Are over-the-counter retail sales of propane and firewood subject to Colorado sales and use tax?

Plain-English summary

A firm asked whether over-the-counter retail sales of propane and firewood — propane in 20-to-40-pound grill-type containers, firewood in bundles — are subject to Colorado sales and use tax. The answer turns on residential use, with an important presumption and practical safe harbors.

The exemption. Colorado taxes the sale/use of tangible personal property (§ 39-26-104(1)) but exempts propane and wood (also butane, fuel oils, coal, coke) sold to occupants of residences — owned, leased, or rented — for operating residential fixtures and appliances that provide light, heat, and power for the home (§ 39-26-715(1)(b); Reg. (39)26-715.1(a)(II)). A recreational vehicle used for non-commercial purposes is a "residence," so fuel for it is exempt.

But every sale is presumed taxable. As with all exemptions, the sale of propane or firewood is presumed taxable, and the retailer bears the burden of establishing an exempt residential sale with competent, sufficient, and verifiable records (§ 39-26-105(1)(c)). If the retailer has reasonable doubt, it should collect the tax (§ 39-26-703(1)); the purchaser may then request a refund within 60 days. Simply showing that "many customers are residential" does not overcome the presumption.

The Department's documentation safe harbors:
- Propane (over-the-counter): a sale of no more than enough to fill a 20-lb tank is accepted as adequately documented exempt.
- Propane for an RV: up to a 40-lb tank can be exempt if the retailer records, from the RV registration, the vehicle owner's name, the purchaser's name, the VIN, and the vehicle type.
- Propane delivered into a tank on residential property: exempt regardless of tank size.
- Firewood: sold in bulk of at least a quarter cord (quarter/half/full cord) is accepted as documented exempt residential use.

Camping is not a residence — taxable. Small one-pound propane bottles (camping stoves/lanterns) and small firewood lots are often for camping, which doesn't involve a "residence," so they're taxable. And a retailer should not treat a sale as exempt when facts raise reasonable doubt — e.g., payment by a business check/card, an RV registration in a business name, or over-the-counter propane in tanks larger than 20 lbs (or 40 lbs for an RV).

What this means for you

Propane and firewood retailers

Don't default to exempt. Charge tax unless you can document residential use. Lean on the safe harbors: ≤20-lb propane fills, RV fills ≤40 lbs with recorded registration details, deliveries into residential tanks (any size), and firewood ≥ a quarter cord. For small camping-size propane bottles and firewood, collect tax. Keep verifiable records — the burden is yours.

Grocery, hardware, and convenience stores

Selling grill-size propane and firewood bundles over the counter? Watch the red flags that defeat the exemption: business payment or registration, or oversized tanks. When in doubt, collect the tax; the customer can claim a refund within 60 days if the use was residential.

Accountants and tax professionals

This GIL is essentially an evidentiary roadmap: the residential-fuel exemption is real, but it's a presumption-taxable, retailer-burden regime (§§ 39-26-105(1)(c), 703(1)). The size thresholds are administrative safe harbors, not statutory cutoffs — document accordingly.

Common questions

Q: Is propane/firewood I sell over the counter taxable?
A: It's exempt only if sold for residential use, and it's presumed taxable until you document that. Use the safe harbors (≤20-lb propane fill; firewood ≥ a quarter cord) or collect the tax.

Q: What about propane for an RV?
A: A non-commercial RV counts as a residence. A fill up to a 40-lb tank can be exempt if you record the RV registration details (owner, purchaser, VIN, vehicle type).

Q: A customer wants a one-pound camping propane bottle. Exempt?
A: No. Camping doesn't involve a residence, so small camping-size propane and firewood are taxable.

Q: I'm not sure a sale qualifies. What do I do?
A: Collect the tax. If the purchase was in fact for residential use, the buyer can request a refund within 60 days.

Citations and references

Statutes and rules:
- § 39-26-104(1), C.R.S. (sales/use tax on tangible personal property)
- § 39-26-715(1)(b), C.R.S. & Reg. (39)26-715.1(a)(II) (residential-use exemption for propane/wood/fuel; RV as residence)
- § 39-26-105(1)(c), C.R.S. (retailer's burden of proving an exempt sale)
- § 39-26-703(1), C.R.S. (collect when in reasonable doubt; purchaser may seek a refund)

Related rulings

• [[gil-09-006-inspection-fee]] — residential gas/propane exemption; fee follows the gas's taxability
• [[plr-11-010-private-letter-ruling]] — fuel-vs-ingredient treatment of coal and other fuels

Source

• Landing page: https://tax.colorado.gov/sales-use-tax-letter-rulings
• Original PDF: https://tax.colorado.gov/sites/tax/files/documents/GIL-09-017.pdf

Original ruling text

Office of Tax Policy
P.O. Box 17087
Denver, CO 80217-0087
[email protected]

