May a Texas plaintiff's personal-injury lawyer agree to personally indemnify the defendant group from medical liens and reimbursement claims as a condition of settlement, and may defense counsel insist on it?

Plain-English summary

The opinion responds to a personal-injury settlement in which the defendant's insurance carrier demands that the plaintiff's lawyer personally sign an indemnity clause holding the defendant, defense counsel, and the insurer harmless against future medical-lien and reimbursement claims. The Committee notes the Committee had not previously addressed this, while at least twenty-one state ethics committees and three local bars have, uniformly rejecting personal indemnity by plaintiffs' counsel (citing LACBA Op. No. 532 (2019) as a survey).

The Committee identifies three independent grounds for the prohibition, plus a separate analysis of defense counsel's inducement:

1. Rule 1.08(d) financial assistance. The lawyer's indemnity functions as financial assistance to the client (citing Missouri Formal Op. 125 (2008)). Texas Rule 1.08(d)(1) carves out advances or guarantees of court costs and reasonably necessary medical and living expenses for the client; a personal indemnity to protect the defendant group is not for that purpose and falls outside the exception.

2. Rule 1.06(b)(2) self-interest conflict. The lawyer's personal exposure adversely limits the representation. The Committee cites Arizona Op. 03-05 (2003), Alabama Op. RO 2011-01 (2011, rev. 2017), Montana Op. 131224 (2013), and South Carolina Op. 08-07 (2008) for the same point. Rule 1.02(a)(2) (lawyer must abide by client's settlement decision) is also implicated when the lawyer's exposure may cause the lawyer to discourage a settlement otherwise in the client's interest.

3. Rule 2.01 independent judgment. Personal indemnity exposes the lawyer to material personal risk, compromising the duty to render candid advice. The Committee cites Indiana Op. 2005-1, South Carolina Op. 08-07, and Montana Op. 131224.

On defense counsel's role, Rule 8.04(a)(1) prohibits knowingly inducing another lawyer to violate the Rules. The Committee cites its earlier Opinion 566 (Feb. 2006) (receiver-fee inducement). Because the plaintiff's lawyer's signing the indemnity would violate Rules 1.08(d), 1.06(b)(2), and 2.01, defense counsel who knowingly induces that signing violates Rule 8.04(a)(1).

In practice

Under this opinion, conduct in which a Texas plaintiff's lawyer signs a personal indemnity against medical liens or reimbursement claims is prohibited by Rules 1.08(d), 1.06(b)(2), and 2.01. Per the opinion, defense counsel's insistence on such an indemnity as a condition of settlement violates Rule 8.04(a)(1). Settlement terms requiring the plaintiff to indemnify (separate from the plaintiff's lawyer) are not the subject of this opinion.

Common questions

Q: Why doesn't Rule 1.08(d)(1)'s medical-expenses carve-out cover the indemnity?

A: Per the opinion, Rule 1.08(d)(1) allows the lawyer to advance or guarantee medical expenses to obtain medical services for the client. A personal indemnity to protect the defendant group does not have that purpose; it shifts lien risk to the lawyer for the defendant's benefit.

Q: How is the lawyer's interest "adverse" to the client's?

A: Per the opinion, the demand forces the lawyer to weigh personal financial liability against the client's preferred resolution. The lawyer may be motivated to discourage a settlement that is in the client's interest to avoid lien exposure (Rule 1.06(b)(2)) and may refuse to abide by the client's settlement decision (Rule 1.02(a)(2)).

Q: Does Rule 8.04(a)(1) reach mere proposals of impermissible conduct?

A: Per the opinion, when the defense's demand is "knowingly induc[ing]" the plaintiff's lawyer to enter the prohibited indemnity, Rule 8.04(a)(1) applies. The opinion treats the demand as inducement, not a rejected proposal as in Opinion 698. The Committee aligns with its earlier Opinion 566.

Q: Does the opinion address the plaintiff (client) signing the indemnity?

A: No. The opinion expressly addresses only the lawyer's personal indemnity. The client's own indemnity of liens is a different question the Committee does not reach.

Background and rules framework

The opinion interprets Texas Disciplinary Rules 1.02(a)(2) (lawyer must abide by client's settlement decision), 1.06(b)(2) (general conflict; lawyer's own interest), 1.08(d) (no financial assistance, with exception in 1.08(d)(1) for litigation costs and reasonably necessary medical and living expenses), 2.01 (independent professional judgment), and 8.04(a)(1) (knowing inducement of another's violation). Texas Rules correspond to ABA Model Rules 1.2, 1.7, 1.8, 2.1, and 8.4 respectively. The Committee builds on Opinion 566 (Feb. 2006) for inducement.

