New York: Residential Lease Execution Formalities

Requirements one by one

Leases longer than one year require a signed writing

N.Y. Gen. Oblig. Law § 5-703 excludes a lease not exceeding one year from
its real-property-interest writing rule. A lease for a longer period is void
unless the contract, note, or memorandum expresses consideration, is written,
and is subscribed by the party to be charged or that party's agent with written
authority.

N.Y. Gen. Oblig. Law § 5-701(a)(1) adds the separate timing test: an agreement that
cannot be performed within one year after making is void without a writing or
memorandum subscribed by the party to be charged or lawful agent.

The required signer depends on the act being enforced

For a longer lease, § 5-703(2) asks for the signature of the party against whom
enforcement is sought. Subdivision (1) separately requires the person creating,
granting, assigning, surrendering, or declaring the real-property interest—or
that person's agent with written authority—to subscribe the conveyance.

The recordable memorandum is different. RPL § 291-c requires execution by
all persons who are parties to the lease before the memorandum can receive
the same recording effect as the complete lease.

Witnesses and notarization belong to recording, not basic validity

The General Obligations Law writing rules do not add a witness, attestation,
acknowledgment, seal, or notary requirement for ordinary enforcement between
the original landlord and tenant.

RPL § 291 requires a conveyance presented for recording to be acknowledged or
proved and properly certified. RPL § 298 lists the authorized in-state officers;
a notary public is one route, but not the only one.

Electronic signatures and records receive equal state-law effect

State Technology Law § 304 permits a person to use an electronic signature in
place of a handwritten signature unless another law specifically provides
otherwise, with the same validity and effect. Section 305 gives an electronic
record the same force and effect as a nonelectronic record.

Those provisions do not erase the substantive rules about who must sign, an
agent's written authority, or the acknowledgment/proof needed for recording.

The executed-copy duty is limited to ETPA-covered premises

The cited ordinary statewide lease statutes state no general deadline for every
landlord to deliver a fully executed copy. Emergency Tenant Protection Act
§ 10(c) adds a narrower rule for premises subject to that act: the owner must
give a tenant who signs a new or renewal lease a fully executed copy bearing
both signatures and the term's beginning and ending dates within 30 days after
receiving the tenant-signed lease.

Assignments, surrenders, renewals, and changes can trigger writing rules

Section 5-703(1) expressly covers creating, granting, assigning, surrendering,
or declaring a real-property interest. A longer lease and a change that creates
or transfers a covered interest therefore must use the required writing and
subscription.

For recording, § 291-c requires the memorandum to state the maximum extension
or renewal period and when the extension or renewal right may be exercised.
ETPA § 10(c)'s executed-copy rule separately applies to new and renewal leases
for premises within that act.

Recording begins with leases longer than three years

RPL § 290(1) and (3) exclude a lease not exceeding three years from the
recording article's definitions of real property and conveyance. A lease longer than
three years can be recorded under § 291 after acknowledgment or proof.

Instead of recording the complete lease, § 291-c permits an all-party signed,
acknowledged-or-proved memorandum containing the parties, lease date, premises,
term dates, and any extension or renewal information.

An unrecorded conveyance is void against the later good-faith valuable
purchaser, exchange acquirer, or protected lien interest described in § 291
when the competing instrument is first recorded. That priority consequence does
not replace the separate one-year validity rules between landlord and tenant.

What trips people up

• One year and three years are different thresholds. The one-year line
  controls whether the lease itself must be written and subscribed. The three-
  year line controls the recording article and memorandum alternative.
• A notary is not required for every New York lease. Acknowledgment or proof
  matters when recording a longer lease or memorandum, not for ordinary basic
  enforcement under GOL § 5-703.
• The 30-day copy rule is not universal. ETPA § 10(c) applies only to
  premises subject to that act; it should not be described as a statewide rule
  for every unregulated dwelling.

Common questions

Can a one-year lease be oral?

The lease-interest branch of § 5-703 excludes a term not exceeding one year.
The separate § 5-701 timing rule still matters if the agreement, by its terms,
cannot be completed within one year after it was made.

May the parties record a short summary instead of the complete lease?

Yes for a lease exceeding three years. RPL § 291-c permits a memorandum with
the specified contents, but every lease party must execute it and it must be
acknowledged or proved for recording.

Does part performance ever matter to an unwritten longer lease?

Section 5-703(4) expressly preserves a court of equity's power to compel
specific performance in cases of part performance. Whether particular conduct
qualifies is fact-specific and outside this statutory-formality table.

Statutes and sources

• N.Y. Gen. Oblig. Law §§ 5-701 and 5-703 — one-year-from-making test,
  longer-lease writing, signer and written agent authority, assignment and
  surrender, voidness, and preserved part-performance power. Section
  5-701 and section
  5-703 (accessed
  2026-07-30).
• N.Y. State Technology Law §§ 304-305 — electronic-signature and
  electronic-record equivalence. Section
  304 and section
  305 (accessed
  2026-07-30).
• N.Y. Real Prop. Law §§ 290-291, 291-c, and 298 — three-year recording
  line, priority, memorandum alternative, and acknowledgment/proof officers.
  Section 290, section
  291, section
  291-c, and section
  298 (accessed
  2026-07-30).
• Emergency Tenant Protection Act § 10(c) — fully executed new/renewal
  lease copy within 30 days for covered premises. Official
  statute (accessed
  2026-07-30).