Illinois: Call and Conversation Recording Consent Requirements

Requirements one by one

Governing law and covered recording

Illinois's rule is the Eavesdropping Article, 720 ILCS 5/ article 14
(§§ 14-1 to 14-9). The legislature rewrote it in 2014 after the Illinois Supreme
Court struck down the prior all-party statute as overbroad. Under § 14-2(a)(2),
a person commits eavesdropping who "knowingly and intentionally" "uses an
eavesdropping device, in a surreptitious manner, for the purpose of transmitting
or recording all or any part of any private conversation to which he or she is a
party unless he or she does so with the consent of all other parties." The
Article expressly reaches a participant: an "eavesdropper" is "any person,
including … any party to a private conversation," who operates an eavesdropping
device contrary to the Article (§ 14-1(b)).

Whose consent a participant needs

Illinois requires all-party consent — but only when two gates are both met.
A party who records is criminally liable under § 14-2(a)(2) only if the exchange
is a "private conversation" and the recording is made "in a surreptitious
manner." When both are true, the recorder needs "the consent of all other
parties," and the recorder's own consent is never enough. When either gate is
missing — the conversation was not private, or the recording was made openly
rather than secretly — the conduct is not eavesdropping.

Privacy, confidentiality, or secrecy trigger

Two elements must combine. First, a "private conversation" (§ 14-1(d)) is an
oral communication between two or more persons "when one or more of the parties
intended the communication to be of a private nature under circumstances
reasonably justifying that expectation"; a "reasonable expectation" includes any
expectation recognized by law. Second, the recording must be "surreptitious"
(§ 14-1(g)) — "obtained or made by stealth or deception, or executed through
secrecy or concealment." A conversation nobody could reasonably expect to be
private, or a recording made in the open, is not eavesdropping. Recording a
law-enforcement officer performing duties in public, where the officer has no
reasonable expectation of privacy, is expressly permitted (§ 14-2(e)).

Telephone, in-person, and electronic coverage

The "private conversation" rule is the same for face-to-face speech and for a
voice telephone call: the definition reaches an oral communication "whether in
person or transmitted between the parties by wire or other means." Non-voice
electronic transfers — writing, images, data — are a separate category, "private
electronic communication" (§ 14-1(e)), reached by § 14-2(a)(3) under the same
all-party rule when the communication is private and is surreptitiously
intercepted. A signal from a tracking device is excluded.

How consent or notice is given

Consent of all other parties is required, but the statute prescribes no
particular form — no written consent, no scripted announcement, no tone, and no
set duration. Because the offense requires a surreptitious recording, the
practical alternative to obtaining consent is to record openly rather than by
stealth, deception, or concealment. A business may monitor its telephone-marketing
or customer-service calls under the separate § 14-3(j) exemption, on that
subsection's conditions — that is the business's exemption, not an ordinary
caller's substitute for consent.

Major participant-facing exceptions

The exception most useful to an ordinary person is § 14-3(i): a recording
"made by or at the request of a person, not a law enforcement officer …, who is a
party to the conversation, under reasonable suspicion that another party … is
committing, is about to commit, or has committed a criminal offense against the
person or a member of his or her immediate household, and there is reason to
believe that evidence of the criminal offense may be obtained by the recording."
That is the route to document a crime against you or your household. Section
14-2(e) allows recording police performing public duties, and § 14-3(j) exempts
certain business telephone monitoring. The Article's court-ordered,
law-enforcement, and penal-institution provisions are not available to an
ordinary participant.

Criminal classification and penalty

Eavesdropping is a Class 4 felony for a first offense and a Class 3 felony
for a second or subsequent offense (§ 14-4(a)). A Class 4 felony carries a
determinate prison term of "not less than one year and not more than 3 years"
(730 ILCS 5/5-4.5-45(a)) and a fine of up to $25,000 (730 ILCS
5/5-4.5-50(b)). If the person recorded is a law-enforcement officer, State's
Attorney, Attorney General, or judge acting in official duties, the offense
rises to a Class 3 felony for a first offense and a Class 2 felony for a second
(§ 14-4(b)).

Civil remedy and evidence effect

Illinois gives a civil claim to "any or all parties" to a conversation on
which eavesdropping is practiced (§ 14-6): an injunction against further
eavesdropping, "all actual damages against the eavesdropper," and punitive
damages.

