Can a New Mexico lawyer split a fee with a lawyer in another firm who only signed up the client and did no work?

Plain-English summary

The Ethics Advisory Committee answers two questions. First, may a lawyer split a fee with counsel who, other than signing up the client, does no work and assumes no responsibility for the matter? No. Second, under what circumstances may lawyers not in the same firm split a fee? Only when each condition of Rule 16-105(F) is met.

The opinion grounds the first answer in Rule 16-702(B), which generally prohibits paying anything of value to a person who recommends the lawyer's services, subject to four enumerated exceptions (advertising costs, the usual charges of a legal-service plan or qualified lawyer-referral service, purchase of a law practice under Rule 16-117, and a non-exclusive reciprocal-referral agreement disclosed to the client). The opinion assumes the signing-up lawyer fits none of the exceptions, so any payment to that lawyer is a prohibited referral fee.

For the second answer, the opinion sets out the three prongs of Rule 16-105(F): the division must be either in proportion to the services performed by each lawyer or made where each lawyer assumes joint responsibility for the representation; the client must agree to the arrangement, including each lawyer's share, confirmed in writing; and the total fee must be reasonable. The opinion explains that "joint responsibility" per the Commentary entails financial and ethical responsibility as if the lawyers were associated in a partnership, notes that New Mexico case law does not define the term, and reminds lawyers that the duties owed to a client (competence, communication, confidentiality, the Rule 16-104(C) insurance-disclosure obligation, and others) apply to each lawyer in a joint representation. Reasonableness is assessed under the Rule 16-105(A) factors.

In practice

Under this opinion, a fee division between lawyers in different New Mexico firms is permitted only when all three Rule 16-105(F) conditions are satisfied. The opinion identifies the controlling line: payment to a lawyer who did no work and assumed no responsibility is treated as a referral fee barred by Rule 16-702(B), while a division tied to proportional services or to joint (partnership-like) responsibility, agreed to in writing by the client, and resulting in a reasonable total fee, is permitted.

The opinion holds that the client's written agreement must cover the share each lawyer will receive, and that, per Rule 16-104(B), the lawyers should explain the arrangement so the client can make an informed decision. It also notes that a lawyer relying on the "joint responsibility" option would, in the Committee's words, "be wise to consider the substantive law issues surrounding such a relationship," including partnership liability, though the Committee does not opine on substantive law.

Common questions

Q: Can I pay another lawyer just for sending me a client in New Mexico?

A: Generally no. Rule 16-702(B) prohibits paying anything of value to someone who recommends your services, except for four listed situations (advertising costs, legal-service-plan or qualified referral-service charges, purchase of a practice under Rule 16-117, or a disclosed non-exclusive reciprocal-referral agreement).

Q: What are the three conditions for splitting a fee with a lawyer in another firm?

A: Under Rule 16-105(F): (1) the division is proportional to each lawyer's services or each lawyer assumes joint responsibility; (2) the client agrees to the arrangement, including each lawyer's share, confirmed in writing; and (3) the total fee is reasonable.

Q: What does "joint responsibility" mean?

A: The opinion quotes the Commentary that joint responsibility "entails financial and ethical responsibility for the representation as if the lawyers were associated in a partnership." New Mexico case law does not further define it, and the opinion points lawyers to partnership-law consequences to consider.

Q: Does the client's agreement have to be in writing?

A: Yes. Rule 16-105(F)(2) requires the client to agree to the arrangement, including the share each lawyer will receive, and the agreement must be confirmed in writing.

Background and rules framework

The opinion interprets the New Mexico Rules of Professional Conduct (NMRA 2021), principally Rule 16-105 (fees, including subsection (F) on fee division; Model Rule 1.5) and Rule 16-702 (communications and payments concerning a lawyer's services; Model Rule 7.2), with reference to Rules 16-100 (terminology; MR 1.0), 16-101 (competence; MR 1.1), 16-103 (diligence; MR 1.3), and 16-104 (communication; MR 1.4). It also cites Rule 16-117 (sale of a law practice) as one of the referral-fee exceptions and Rule 16-104(C) for the professional-liability-insurance disclosure each lawyer must make.

Citations and references

Rules of Professional Conduct:

• Model Rule 1.5 / NM Rule 16-105 (fees; subsection (F) fee division)
• Model Rule 7.2 / NM Rule 16-702 (payments for recommending a lawyer's services)
• Model Rule 1.0 / NM Rule 16-100 (terminology)
• Model Rule 1.1 / NM Rule 16-101 (competence)
• Model Rule 1.4 / NM Rule 16-104 (communication)
• NM Rule 16-117 (sale of a law practice)

Statutes:

• NMSA 1978, § 54-1A-306 (partnership liability, joint and several)

Other opinions cited:

• New York State Bar Ass'n Ethics Op. 1201 (2020): joint responsibility includes responsibility for legal malpractice under similarly worded rules.