Citations and references

Rules of Professional Conduct:

• Texas Disciplinary Rule 1.02(a)(2) (client's settlement decisions)
• Texas Disciplinary Rule 1.06(b)(2) (lawyer's own-interest conflict)
• Texas Disciplinary Rule 1.08(d), 1.08(d)(1) (financial assistance prohibition and exception)
• Texas Disciplinary Rule 2.01 (independent professional judgment)
• Texas Disciplinary Rule 8.04(a)(1) (inducing rule violation)

Other opinions cited:

• Texas Op. 566 (Feb. 2006) - receiver-fee inducement under Rule 8.04(a)(1)
• LACBA Prof. Resp. & Ethics Comm. Op. No. 532 (2019) - survey
• Missouri Advisory Comm. Formal Op. 125 (2008)
• State Bar of Arizona Ethics Op. 03-05 (2003)
• Alabama State Bar Formal Advisory Ethics Op. RO 2011-01 (2011, rev. 2017)
• Indiana State Bar Assoc. Legal Ethics Comm. Op. 2005-1 (2005)
• South Carolina Bar Ethics Advisory Op. 08-07 (2008)
• Montana State Bar Ethics Op. 131224 (2013)

See also

• TX Ethics Op. 698: Malpractice-Settlement Fee Assignments - same Rule 8.04(a)(1) framework, opposite outcome on rejected proposal
• TX Ethics Op. 708: Settlement Non-Disparagement and Marketing NDAs - same settlement-restriction framework
• TX Ethics Op. 696: Insurance Staff Counsel Surveys - related Rule 2.01 / lawyer-self-interest analysis

Source

• Landing page: https://www.legalethicstexas.com/resources/opinions/opinion-694/
• Original PDF: https://tcle-web.s3.amazonaws.com/public/documents/Opinion_694.pdf

Original opinion text

Reproduced from the official source for research purposes. The linked source is authoritative.

QUESTION PRESENTED

Is it a violation of the Texas Disciplinary Rules of Professional Conduct for a plaintiff's personal injury lawyer to agree as part of a settlement to personally indemnify and hold harmless the defendant, the defendant's lawyer, or the defendant's insurer from medical liens and reimbursement claims? If so, is it a violation of the Rules for the defendant's lawyer to knowingly induce the plaintiff's lawyer to enter into such an agreement?

STATEMENT OF FACTS

Plaintiff sustained serious personal injuries in a motor vehicle accident. Medicare paid most of his medical and hospital bills. Plaintiff sued Defendant. Defendant's insurance company hired a lawyer to defend its insured.

The case settled. The parties agreed that Plaintiff was responsible for satisfying all liens and reimbursement obligations arising out of the medical treatment made the basis of the suit. To protect against the possibility that Plaintiff might not satisfy those liens and obligations, the parties negotiated for Plaintiff to indemnify and hold harmless Defendant, Defendant's lawyer, and Defendant's insurance carrier (the "Defendant Group") for any claims brought against the Defendant Group for contractual or statutory reimbursement.

Defendant's lawyer drafted and sent to Plaintiff's lawyer a release to be signed by Plaintiff and Plaintiff's attorney. In addition to requiring that Plaintiff satisfy all liens and reimbursement obligations and indemnify and hold harmless the Defendant Group, the release also provided that Plaintiff's lawyer would personally indemnify and hold harmless the Defendant Group against any claims asserted by lienholders and reimbursement claimants.

When Plaintiff's lawyer expressed a concern about signing a personal indemnity, Defendant's lawyer advised that the execution of a personal indemnity by Plaintiff's lawyer was a condition of settlement. Defendant's lawyer explained that an indemnity from Plaintiff alone was inadequate because Plaintiff might no longer have funds sufficient to satisfy Plaintiff's indemnity agreement if Medicare or other reimbursement claimants were to seek payment from the Defendant Group.

DISCUSSION

An agreement that requires the Plaintiff's lawyer to personally indemnify and hold harmless the Defendant Group effectively makes the Plaintiff's lawyer a personal guarantor of the client's debts. This Committee has not previously reviewed the propriety of such an agreement, but the professional ethics committees of at least twenty-one other jurisdictions and three local bar associations have done so and have uniformly concluded that such agreements are prohibited. See generally Los Angeles County Bar Prof'l Responsibility and Ethics Comm. Opinion No. 532 (2019) (surveying state and local professional ethics opinions on the topic). Indeed, the Committee has not found any ethics opinion from another jurisdiction approving a lawyer's personal indemnity. For the reasons stated below, the Committee likewise concludes that such an agreement violates the Texas Disciplinary Rules of Professional Conduct.

Execution of a lawyer's personal indemnity agreement would violate Rule 1.08(d). A lawyer's agreement to personally indemnify an opposing party regarding third-party claims is a form of financial assistance to the lawyer's client. See, e.g., Missouri Advisory Comm. Formal Opinion 125 (2008) ("Financial assistance can take many forms" including "gifts, loans and loan guarantees."). Although most other jurisdictions prohibit lawyers from providing any financial assistance to their clients other than payment of court costs and expenses of litigation, Texas allows lawyers to advance or guarantee clients' reasonably necessary medical and living expenses. Rule 1.08(d)(1) provides:

(d) A lawyer shall not provide financial assistance to a client in connection with pending or contemplated litigation or administrative proceedings, except that:

(1) a lawyer may advance or guarantee court costs, expenses of litigation or administrative proceedings, and reasonably necessary medical and living expenses,the repayment of which may be contingent on the outcome of the matter . . . (emphasis added).