The recording is also unusable as evidence. Section 14-5 makes "any evidence
obtained in violation of this Article … not admissible in any civil or criminal
trial," or in an administrative, legislative, or grand-jury proceeding — with two
exceptions: so much as is clearly relevant in a prosecution for violating the
Article, and any evidence that all parties consent to admitting.

Interstate and federal boundary

Federal law sets only a floor: a private person who is a party, or who has one
party's prior consent, may record unless the purpose is a criminal or tortious act
(18 U.S.C. § 2511(2)(d)). Illinois is stricter, requiring every party's consent to
a surreptitiously recorded private conversation. Because choice of law for an
interstate call is fact-specific, the safe course whenever Illinois may be
involved is to obtain every participant's consent — or to record openly and
non-secretly.

What trips people up

Open recording is treated differently from secret recording. The offense
requires a "surreptitious" recording — one made by stealth, deception, or
concealment. A recording made openly, where the other parties can see it is
happening, is not eavesdropping even without a formal "yes." Secrecy is a core
element, not a side detail.

"Private conversation" is a real limit. Illinois protects only a conversation
a party reasonably expected to be private. A loud exchange in a public place, or a
conversation others were meant to overhear, may fall outside the Article
regardless of consent.

Recording is a felony, and recording an on-duty official is treated more
severely. A first eavesdropping offense is a Class 4 felony; secretly recording
a police officer, prosecutor, Attorney General, or judge performing official
duties (outside the public-recording allowance) is a Class 3 felony. Recording
police openly in public, where they have no reasonable expectation of privacy, is
expressly allowed.

Common questions

Can I record a call with a company's customer-service line? If the call is a
private conversation and you record it secretly, you need every party's consent.
A business may monitor its own service calls under § 14-3(j), but that is the
company's exemption — if you are recording, get consent or record openly.

Can I secretly record someone who is threatening me? Section 14-3(i) lets a
party record without consent when there is a reasonable suspicion that another
party is committing, about to commit, or has committed a criminal offense against
you or a member of your immediate household, and the recording may yield evidence
of it.

Can I record the police? Yes, when they are performing their duties in a
public place or in circumstances where they have no reasonable expectation of
privacy (§ 14-2(e)); officers may still take reasonable steps to maintain safety
and secure scenes.

Statutes and sources

• 720 ILCS 5/14-2 — elements of eavesdropping; participant rule (all other
  parties' consent) and the public-official recording allowance.
  https://www.ilga.gov/documents/legislation/ilcs/documents/072000050K14-2.htm (accessed 2026-07-20)
• 720 ILCS 5/14-1 — definitions of "eavesdropper," "private conversation," and
  "surreptitious."
  https://www.ilga.gov/documents/legislation/ilcs/documents/072000050K14-1.htm (accessed 2026-07-20)
• 720 ILCS 5/14-3 — exemptions, including (i) a party recording a suspected crime
  against the person or immediate household.
  https://www.ilga.gov/documents/legislation/ilcs/documents/072000050K14-3.htm (accessed 2026-07-20)
• 720 ILCS 5/14-4 — sentence; Class 4 felony (Class 3 second), Class 3/2 when the
  person recorded is an on-duty official.
  https://www.ilga.gov/documents/legislation/ilcs/documents/072000050K14-4.htm (accessed 2026-07-20)
• 720 ILCS 5/14-5 — evidence obtained in violation is inadmissible, with narrow
  exceptions.
  https://www.ilga.gov/documents/legislation/ilcs/documents/072000050K14-5.htm (accessed 2026-07-20)
• 720 ILCS 5/14-6 — civil remedies: injunction, actual damages, punitive damages.
  https://www.ilga.gov/documents/legislation/ilcs/documents/072000050K14-6.htm (accessed 2026-07-20)
• 730 ILCS 5/5-4.5-45 — Class 4 felony term of one to three years.
  https://www.ilga.gov/documents/legislation/ilcs/documents/073000050K5-4.5-45.htm (accessed 2026-07-20)
• 730 ILCS 5/5-4.5-50 — felony fine up to $25,000.
  https://www.ilga.gov/documents/legislation/ilcs/documents/073000050K5-4.5-50.htm (accessed 2026-07-20)
• 18 U.S.C. § 2511(2)(d) — federal one-party participant-consent rule and its
  criminal/tortious-purpose limit.
  https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section2511&num=0&edition=prelim (accessed 2026-07-20)