District of Columbia: Residential Lease Execution Formalities

Requirements one by one

Governing law and scope

The District's general statute of frauds is § 28-3502. Section 42-306 separately
controls creation of a real-property estate longer than one year, chapter 28-49
governs electronic transactions, 14 DCMR § 303.1 supplies the tenant-copy rule,
and §§ 42-401 and 42-409 govern recordation and notice to third persons.

This page covers an ordinary private dwelling lease. It does not apply the
commercial-agent exception in § 42-306(c), which is expressly limited to a
nonresidential lease.

Writing threshold

Section 28-3502 bars an action on a contract or sale concerning real estate, or
an agreement not performable within one year after making, unless the agreement
or a memorandum is written and signed as the section specifies.

Section 42-306(b) adds a property-law formality for the longer estate itself. A
District real-property estate for longer than one year does not take effect
unless created by a deed signed and sealed by the lessor, in person or by power
of attorney.

Required signatures and authority

For an action under § 28-3502, the writing must be signed by the party to be
charged or a person authorized by that party. For the separate longer-estate
rule, § 42-306(b) identifies the lessor and permits execution in person or by
power of attorney. The ordinary authorized-agent exception in subsection (c)
applies only to commercial leases, not the residential lease covered here.

Section 42-601 publishes a sufficient lease form with signature-and-seal lines
for both lessor and lessee. That form helps distinguish a prudent two-signature
instrument from the statute of frauds' narrower party-to-be-charged test and
§ 42-306(b)'s lessor-deed requirement.

Witness, acknowledgment, and notary

Neither § 28-3502 nor § 42-306 states a witness requirement. Section 42-306 does
require the deed for a longer-than-one-year estate to be sealed.

Recording is separate. Section 42-401 addresses a deed that is executed,
acknowledged, and certified under the cited deed and notarial laws. Thus an
acknowledgment and certification support recordation and third-person effect;
they are not stated as an additional witness condition for the lease between
its original parties.

Electronic execution

Section 28-4902 applies the electronic-transactions chapter to transaction
records and signatures while preserving other applicable substantive law.
Under § 28-4904, electronic use is voluntary and each party must agree, as shown
by context, circumstances, and conduct. Under § 28-4906, an electronic
record and signature sufficient when law requires writing and signature.

Section 28-4907 requires an electronically delivered writing to remain printable
or storable; blocking retention makes it unenforceable against the recipient.
Under § 28-4910, an electronic acknowledgment works when the authorized
official's electronic signature and the other required information are attached
or logically associated. The electronic-transactions chapter remains subject to
other substantive law, so it does not erase § 42-306(b)'s deed-and-seal condition
for a residential estate longer than one year.

Required copy or written statement

Under 14 DCMR § 303.1, the owner must give the tenant, upon execution or within
seven days afterward, an exact, legible, completed copy of any agreement or
application the tenant signed. The rule is keyed to what the tenant signed; it
does not say that the delivered copy must also carry a later owner signature.

Renewal, modification, and term form

The District states no separate general residential renewal or modification
form in these provisions. A new grant of an estate longer than one year remains
subject to § 42-306(b), and an agreement within § 28-3502 remains subject to its
writing-and-signature rule.

Expiration has a separate statutory consequence. Under § 42-3505.01(a)(1), a
tenant generally may not be evicted merely because the lease expired while the
tenant continues paying the rent to which the housing provider is entitled.

Recording and third-party effect

Section 42-401 makes delivery effective between the deed's parties, but delays
effect against creditors, later bona fide purchasers and mortgagees without
notice, and others interested in the property until delivery to the Recorder of
Deeds for record. Under § 42-409, a written contract relating to land may be
acknowledged, certified, and recorded with the same notice effect as a deed.

Effect of noncompliance

The consequences come from different provisions. Section 28-3502 says an action
may not be brought on its covered agreement without the required signed writing
or memorandum. Section 42-306(b) says the longer estate does not take effect
without the required deed. Section 42-401 preserves delivery-based effect between
the parties but postpones effect against its listed third persons until recording.
Section 303.1 states the copy duty without declaring that a missed delivery voids
the lease.

What trips people up

The one-year rules do different jobs. Section 28-3502 is an action-enforcement
rule reaching both real-estate interests and agreements not performable within a
year. Section 42-306(b) is the additional deed-and-seal rule for creating a
real-property estate longer than one year.

Residential agent authority is another dividing line. Section 42-306(c)'s broad
authorized-agent language is expressly commercial. A residential longer estate
instead follows subsection (b)'s execution in person or by power of attorney.

The copy duty is also narrower than “fully executed copy.” Section 303.1 requires
an exact, legible, completed copy of what the tenant signed, delivered at execution
or within seven days. The rule does not add words requiring the owner's signature
on that delivered copy.

Common questions

Can landlord and tenant make a one-year lease orally?

The longer-estate deed rule begins above one year, but § 28-3502 also covers a
real-estate interest and any agreement not performable within one year. A person
seeking enforcement should not assume the deed cutoff alone answers whether a
signed writing is needed.

Must the lease be notarized when it is signed?

The statutes state no notary or acknowledgment condition for ordinary effect
between the original parties. Acknowledgment and certification matter when the
instrument is recorded for notice and third-party effect.

Does a PDF copy satisfy the seven-day delivery rule?

It can when the parties agreed to transact electronically and the electronic
record remains printable or storable. If the sender blocks storage or printing,
§ 28-4907 makes the record unenforceable against the recipient.

Does an expired lease automatically end the tenant's right to remain?

Not by expiration alone. Section 42-3505.01(a)(1) generally protects continued
occupancy while the tenant pays the rent to which the housing provider is entitled,
subject to the statute's grounds and procedures for possession.

Statutes and sources

• D.C. Code § 28-3502. The current official text bars an action on the
  covered agreement unless it or a memorandum is written and signed by the party
  charged or an authorized person. Official source (accessed July 30, 2026).
• D.C. Code §§ 42-306 and 42-601. The current official text supplies the
  longer-than-one-year deed-and-seal rule and a sufficient lease form. § 42-306 and § 42-601 (accessed July 30, 2026).
• D.C. Code §§ 28-4902, 28-4904, 28-4906, 28-4907, and 28-4910. The current
  official electronic-transactions provisions cover scope, party agreement,
  electronic writing/signature, retainable delivery, and electronic acknowledgment.
  Official chapter (accessed July 30, 2026).
• 14 DCMR § 303.1. The official DCREGS rule requires the owner to deliver
  the exact, legible, completed copy of an agreement or application signed by the
  tenant at execution or within seven days. Official source (accessed July 30, 2026).
• D.C. Code §§ 42-401 and 42-409. The current official text separates
  delivery between the parties from recording effect against third persons and
  permits recording a written land contract. § 42-401 and § 42-409 (accessed July 30, 2026).
• D.C. Code § 42-3505.01(a)(1). The current official text protects continued
  occupancy after lease expiration while the tenant continues paying the rent due.
  Official source (accessed July 30, 2026).