Texas: Corporate Shareholder Meeting, Proxy, and Written-Consent Requirements

Requirements one by one

Annual and special meetings use different triggers

Section 21.351 ties the annual meeting's time to the bylaws. If a shareholder
first makes a written request and neither an annual meeting nor substitute
written consent occurs during a 13-month period, a court in the county of the
principal executive office may order a meeting. The same section says missing
the designated annual date does not wind up or terminate the corporation.

Section 21.352 separately lets the president, board, or a person authorized by
the certificate or bylaws call a special meeting. The certificate may specify
a shareholder threshold no higher than 50%; without one, holders of at least
10% of all shares entitled to vote at the proposed meeting may call it. The
first signer's date is the default record date for that call, and nonprocedural
business is confined to the notice's stated purposes.

Place, notice, and remote access are separate steps

Under § 6.001, the governing documents or all persons entitled to notice may
set an in-state or out-of-state meeting location. If neither does, the default
is the Texas registered office or the entity's principal office.

The general rules in §§ 6.051-.052 require the notice to give the date and time
plus the physical location or the remote system and access method. The
corporation-specific rules in §§ 21.353-.3531 add the 10-60-day window, the
special-purpose statement, and consent-based electronic notice.

A remote meeting under §§ 6.002-.003 must let each participant communicate
with all others. If voting occurs, the corporation must reasonably verify each
remote voter's identity and keep a vote or action record. Participation counts
as presence unless it is solely to object that the meeting was not lawfully
called or convened.

Record dates do not share the notice clock

Under §§ 6.101-.102, a board-set meeting record date may be no earlier than 60
days before the action, while the corporate refinements in §§ 21.354-.357
require the shareholder-meeting record date to be at least 10 days before the
meeting. If no other method fixes it, the meeting record date is the date notice
is given. Written consent uses a separate rule, and a board-set consent record
date may be no more than 10 days after the setting resolution.

The voting list has its own preparation and access duties

Under § 21.372, the alphabetical voting list is required by the 11th day before the
meeting and specifies address, share type, share count, and any different vote
count. It must remain at the registered or principal executive office for at
least 10 days, or be placed on a reasonably accessible electronic system whose
access information accompanies the meeting notice. Section 21.354 makes the
list inspectable by a shareholder during regular business hours.

Proxy form and irrevocability are not the same question

Under §§ 21.367-.371, Texas accepts a shareholder's written proxy, including an
authorized electronic transmission or reliable reproduction, and impose an
11-month default term unless the proxy provides otherwise. Under § 21.369,
irrevocability requires both conspicuous irrevocable language and a proxy
coupled with an interest. Section 21.370 adds notice-on-the-shares rules for
specific enforcement against holders and transferees.

Quorum can survive a departure, but the documents may vary the rule

Under §§ 21.358-.363, quorum starts with a majority of shares entitled to vote, present in
person or by proxy. The certificate can raise the fraction or reduce it no
lower than one-third. Unless the certificate or bylaws say otherwise, a quorum
that was present survives a shareholder's later withdrawal or refusal to vote;
without quorum, a majority of shares then present or represented may adjourn.

Director elections default to plurality under § 21.359. Cumulative voting is
generally unavailable unless the certificate authorizes it under §§
21.360-.361, but § 21.362 preserves a different default for corporations formed
before September 1, 2003 unless their certificate limits or denies it. For an
ordinary nonelection matter, § 21.363 counts the majority among shares voting
for, against, or expressly abstaining, subject to authorized document changes.

Consent has a default route and a certificate-authorized route

Under §§ 6.201-.205, action may be taken without a meeting when every person entitled to
vote signs a consent stating the action. Section 6.202 permits the certificate
of formation to authorize a lower, meeting-equivalent minimum. For that lower-
threshold route, each consent must be dated and the latest consent completing
the threshold must be signed no later than 60 days after the earliest one.

Unsolicited lower-threshold consents must use § 6.203's delivery route. Section
6.205 treats a qualifying electronic transmission as a signed writing, unless
the governing documents provide otherwise. A signer may revoke before the
applicable effective time, future effectiveness is limited by the statute, and
the corporation must promptly notify record-date holders who did not sign.

What trips people up

An abstention is part of the ordinary nonelection vote denominator in Texas:
§ 21.363 measures the majority among shares voting for, against, or expressly
abstaining. That differs from a rule measuring only votes cast for and
against.

Attendance does not always cure deficient notice. Section 6.052 preserves an
objection when a person participates or attends solely to object that the
meeting was not lawfully called or convened, and it separately preserves a
timely objection when an unstated matter is presented.

The rule in § 21.373 is a boundary, not the ordinary private-company rule. It
applies only to a nationally listed corporation that affirmatively elects into
its shareholder-proposal regime through an amendment to its governing
documents.

Common questions

What happens if a less-than-unanimous consent is undated?

Section 6.202(c-1) treats the signing date as the date the corporation receives
the consent. That deemed date also matters to the 60-day collection period.

What if two electronic notices cannot be delivered?

Under § 21.3531(c), consent to electronic notice is considered revoked if the
corporation cannot deliver two consecutive electronic notices and the person
responsible for delivery knows both attempts failed. An inadvertent failure to
treat that as revocation does not itself invalidate a meeting or other action.

Statutes and sources

• Tex. Bus. Orgs. Code §§ 21.002(5), 21.351-.352 — Defines the covered
  domestic for-profit corporation and supplies annual- and special-meeting
  rules. Official text
  (accessed August 22, 2026).
• Tex. Bus. Orgs. Code §§ 6.001-.003, 6.051-.052, 6.101-.102, and
  6.201-.205 — Supplies place, remote participation, notice, waiver, record-
  date, and consent rules. Official text
  (accessed August 22, 2026).
• Tex. Bus. Orgs. Code §§ 21.353-.373 — Supplies meeting notice, record-
  date, list, quorum, voting, proxy, and nationally listed-corporation boundary
  provisions. Official text
  (accessed August 22, 2026).