals]] — what's in the taxable base for vehicle rentals
• [[gil-12-012-non-resident-leases-of-passenger-cars]] — vehicle-lease/rental taxation framework
• [[plr-10-002-private-letter-ruling]] — separable, separately stated charges excluded (transportation)

Source

• Landing page: https://tax.colorado.gov/sales-use-tax-letter-rulings
• Original PDF: https://tax.colorado.gov/sites/tax/files/documents/PLR-09-004.pdf

Original ruling text

Office of Tax Policy
P.O. Box 17087
Denver, CO 80217-0087
[email protected]

PLR-09-004
October 14, 2009
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
ATTN: XXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Re: Private Letter Ruling
Dear XXXXXXXXX,
Your firm submitted on behalf of XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX (“Company”) a request for
a private letter ruling to the Colorado Department of Revenue (“Department”) pursuant to
Regulation 24-35-103.5. This letter is the Department’s private letter ruling.
Issue
Are optional and separately stated charges for a prepaid toll program, roadside assistance
program, and carbon offset program subject to sales or use tax when offered in connection
with a taxable charge for rental of a motor vehicle?
Conclusion
Optional and separately stated charges for prepaid toll program, roadside assistance
program, and carbon offset program are not subject to sales or use tax when offered
in connection with a taxable charge for rental of a motor vehicle.
Background
The Company is in the business of renting motor vehicles. It offers customers three
supplemental services. The first is a prepaid toll program in which, for a predetermined daily
rate, a customer may incur unlimited highway toll fees. The second is a roadside assistance
program whereby, for a predetermined charge, the Company will provide a customer
roadside assistance such as replacement of lost keys and unlocking when keys locked in
the car. The third is carbon offset program whereby a customer makes a contribution in the
amount determined to equal the

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carbon emissions associated with the average fleet vehicle’s operations. The Company holds
the contributed funds in escrow, matches the customer’s contribution, and donates the
combined amount to a certified offset project administrator. The Company does not retain
any portion of the contributed funds.
Discussion
Colorado levies sales and use tax on the rental of motor vehicles. §§39-26-102(23) and
713(1)(a), C.R.S. Tax is calculated on the purchase price. §39-26-104(1)(a),
C.R.S. The purchase price means the price paid by the consumer and includes the total
amount received in money. §39-26-102(7)(a) and 102(5), C.R.S. See, also, Department
regulation 39-26-102.7(a). However, in some instances, charges paid by a purchaser are not
included in the calculation of sales tax.
Charges for non-taxable services that are both “separable” and separately stated1 on the
invoice from charges for taxable goods are not included in the calculation of sales tax. For
example, a separately stated charge for alteration service that a retailer offers in connection
with the sale of a garment is not included in the sales tax calculation because the alteration
service is “separable” from the sale of the garment.
A.D. Stores v. Department of Revenue, 19 P.3d 680 (Colo. 2001). However, a charge for
labor incurred in manufacturing custom made goods is not separable from the sale of
custom made goods and cannot be excluded from the calculation of tax, even if the labor
charge is separately stated. See, §39-26-102(12) and department regulation 39-26-102.12;
General Information Letter 08-30 (purchaser cannot avoid sales tax on charges for
fabrication service on custom made goods even if separately stated).
In determining whether a service is “separable,” the department examines, among other
things, whether the purchaser has the option of acquiring the taxable property without also
purchasing the service, whether the performance of the service is essential to the lease of
taxable goods,2 and, more generally, whether there is a common understanding that the
trade, business, or occupation involves selling products or rendering services. A. D. Stores,
supra; Hellerstein, State Taxation ¶
12.08. For example, a delivery charge is generally considered separable from the sale of
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goods if the consumer has the option not to purchase the delivery service. The retailer must
separately state the charge for separable services in order to exclude the charge from the
calculation of sales or use tax. See, e.g., department regulation 39-26-102.7(a).
In the present case, the toll, roadside assistance, and carbon setoff programs are separable
from the rental of the motor vehicle. First, the Company represents that
1 See, Hellerstein, State Taxation (WG&L), ¶17.12 (The Separate Statement Rule).

2 Ibid, ¶19A.04. Tax Base Simplification (citing Streamlined Sales Uniform Tax Agreement re: bundling);

and, by analogy, Department Special Regulation 7 re: allocation and apportionment of corporate
income, ¶1.C.(v) (“bundled transactions”).
3 See, Department sales tax special regulation 18 (Transportation Charges) and regulation 39-26102.7(a) (delivery and installation charges not included in tax base if separately stated).

