Alabama: Corporate Shareholder Meeting, Proxy, and Written-Consent Requirements

Requirements one by one

Annual and special meetings

Ala. Code §§ 10A-2A-7.01 through 10A-2A-7.03 require an annual
stockholder meeting at the certificate- or bylaw-fixed time to elect directors,
unless they are elected by written consent. The governing documents set a
physical place inside or outside Alabama; the principal office is the default,
and the board may instead authorize a qualifying remote-only meeting. Missing
the scheduled annual meeting does not invalidate corporate action.

An eligible holder may seek a court-ordered annual meeting after the earlier of
12 months after fiscal year-end or 15 months after the last annual meeting.
Special meetings may be called by the board or a person authorized in the
certificate or bylaws. Alabama supplies no default holder-demand percentage:
if the governing documents create that right, they set the percentage, and the
sufficient signed demands must be delivered within the statute's 60-day window.

Notice, record dates, and the stockholder lists

Ala. Code §§ 10A-2A-7.05 through 10A-2A-7.07 require notice 10 to
60 days before the meeting. It states the place, date, and time, the remote
means when authorized, and a separate voting record date when one is used. An
annual purpose is generally optional; every special-meeting purpose must be
described. A signed written waiver works, and attendance waives defects unless
the holder makes the required timely objection.

The certificate, bylaws, or board may set a nonretroactive record date no more
than 70 days before the action. Without one, the meeting date is the earlier of
the board's call or the day before first notice. A board may set a later voting
date on or before the meeting, and a new date is mandatory after a noncourt
adjournment beyond 120 days.

Ala. Code § 10A-2A-7.20 requires separate alphabetical notice and voting
lists when the record dates differ. They are arranged by voting group, class,
and series and include addresses, holdings, and used electronic addresses. The
lists must be available no later than the tenth day before the meeting at the
specified place or on a reasonably accessible electronic network. Inspection,
copying, meeting-purpose confidentiality, court-compulsion, corporate-expense,
and postponement rules apply, but withholding the list does not itself
invalidate meeting action.

Remote participation

Ala. Code § 10A-2A-7.09 lets the board authorize remote participation by
class or series and, unless the governing documents require a place, a
remote-only meeting. Deemed presence and voting require reasonable verification
that each remote participant is a stockholder plus a reasonable opportunity to
participate, communicate, vote, and read or hear the proceedings substantially
concurrently. The section does not separately deem remote proxyholders present
or require retention of a remote-vote record.

Proxies

Ala. Code §§ 10A-2A-7.22 and 10A-2A-7.24 allow a stockholder,
agent, or attorney-in-fact to sign an appointment or send an electronic
transmission whose date and authorization can be determined. The proxy becomes
effective when the inspector or authorized tabulator receives it and lasts for
its stated term or, if none, 11 months.

The appointment is revocable unless it states that it is irrevocable and is
coupled with a listed interest. Death or incapacity affects corporate acceptance
only after timely notice. The statute also governs extinguished interests,
transfers of covered stock, and good-faith acceptance or rejection.

Quorum, voting, and director elections

Ala. Code §§ 10A-2A-7.25 and 10A-2A-7.27 default quorum to a
majority of votes entitled, while allowing the certificate to vary that default
without undercutting a particular statutory floor. Once represented, stock
stays present through the meeting and adjournment unless a new record date
applies. Ordinary action passes when favorable votes exceed opposing votes,
unless the certificate requires more.

Ala. Code § 10A-2A-7.28 elects directors by plurality. Stockholders may
cumulate votes only when the certificate opts in, and cumulative voting at a
particular meeting requires conspicuous meeting/proxy notice or a qualifying
holder's notice at least 48 hours before the meeting.

Written consent

Ala. Code § 10A-2A-7.04 defaults to action by written consent from holders
of the voting power that would suffice at a meeting, unless the certificate opts
out. Cumulative-vote director elections remain unanimous. Consents must describe
the action, be signed, and be delivered for the minutes or corporate records;
Ala. Code § 10A-1-1.03 includes electronic writings and signatures.

The default record date is the first delivered consent when no prior board
action is required, or the board-resolution date when it is. Sufficient
consents must arrive within 60 days of the earliest delivery. A consent may be
conditioned to become effective within the permitted future period and is
revocable until sufficient unrevoked consents arrive unless it states that it
is irrevocable. Action becomes effective on sufficient delivery unless the
governing documents or board provide a reasonable tabulation delay. Required
nonvoters and nonconsenting voters receive notice within 10 days; late notice
does not itself invalidate the action.

Boundaries

Ala. Code §§ 10A-2A-2.05, 10A-2A-7.23, and 10A-2A-7.29
through 10A-2A-7.32 separately address proxy-access and expense bylaws,
beneficial-owner certificates, inspectors, voting trusts, voting agreements,
and unanimous governance agreements. Public solicitations, contested elections,
fiduciary or appraisal disputes, and transaction-specific approvals remain
outside this routine private-company survey.

What trips people up

The stockholder-demand right is optional, not a statutory percentage. Ala. Code
§ 10A-2A-7.02 gives the board and governing-document callers authority and
regulates a holder demand only when the certificate or bylaws create one.

The consent collection clock runs from delivery. Ala. Code § 10A-2A-7.04
requires sufficient consents within 60 days of the earliest consent delivered
to the corporation, not merely within 60 days of the earliest signature.

Remote meeting and list access use different rules. Ala. Code § 10A-2A-7.09
sets the participation safeguards, while § 10A-2A-7.20 separately authorizes
pre-meeting list access through a reasonably accessible electronic network.

Common questions

Does an Alabama proxy expire after 11 months even if it states a longer term?

No. Ala. Code § 10A-2A-7.22 uses the term stated in the appointment. Eleven
months is the default only when the appointment supplies no term.

Can a stockholder revoke a written consent?

Yes, unless the consent states that it is irrevocable. The revocation must be
delivered before enough unrevoked consents to take the action have been
delivered to the corporation.

Does failing to provide the stockholder list automatically void the vote?

No. Ala. Code § 10A-2A-7.20 provides inspection, copying, court-order,
expense, and postponement remedies but expressly preserves the validity of
meeting action.

Statutes and sources

• Ala. Code §§ 10A-2A-1.01 and 10A-2A-1.40 — act scope and
  stockholder definitions. Official Alabama Code,
  accessed August 22, 2026.
• Ala. Code §§ 10A-2A-7.01 through 10A-2A-7.09 — meetings,
  court relief, consent, notice, record dates, conduct, and remote participation.
  Official Alabama Code,
  accessed August 22, 2026.
• Ala. Code §§ 10A-2A-7.20 through 10A-2A-7.32 — lists,
  voting, proxies, nominees, acceptance, quorum, elections, inspectors, trusts,
  and agreements. Official Alabama Code,
  accessed August 22, 2026.
• Ala. Code § 10A-1-1.03 — electronic writing and signature
  definitions. Official Alabama Code,
  accessed August 22, 2026.
• Ala. Code § 10A-2A-2.05 — current proxy-process bylaw boundary.
  Official Alabama Code,
  accessed August 22, 2026.