See also

• ABA Formal Op. 474: Referral Fees and Conflicts of Interest
• AL Ethics Op. 2023-01: Fee Splitting
• ABA Formal Op. 93-374: Sharing Court-Awarded Fees

Source

• Landing page: https://www.sbnm.org/Leadership/Committees/Ethics-Advisory-Committee/Ethics-Advisory-Opinions
• Original PDF: https://www.sbnm.org/Portals/NMBAR/AboutUs/committees/Ethics/2021/2021-001.pdf

Original opinion text

Reproduced from the official source for research purposes. The linked source is authoritative.

STATE BAR OF NEW MEXICO
ETHICS ADVISORY COMMITTEE
FORMAL ETHICS ADVISORY OPINION

FORMAL OPINION: 2021-001

TOPIC: Fee Splitting when one lawyer provides no services

RULES IMPLICATED: Rules 16-100, 16-101, 16-103, 16-104, 16-105 and 16-702 NMRA (2021).

DATE ISSUED: November 15, 2021

DISCLAIMER FOR FORMAL OPINIONS: The Ethics Advisory Committee of the State Bar of New Mexico ("Committee") is constituted for the purpose of advising lawyers on the application of the New Mexico Rules of Professional Conduct in effect at the time the opinion is issued ("Rules"). One way in which the Committee attempts to advise lawyers is through "formal opinions," which are published. In issuing formal opinions, the conclusions are based upon any facts that are referenced in the opinion. Lawyers are cautioned that should the Rules subsequently be revised, or different facts be presented, a different conclusion may be appropriate. The Committee does not opine on matters of substantive law although concerns regarding substantive law are sometimes raised in the opinions. The Committee's opinions are advisory only, and are not binding on the inquiring lawyer, the disciplinary board, or any tribunal. The statements expressed in this opinion are the consensus of the Committee members who considered the question presented, based upon the Rules in effect on the date issued.

QUESTIONS PRESENTED:
1. May a lawyer split a fee with counsel who, other than signing up the client, does no work in and assumes no responsibility for the matter?
2. Under what circumstances may lawyers who are not in the same firm split a fee?

SUMMARY ANSWERS:
1. No.
2. A fee may only be split between lawyers not in the same firm if each of the conditions of Rule 16-105(F) are met.

ANALYSIS:

1. Referral Fees Generally Prohibited.

In New Mexico, the Rules generally prohibit a lawyer from making the payment of a fee or "anything of value" to a person who has recommended the lawyer's services. Rule 16-702(B) NMRA (2021). There are only four enumerated and specific exceptions to this prohibition:

(1) A lawyer may pay the reasonable costs of advertisements or communications through written, recorded or electronic communication, including public media;
(2) A lawyer may pay the usual charges of a legal service plan or not-for profit or qualified lawyer referral service;
(3) A lawyer may purchase a law practice in accordance with Rule 16-117 NMRA (2021); and
(4) A lawyer may refer clients to another lawyer or non-lawyer professional pursuant to a reciprocal referral agreement so long as the agreement is not exclusive and the client is informed of the nature and existence of the agreement.

Id. Any payment for referral (i.e., referral fee) that does not squarely fall within one of these exceptions is an impermissible referral fee prohibited by the Rules. For purposes of this opinion, the Committee assumes that the lawyer who signed up the client does not fall within any of the four exceptions, and therefore no referral fee or payment for referral is permissible.

[Footnote 1: A "legal service plan" is a "prepaid or group legal service plan or a similar delivery system that assists people who seek to secure legal representation." Rule 16-702 NMRA (2021), cmt. [6].]

[Footnote 2: A "qualified lawyer referral service" is defined as a lawyer referral service that has been approved by an appropriate regulatory authority. Rule 16-702(B)(2).]

2. Fee Splitting Permitted Under Certain Conditions.

The Rules do allow fee splitting, or a division of a fee, between lawyers who do not practice in the same firm but only under certain circumstances. The primary Rule applicable to this issue is Rule 16-105(F), which provides:

(F) Fee Splitting. A division of a fee between lawyers who are not in the same firm may be made only if:
(1) the division is in proportion to the services performed by each lawyer or each lawyer assumes joint responsibility for the representation;
(2) the client agrees to the arrangement, including the share each lawyer will receive, and the agreement is confirmed in writing; and
(3) the total fee is reasonable.
(Emphasis added).

The [Code of Professional Conduct] Committee Commentary ("Commentary") to this Rule recognizes that "A division of fee facilitates association of more than one lawyer in a matter in which neither alone could serve the client as well." Rule 16-105 NMRA (2021), cmt. [8]. In this Committee's view, such an arrangement could be appropriate based upon combined ability to timely and competently represent the client.