The Committee nevertheless concludes that the general rule of Rule 1.08(d) prohibits a lawyer from providing financial assistance to a client in the form of a personal indemnity agreement. To the extent Rule 1.08(d)(1) allows a lawyer to "advance or guarantee . . . reasonably necessary medical . . . expenses," it refers to an advance or guarantee made to obtain medical services for the client. By contrast, the purpose of the lawyer's personal indemnity is not to obtain medical services for the client, but rather to protect the Defendant Group in the event of a post-settlement claim. Rule 1.08(d)(1) does not allow the Plaintiff's lawyer to execute a personal indemnity agreement for the benefit of the Defendant Group merely because the indemnity agreement relates to past medical services.

The proposed indemnity agreement creates a potential conflict of interest prohibited under Rule 1.06(b)(2). Another reason that a plaintiff's lawyer may not execute a personal indemnity agreement regarding medical liens or reimbursement claims is that such an agreement creates a potential conflict of interest between the lawyer and the client. Rule 1.06(b)(2) provides:

(b) In other situations and except to the extent permitted by paragraph (c), a lawyer shall not represent a person if the representation of that person:

. . .

(2) reasonably appears to be or become adversely limited by . . . the lawyer's or law firm's own interests.

Here, representation of a client is adversely limited by the lawyer's own interests because the demand for personal indemnity requires the lawyer to decide whether to accept personal liability for the client's debts. See, e.g., State Bar of Arizona Ethics Opinion 03-05 (2003) ("[t]he mere request that an attorney agree to indemnify Releases against lien claims creates a potential conflict of interest between the claimant and the claimant's attorney"); Alabama State Bar Formal Advisory Ethics Opinion RO 2011-01 (2011, rev. 2017) ("Such a conflict involves the lawyer's own financial interests in seeking to avoid such exposure and liability for the client's debts and the client's own desire to settle the matter on favorable financial terms.").

Further, a demand for personal indemnity may adversely limit a lawyer's representation by causing the lawyer to refuse to abide by a client's settlement decision. See Rule 1.02(a)(2) ("a lawyer shall abide by a client's decisions . . . (2) whether to accept an offer of settlement of a matter, except as authorized by law"). If the client "chooses to agree to the proposed indemnification language, the indemnification demand could cause the lawyer to refuse the settlement offer or try to dissuade the client from settling in order to protect the lawyer's own personal, financial or business interests." Montana State Bar Ethics Opinion 131224 (2013). The defendant's insistence that the lawyer personally indemnify and hold harmless the defendant and its lawyer against liens or reimbursement claims could "cause the lawyer to recommend that the client reject an offer that would be in the client's best interest because it would potentially expose the lawyer to the payment of hundreds of thousands of dollars in lien expenses, or litigation over such lien expenses." South Carolina Bar Ethics Advisory Opinion 08-07 (2008).

The proposed indemnity agreement may interfere with a lawyer's duty to exercise independent professional judgment. Rule 2.01 provides: "In advising or otherwise representing a client, a lawyer shall exercise independent professional judgment and render candid advice." A settlement agreement that requires a lawyer to sign a personal indemnity agreement may prevent the lawyer from exercising independent judgment because the agreement exposes the lawyer to material personal risk. See, e.g., Indiana State Bar Association Legal Ethics Committee Opinion 2005-1 (2005) ("[f]orcing the attorney to weigh the settlement's benefits to the client with his own personal risk places an inappropriate burden on the essential element of independence"); South Carolina Bar Ethics Advisory Opinion 08-07 (2008) ("even if a lawyer were permitted and was willing to enter into such an agreement to accept such a financial burden, acceptance of such a duty might compromise the lawyer's exercise of independent professional judgment in violation of Rule 2.1"); Montana State Bar Ethics Opinion 131224 (2013) (lawyers "should not be placed in a position of balancing their best advice against their own financial or business interests").

Knowingly inducing a lawyer to sign an indemnity agreement as a condition of settlement would violate Rule 8.04(a)(1). Rule 8.04(a)(1) prohibits a lawyer from knowingly inducing another lawyer to violate the Rules. See Opinion 566 (February 2006) (a lawyer acting as a receiver may not pay a portion of the lawyer's fee to lawyers representing the parties in the case because it would induce those other lawyers to violate Rule 1.08(d)). So, because the Committee concludes that the Rules do not permit a plaintiff's lawyer to agree to personally indemnify and hold harmless a defendant or its lawyers or insurers against future reimbursement claims, the Committee also concludes that a defendant's lawyer violates Rule 8.04(a)(1) if the lawyer knowingly induces the plaintiff's lawyer to execute such a personal indemnity agreement.

CONCLUSION

Under the Texas Disciplinary Rules of Professional Conduct, a plaintiff's lawyer should not enter into an agreement that requires the lawyer to personally indemnify or hold harmless the defendant, the defendant's lawyer, or the defendant's insurer from any contractual or statutory reimbursement claims arising from the medical treatment made the basis of the suit. Likewise, a defendant's lawyer may not knowingly induce a plaintiff's lawyer to enter into such an agreement.

Tex. Comm. On Professional Ethics, Op. 694 (2022)