GIL-09-017
July 7, 2009
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Attn: XXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Re: taxability of sales of propane and firewood
Dear XXXXXXXXXXXX,
You request guidance regarding the applicability of Colorado sales and use tax to the sales of
propane and firewood. The Department issues general information letters and private letter
rulings. A general information letter provides a general overview of the applicable tax law, does
not provide a specific determination, and is not binding on the department. A private letter
ruling is a determination of the applicability of tax to a specific set of circumstances and is
binding in the department. A party requesting a private letter ruling must provide certain
information and remit a fee. For more information about general information letters and private
letter rulings, please refer to the Department’s regulation 24-35-103.5, C.R.S., which is
available on our web site at: www.colorado.gov/revenue/tax. You have requested a general
information letter.
Issue
Is the sale of propane and firewood over the counter at retail locations subject to sales and use
tax?
Background
Your company provides tax guidance to clients. You request guidance on the taxability of sales
of propane and firewood sold over the counter at retail locations. You state that propane is
sold in containers of 20 to 40 pounds and is the type typically used in gas grills. The firewood
is purchased in bundles.
Discussion.
Colorado levies sales and use tax on the sale, use, storage, or consumption of tangible
personal property. §39-26-104(1), C.R.S. Colorado exempts from sales and use tax propane
and wood sold for to occupants of residences, whether owned, leased or rented by the
occupants, for the purpose of operating residential fixtures and appliances, that provide light,

heat, and power for such residences. §39-26-715(1)(b), C.R.S. and department regulation
(39)26-715.1(a)(II).1 A recreational vehicle used for non-commercial purposes is a “residence”
and fuel used in such vehicles is exempt.
A retailer must maintain appropriate records that establish that the sale of propane or firewood
is an exempt sale for residential use. As is true of all exemptions, the sale of propane or
firewood is presumed taxable and the retailer has the burden of establishing with competent,
sufficient, and verifiable records that a sale is exempt.2 If the retailer has a reasonable doubt
regarding the applicability of the exemption, the retailer should collect the tax. §39-26-703(1),
C.R.S. The purchaser may file a request for a refund within 60 days of the purchase.
An over-the-counter retailer, such as a grocery store or hardware store, has not overcome the
presumption that tax applies simply by showing that many of its customers are residential
consumers. The department will accept, subject to the caveats noted below, as adequate
documentation of an exempt sale of propane that the sale was for an amount of propane no
greater than that necessary to fill a 20 lbs. propane tank. An over-the-counter retailer may
make an exempt sale of propane in or into a propane tank no greater than 40 lbs used for
recreational vehicles if the retailer records from the recreational vehicle registration the name of
the vehicle owner, the name of the purchaser, the vehicle identification number, and the type of
vehicle listed on the registration. Sales of propane, regardless of the size of the tank, are
exempt if the retailer delivers the propane into a tank located on residential property.
Firewood sold in bulk (e.g., a full, half, or quarter cord) is typically sold for residential use and is
exempt. The department will accept, subject to the caveats noted below, as adequate
documentation of an exempt sale of firewood that the sales was in bulk of at least a quarter
cord of firewood. However, small sales of firewood are often sold for camping purposes.
Similarly, propane sold in small bottles (e.g., one pound bottles) is often used for camping (e.g.,
portable camping stoves and portable lanterns). Camping does not involve a “residence” as
that term is commonly understood and used in statute and, therefore, does not fall within the
exemption statute. Although there may be instances where such fuels are used for an exempt
1 Department regulation (39)26-715.1(a)(II) states, in pertinent part, “Gas and electricity when sold for residential

use are exempt from sales tax. The term “residential use” has the following meaning: the use of gas or electricity by
the individual customer exclusively for domestic purposes such as lighting, refrigeration, cooking, water heating,
space heating and air conditioning, in a private home or individual living unit served through a single meter or a
master metered multi-unit apartment, condominium, townhouse or mobile/trailer home used exclusively for domestic
purposes. Residential use includes service to building appurtenant to the residence including garages, barns, and
other minor buildings for use of the residents served through the residential meter.
Users in a private home or individual living unit, such as apartments, condominiums, townhouses and mobile/trailer
homes, who are served through a single meter and whose rate has been classified by P.U.C. statute or regulation
as residential, are automatically exempt.
Users in multi-unit apartments, mobile/trailer home parks or condominium and townhouse associations who are
billed through a master meter and are taking service under a commercial rate may nevertheless qualify for this
exemption providing the gas or electricity is used for residential use as defined herein.
Sales of butane, propane, fuel oils, coal, coke or wood are exempt from state sales tax when used for residential
use as defined above.”
2 §39-26-105(1)(c), C.R.S.

“The burden of proving that any retailer is exempt from collecting the tax on any goods
sold and paying the same to the executive director, or from making such returns, shall be on the retailer or vendor
under such reasonable requirements of proof as the executive director may prescribe.”

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purpose, the retailer should collect sales tax. The taxpayer can submit a claim for refund upon
adequate evidence that the purchase falls within the exemption.
.The retailer should not make an exempt sale of propane or firewood if the customer’s name,
the volume of propane purchased by the customer, the type of container filled, or other facts
raise reasonable doubts about the applicability of the exemption. For example, a retailer
should collect sales tax if the customer pays with a check or credit card on which the
cardholder is a business name, a vehicle registration is in the name of a business, or an overthe-counter retailer sells propane in tanks that hold more than 20 lbs. (or 40 lbs. if sold for use
in a recreational vehicle.
Miscellaneous
Enclosed is a redacted version of this ruling. Pursuant to statute and regulation, this redacted
version of the ruling will be made public within 60 days of the date of this letter. Please let me
know in writing within that 60 day period whether you have any suggestions or concerns about
this redacted version of the ruling.

Sincerely,

Office of Tax Policy
Colorado Department of Revenue

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