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the consumer has the option of renting the motor vehicle without purchasing any of these
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programs and separately states on the invoice the charge for each service.
Second, these programs are not essential to the rental of the vehicle. Aconsumer can enjoy
the full use the vehicle without employing any of these services. Tollfees are not imposed by
the Company but rather by a third-party and, importantly, are imposed for the use of the toll
road, not for the use or rental of a motor vehicle itself. The toll fee program offered by the
Company is simply a mechanism to shift the collection of the toll fee (and the risk of
additional toll fees) from the lessee to lessor.
The carbon offset charge is clearly not essential to the rental. Indeed, it does not even
appear to be the purchase of a service or tangible personal property but, rather, a purchase
of an intangible right or, perhaps, a donation or contribution of money by the lessee and
lessor. In any event, the program is not essential to the use of the vehicle.
Finally, roadside assistance is not essential to the rental of the vehicle, although it is more
related to the rental than the other two services. Roadside assistance is typically the service
of a locksmith, tow truck driver, or some other person who comes to the roadside to assist a
stranded motorist. Services of a locksmith and tow truck driver are not the rental of a motor
vehicle. We would not levy sales tax on such services had the consumer purchased them
from a third-party rather than from the Company. Moreover, roadside assistance programs
are commonly offered in transactions unrelated to car rental, such as when a buyer
purchases a buyer club membership, tires, or as a stand alone product (e.g., from AAA).5
Roadside assistance services bundled in those transactions are not subject to sales or use
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tax if separately stated. We also note that the roadside assistance program is, in a general
sense, similar to an optional maintenance agreement for rented property, in

4 The Department will likely conclude that a consumer does not have an option if the option is

not obvious to the consumer. For example, “opt-out” contractual terms, if not clearly stated,
may be indicia that the option is not obvious.
5 See, also, Texas Policy Letter Ruling No. 9308044L.2, 07/13/1993 (roadside assistance
program offered in connection with buyer’s club membership not taxable) and Missouri Private
Letter Ruling No. LR 5619, 04/30/2009 (roadside assistance offered as part of buyer’s club
membership is not subject to sales tax).
6 In Revenue Bulletin No. 92-14, 07/01/1992, the Department concluded that charges for
collision insurance are taxable, but charges for personal accident coverage, extended
insurance protection, personal effects coverage, and personal accident and effects coverage
are exempt if written under a separate contract or insurance policy. Collision insurance is
closely related to the rental of the tangible personal property (i.e., motor vehicle). For
example, a retailer’s property insurance costs (e.g., property insurance for goods held in
inventory) are part of the retailer’s cost of doing business and the retailer cannot exclude this
cost from the sales tax calculation by separately stating the cost on a customer’s invoice. On
the other hand, personal insurance coverage is directed more to the reimbursement for loss
or damage for things other than the motor vehicle. We view the personal service provided
under the roadside assistance program to be more akin to the exempt personal insurance
and personal effects coverage than collision insurance coverage for the repair of a damaged
rented motor vehicle. Roadside assistance protects the user’s ability to use the rented
property rather than protecting property itself. And it is sufficient that this roadside assistance
charge is separately stated rather than provided for in a separate contract.
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that both provide some form of risk coverage related to the use of a taxable good. Charges
for maintenance and service agreements are not subject to sales tax if they are set forth in a
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separate contract . Finally, we note that, in an analogous context, the department determined
that a charge by a rental car company to refuel a rented vehicle when returned by the lessee
is not subject to tax. See, Colorado Revenue Bulletin No. 85-1, 07/01/1985 (refueling service
is not included in sales tax calculation if the charge is not included in the charge for the motor
vehicle rental). This refueling service has obvious parallels to refueling as part of a roadside
assistance program.
Whether the refueling occurs at the lessor’s facility or out on the road would seem immaterial
for purposes of determining the separability of this service. For these reasons, we conclude
that roadside assistance is not essential to the rental of the motor vehicle. See, also,
Massachusetts DOR Directive No. 02-9, 08/26/2002 (roadside assistance fee is not included
in sales tax calculation for rental of amotor vehicle); Texas Policy Letter Ruling No. 9907553L,
07/14/1999 (roadside assistance program not subject to sales tax when offered at time of sale
of a motor vehicle).
Therefore, charges for the toll fee, carbon offset, and roadside assistance programs are not
included in the calculation of sales or use tax levied on the rental of motor vehicles.
Miscellaneous
This ruling applies only to sales and use taxes administered by the Department. You may
wish to consult with local governments which administer their own sales or use taxes about
the applicability of those taxes.
This ruling is premised on the assumption that the Company has completely and accurately
disclosed all material facts. The Department reserves the right, among others, to
independently evaluate Company’s representations. This ruling is null and void if any such
representation is incorrect and has a material bearing on the conclusions reached in this
ruling. This ruling is subject to modification or revocation in accordance to Department
Regulation 24-35-103.5
Enclosed is a redacted version of this ruling which you have approved for publication on the
Department’s web site.
Sincerely,

Office of Tax Policy
Colorado Department of Revenue

7 Massachusetts DOR Directive No. 04-3, 05/03/2004 (roadside assistance treated similar to insurance coverage).
The two services are somewhat different in that maintenance and service agreements generally cover some defect
in, or maintenance of, the rented property; roadside assistance ismore directed to the risks created by the lessee
(e.g., lost keys, locked car, fueloutages).
8 Department Regulation 39-26-105.2 (charges for maintenance and service sold in connection with taxable
property are not subject to tax if they are set forth in separate contract).

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