A. Proportion of Services or Joint Responsibility.

The first prong of Rule 16-105(F), i.e., a division of fees may be permitted "in proportion to the services performed by each lawyer" or "each lawyer assumes joint responsibility for the representation." A division "in proportion to the services performed" is not further explained in the rule or the commentary. In the Committee's view, such a division might be based upon the respective time spent on the matter by each attorney, or the application of both time and value provided by each lawyer. By example, if one lawyer is providing very generalized legal service while another is providing very specialized legal service, a reasonable adjustment by which the lawyer providing very specialized legal service is compensated more than the lawyer providing more generalized service is likely not prohibited by the Rule.

Lawyers may also split a fee, not based upon the proportion of services provided, so long as each lawyer assumes joint responsibility for representation. While the Rules do not define "joint responsibility," the Commentary advises that "joint responsibility … entails financial and ethical responsibility for the representation as if the lawyers were associated in a partnership." (Emphasis added). Rule 16-106 NMRA (2021), cmt. [8]. Existing New Mexico case law does not expound on the meaning of the term as used in this Commentary. However, New Mexico partnership statutes provide: "Except as otherwise provided in Subsections (b) and (c) of this section, all partners are liable jointly and severally for all obligations of the partnership unless otherwise agreed by the claimant or provided by law." §54-1A-306 NMSA 1978. Some other ethics committees have opined that "joint responsibility" under similarly worded rules would include joint responsibility for legal malpractice. See, e.g., New York State Bar Ass'n Ethics Op. 1201 (2020). The Committee does not opine on substantive law issues. However, lawyers utilizing the "joint responsibility" option would be wise to consider the substantive law issues surrounding such a relationship, including partnership law and resulting liabilities. Certainly, at a minimum, a lawyer contemplating a relationship that would be allowed under Rule 16-105(F) should consider the competency of the other lawyer in regard to the representation at hand. See, Rule 16-101 NMRA (2021).

Regardless of whether a matter involves proportionate splitting of a fee or a split based on joint responsibility, in any joint representation matter, it is important for all lawyers involved to recognize that the duties to a client as set forth generally in the Rules, as well as in substantive law, apply to each lawyer. By example, responsibilities related to competence, allocation of authority between lawyer and client, diligence, communication, fees, confidentiality, etc., apply to each lawyer engaged in a joint representation. See, e.g., Rules 16-101 through 16-106. This includes certain specific obligations, such as the disclosure of professional liability insurance requirement of Rule 16-104(C), which applies to each lawyer, and each lawyer must make the disclosure and obtain an acknowledgement from the client if the requisite level of professional liability insurance coverage is not held by the lawyer.

B. Client Agreement.

Any fee splitting arrangement requires that the "client agrees to the arrangement, including the share each lawyer will receive." Rule 16-105(F)(2) NMRA (2021). The client's agreement must be confirmed in writing. Lawyers are obligated to "explain a matter to the extent reasonably necessary to permit the client to make informed decisions regarding the representation." Rule 16-104(B) NMRA (2021). Either or both lawyers involved should encourage the client to ask any and all questions the client may have regarding the arrangement and then provide the client with candid responses. In the Committee's view, this requires the arrangement to be set forth in writing for the client's review and, at the very least, the writing must confirm the client's agreement.

C. Fee Must be Reasonable.

Lastly, the final requirement of Rule 16-105(F) is the total fee charged to the client be reasonable. This triggers consideration of Rule 16-105(A) which prohibits a lawyer from "mak[ing] an arrangement for, charg[ing] or collect[ing] an unreasonable fee or an unreasonable amount for expenses." The Commentary states that the fees must be "reasonable under the circumstances." Cmt. [1]. A non-exclusive list of considerations is provided in Rule 16-105(A):

(1) the time and labor required, the novelty and difficulty of the questions involved, and the skill requisite to perform the legal service properly;
(2) the likelihood, if apparent to the client, that the acceptance of the particular employment will preclude other employment by the lawyer;
(3) the fee customarily charged in the locality for similar legal services;
(4) the amount involved and the results obtained;
(5) the time limitations imposed by the client or by the circumstances;
(6) the nature and length of the professional relationship with the client;
(7) the experience, reputation, and ability of the lawyer or lawyers performing the services; and
(8) whether the fee is fixed or contingent.

These factors "are not exclusive … nor will each factor be relevant in each instance." Cmt. [1]. Thus, the reasonableness of a fee in cases involving fee splitting will be based upon the facts and circumstances of the specific representation, as is true for all cases.

CONCLUSION:

Fee splitting where one of the lawyers brings the client to the matter but neither provides any service to the client nor assumes joint responsibility for the representation is prohibited under New Mexico's Rules. Such an arrangement would amount to an impermissible referral fee.

Any matter in which a fee is split between lawyers not in the same firm must satisfy three requirements:
1. Either:
a. The division is in proportion to the services performed by each lawyer; or
b. Each lawyer assumes joint responsibility (ethical and financial) for the representation as if the lawyers were in a partnership regarding the matter;
2. The client must agree to the arrangement, including the share each lawyer will receive, with the client's agreement confirmed in writing; and
3. The total fee must be reasonable.