Can our corporate legal department charge our subsidiaries market-rate fees, rather than just cost, for in-house legal work?

Plain-English summary

A Texas-based multinational corporation with a large legal staff wanted to bill its wholly-owned and partially-owned subsidiaries "market-based" fees, comparable to private-practice rates, for legal services, rather than just its "costs" (overhead such as lawyer and staff salaries and rent). The alternative proposal was to charge market-based fees but annually rebate to the subsidiaries the amounts collected above cost. The Committee analyzed the arrangement under Rule 5.04 (professional independence) and Rule 5.05 (unauthorized practice of law), with prior opinions and case law.

On Rule 5.04, the Committee concluded that charging market-based fees (or any fee above cost) would violate Rule 5.04(a)'s bar on sharing legal fees with a non-lawyer and Rule 5.04(d)'s bar on a non-lawyer entity practicing law for profit. On Rule 5.05, the Committee explained that when a non-lawyer corporation profits from its legal staff's services to others, it engages in the unauthorized practice of law, citing Stewart Abstract Co. v. Judicial Commission of Jefferson County and its own Opinions 498 and 417. The Committee contrasted prior opinions allowing a parent to charge controlled companies its actual "costs" (Opinions 343 and 512), provided the corporate employer does not direct or control how the lawyer renders services or the advice given.

Applying those authorities, the Committee concluded the corporation could not charge its subsidiaries market-based fees, and that recovering anything beyond cost, even with a later rebate to the subsidiary, would let the corporation profit financially from its in-house counsel's services and thereby engage in the unauthorized practice of law. The Committee added that simultaneously representing the subsidiary and the parent raises potential conflict-of-interest issues under Rules 1.06 and 1.07.

Currency note

This opinion was issued in 1999, under the Texas Disciplinary Rules of Professional Conduct that took effect January 1, 1990. Texas did not adopt the ABA's Ethics 2000 revisions; its rules have been amended only piecemeal since (including the March 1, 2005 amendment to the fee rule, Rule 1.04, and the comprehensive 2021 revisions adopted by Texas Supreme Court order). Subsequent rule amendments or later opinions may have changed the analysis. Treat this page as historical context, not current guidance. Verify against current rules before relying on any specific rule, deadline, or requirement mentioned here.

Common questions

Q: Can a corporation charge its subsidiaries market-based fees for in-house legal work?

A: No. The Committee concluded that charging market-based fees, or any fee above the corporation's actual costs, would violate Rule 5.04(a) (sharing legal fees with a non-lawyer) and Rule 5.04(d), and would let the non-lawyer corporation profit from legal services in violation of the unauthorized-practice rule.

Q: Does rebating the excess above cost cure the problem?

A: No. The Committee concluded that recovering anything other than cost, even if the excess is later rebated to the subsidiary, would still let the corporation profit financially from its in-house counsel's services and engage in the unauthorized practice of law.

Q: Can a corporation charge subsidiaries anything for legal services?

A: Yes, its costs. The Committee noted its prior opinions (343 and 512) allow a parent to charge controlled companies its actual costs, provided the corporate employer does not direct or control how the lawyer renders services or the advice given to the subsidiary.

Q: Are there conflict-of-interest concerns in representing both parent and subsidiary?

A: The Committee noted that simultaneous representation of the subsidiary and the corporation raises potential conflict-of-interest issues under Rules 1.06 and 1.07, pointing to Opinion 512's analysis in the joint-venture context.

Background and rules framework

The opinion interprets Texas Disciplinary Rule 5.04 (professional independence of a lawyer; fee sharing with non-lawyers, ABA Model Rule 5.4), Rule 5.05 (unauthorized practice of law, ABA Model Rule 5.5), Rule 1.08(e) (third-party compensation), and Rules 1.06 and 1.07 (conflicts of interest). The analysis turned on whether a corporation profiting from its in-house counsel's services to related entities amounts to a non-lawyer sharing legal fees and practicing law, and on the cost-versus-profit line drawn in the Committee's prior opinions.

Citations and references

Rules of Professional Conduct:

• MR 5.4 (professional independence; fee sharing with non-lawyers)
• MR 5.5 (unauthorized practice of law)
• Texas Disciplinary Rules 5.04, 5.05, 1.08(e), 1.06, 1.07

Cases:

• Stewart Abstract Co. v. Judicial Comm'n of Jefferson County, 131 S.W.2d 686 (Tex. Civ. App.-Beaumont 1939, no writ), a corporation may not furnish legal services to others and collect fees or profits for them

Other opinions cited:

• Tex. Ethics Op. 343: a corporation may charge related corporations its actual costs of legal services, with safeguards
• Tex. Ethics Op. 417: a lawyer may take collection-agency employment only on receiving all legal-service fees and acting for the creditor
• Tex. Ethics Op. 498: salaried corporate counsel may not prepare documents for a corporation's customers if the corporation is paid for the services (fee sharing)
• Tex. Ethics Op. 512: an in-house lawyer may serve a joint venture only if it reimburses no more than full costs and the corporation does not direct the work

See also

• TX Ethics Op. 543: In-House Counsel Taking Referrals of a Healthcare Provider's Patients
• TX Ethics Op. 555: Lawyer Co-Owning a Chiropractor's Practice and Referring Clients
• TX Ethics Op. 558: Paying a Lender a Percentage of the Contingency Fee as Fee Sharing

Source

• Landing page: https://www.legalethicstexas.com/resources/opinions/opinion-531/
• Original PDF: https://tcle-web.s3.amazonaws.com/public/documents/Opinion_531.pdf

Original opinion text

Reproduced from the official source for research purposes. The linked source is authoritative. Several quotation gaps in the source text were rendered with unreadable characters; those gaps are shown here as ellipses.

QUESTION PRESENTED

May a corporation charge wholly-owned or partially-owned subsidiaries "market-based" fees for legal services rendered by the corporate legal staff? If not, may a corporation initially charge its subsidiaries "market-based" fees for legal services if the amounts of fees in excess of "costs" to the corporation are annually rebated to the subsidiaries?

STATEMENT OF FACTS

A Texas-based, multi-national corporation with a large legal staff wishes to provide legal services to its wholly-owned and partially-owned subsidiaries. Instead of charging the subsidiaries for the "costs" of legal services, the legal staff would like to charge "market-based" fees. Unlike "costs," which encompass overhead such as the salaries of lawyers and support staff, and rent, "market-based" fees would be comparable to fees charged by lawyers in private practice for rendering the same services. The legal staff may annually rebate to the subsidiaries those amounts charged which are in excess of "costs."

DISCUSSION

The fact scenario set forth above raises issues governed by Texas Disciplinary Rule 5.04, Professional Independence of a Lawyer, and Texas Disciplinary Rule 5.05, Unauthorized Practice of Law. Each rule will be considered separately, for purposes of responding to the questions set forth above, as will Texas Professional Ethics Committee Opinions and pertinent case law.

DR 5.04 - Professional Independence of a Lawyer
Texas Disciplinary Rule 5.04 provides, in pertinent part, that:
(a) A lawyer or law firm shall not share or promise to share legal fees with a non-lawyer,
except ... [where fees or other sums are paid to the estate of a deceased lawyer, or
non-lawyer employees are included in a law firm's retirement plan].
(c) A lawyer shall not permit a person who recommends, employs, or pays the lawyer to render legal services for another to direct or regulate the lawyers professional judgment
in rendering such legal services.
(d) A lawyer shall not practice with or in the form of a professional corporation or association
authorized to practice law for a profit, if:(1) a non-lawyer owns any interest therein, except that a fiduciary representative of
the estate of a lawyer may hold the stock or interest of the lawyer for a
reasonable time during administration;
(2) a non-lawyer is a corporate director or officer thereof; or
(3) a non-lawyer has the right to direct or control the professional judgment of a lawyer. Tex. Disciplinary R. Prof. Conduct 5.04(a), (c) and (d) (1)-(3), reprinted in, Tex. Gov't Code Ann., tit. 2, subtit. G, app. A (Vernon Supp. 1997).

DR 5.04(a) clearly prohibits the sharing of legal fees with non-lawyers. DR 5.04(d) also prohibits practicing law for a profit where non-lawyers either own an interest in the practice, are corporate officers or directors, or have the ability to direct or control the lawyer's professional judgment. Under the facts set forth above, therefore, the corporation's legal staff would violate DR 5.04(a) and (d) if subsidiaries were charged market-based fees (or fees in excess of costs) for legal services rendered.

Additionally, since a "lawyer's professional judgment should be exercised [only] for the benefit of the client, free of compromising influences and loyalties ... under Rule 5.04(c) a person who recommends, employs, or pays the lawyer to render legal services for another cannot be permitted to interfere with the lawyer's professional relationship with that client." (DR 5.04, Comment 4. See also DR1.08(e)(2), Conflict of Interest: Prohibited Transactions "A lawyer shall not accept compensation for representing a client from one other than the client unless [inter alia] there is no interference with the lawyer's independence of professional judgment...").

DR 5.05 - Unauthorized Practice of Law
Texas Disciplinary Rule 5.05 provides, in pertinent part, that a lawyer shall not:
(b) assist a person who is not a member of the bar in the performance of activity that constitutes the unauthorized practice of law. (Tex. Disciplinary R. Prof. Conduct 5.05(b), reprinted in, Tex. Gov't Code Ann., tit. 2, subtit. G, app. A (Vernon Supp. 1997).)
The primary intent of Rule 5.05 appears to be that of protecting individuals and the public from the mistakes of untrained "practitioners," and the schemes of the unscrupulous. (DR 5.05, Comment 1.) This is clearly not a consideration in the fact scenario set forth above, since the legal services to be provided would be rendered by the corporation's legal staff.

"Neither statutory nor judicial definitions [however] offer clear guidelines as to what constitutes the practice of law or the unauthorized practice of law." (DR 5.05, Comment 2.) It is for this reason that the parent corporation could potentially engage in the unauthorized practice of law where market-based fees (or fees in excess of costs) are charged for legal services provided to subsidiaries.

Many authoritative sources emphasize the fact that when a non-lawyer corporation profits from the services of its legal staff, the corporation engages in the unauthorized practice of law. In Stewart Abstract Co. v. Judicial Comm'n of Jefferson County, 131 S.W.2d 686 (Tex. Civ. App. - Beaumont 1939, no writ), for example, the court directly addressed whether corporations could profit from their in-house attorneys' services:

A corporation has a legal right to employ an attorney or maintain a legal department to handle its won legal business, furnish it opinions, legal counsel or advice for its own benefit in connection with the performance of its lawful duties ... But a corporation may not furnish legal services to others and collect fees or profits therefore, directly or indirectly, and it may be enjoined from doing so. (Id at 690.)

In handling FHA loans, Stewart Abstract Company and Stewart Title Guarantee Company employed attorneys who prepared mortgages, mechanics' liens, and notes for execution by customers, the charge for their services being included in the fee collected for title insurance. (Id. at 688-689.) The companies also advertised services regarding examining title to real estate and rendering title opinions, receiving payment therefore as part of a flat fee. (Id.) Finding that these actions constituted the unauthorized practice of law, the court affirmed an order granting injunctive relief. (Id. at 690.)

In line with Stewart Abstract, the Texas Committee on Professional Ethics determined, in Opinion 498, that salaried corporate attorneys could not prepare estate planning documents for customers of a corporation if that corporation received payment for the lawyer's services. In reaching this decision, the committee reasoned that, were the corporation to receive payment, the arrangement would amount to an agreement by the lawyer to share legal fees with a non-lawyer (the corporation) in violation of Rule 5.04(a). The committee therefore determined that an attorney could not enter into an agreement with a corporation that is not a professional corporation owned solely by licensed attorneys under which the attorney is employed on a salaried basis and regularly provides legal services to customers of the corporation, if the corporation receives fees, commissions, or profits that are to any extent compensation to the corporation for the attorney's legal services to the customers.

In Opinion 417, the Texas Professional Ethics Committee further examined this issue in considering whether an attorney could accept employment with a collection agency, sharing in the fees paid to the agency by creditors for legal services. In this regard, the committee opined that an attorney could accept employment from a collection agency provided: (i) the attorney received all fees paid to the agency by the creditor for legal services rendered; (ii) the attorney did not permit the agency to direct or interfere with his representation of the creditor; and (iii) the attorney acted as attorney for the creditor, rather than the agency. The committee found that, otherwise, the attorney would be assisting the non-lawyer agency to engage in the unauthorized practice of law.

Unlike the previous authorities, however, the present situation involves a relationship between a parent corporation and its subsidiaries. The committee has already determined that parent corporations may charge controlled companies its "costs" for legal services without violating the Texas Disciplinary Rules of Professional Conduct. In Opinion 343, the Professional Ethics Committee considered whether a corporation could charge subsidiaries1 the "actual costs" of performing legal services without violating the former Texas Canons 32 and 43, and ABA Canons 35 and 47 (regarding intermediaries and the unauthorized practice of law).

In examining this questions, the committee determined that the corporate attorneys could ethically render legal services for other, related corporations, provided certain safeguards were maintained, i.e., that the employer (unless its interests in a particular matter are identical) not direct or control the manner in which the attorney renders legal services, or be allowed to dictate the advice given to the subsidiary corporation.2
The attorney must be sure that is clear and agreeable to both the employer and the other corporation that, having undertaken to perform legal services for the other corporation ..., his client in that matter is the corporation for whom the services are to be performed and that in such matter his undivided fidelity is owed to that corporation .... He must be certain that his services and advice to such corporation are in its interest and he must preserve its confidences inviolate. If there is a conflict of interest between his general corporate employer and the other corporation, then he must, of course, disqualify [himself] unless the conflict is fully disclosed and expressed consent for representation is given by all concerned.

In Opinion 512, the Professional Ethics Committee considered whether an in-house lawyer of a corporation could represent a joint venture when the employing corporation was party to the venture. The employing corporation wished to provide legal services to the joint venture, provided the joint venture reimbursed the corporation for its legal costs. After considering the issue, the committee determined that the corporation would not be engaging in the unauthorized practice of law so long as: (i) the joint venture does not reimburse the corporation for more than the full "costs" of the legal services; and (ii) the corporation does not direct the lawyer in the performance of legal services for the joint venture.

Under the present fact scenario, therefore, the corporation may not charge wholly-owned subsidiaries "market-based fees" for the legal services rendered by the corporation's in-house counsel. To permit the corporation to recover anything other than its "costs" (even if those costs were later reimbursed to the subsidiary by means of a rebate) would permit the corporation to profit financially from the legal services provided by its in-house counsel and thereby engage in the unauthorized practice of law.
In Opinion 343, Corporation A either wholly-owned or controlled Corporations B, C, and D. Corporation A further owned 50 percent of the stock of Corporations Y and Z. The question was whether Corporation A could charge the other corporations its costs in providing legal services.

In this regard, it should also be noted that the simultaneous representation of the subsidiary and corporation raises potential conflict of interest issues under DRs 1.06 and 1.07. (See Texas Professional Ethics Committee Opinion 512, for a detailed analysis in the context of joint ventures.)

CONCLUSION

Under the present fact scenario, therefore, the corporation may not charge wholly-owned subsidiaries "market-based fees" for the legal services rendered by the corporation's in-house counsel. To permit the corporation to recover anything other than its "costs" (even if those costs were later reimbursed to the subsidiary by means of a rebate) would permit the corporation to profit financially from the legal services provided by its in-house counsel and thereby engage in the unauthorized practice of law.
In Opinion 343, Corporation A either wholly-owned or controlled Corporations B, C, and D. Corporation A further owned 50 percent of the stock of Corporations Y and Z. The question was whether Corporation A could charge the other corporations its costs in providing legal services.

In this regard, it should also be noted that the simultaneous representation of the subsidiary and corporation raises potential conflict of interest issues under DRs 1.06 and 1.07. (See Texas Professional Ethics Committee Opinion 512, for a detailed analysis in the context of joint ventures.)

Tex. Comm. On Professional Ethics, Op. 531 (1999)