Can an insurance defense lawyer send the insured's detailed legal bills to the insurer's third-party auditing company without the insured's informed consent?

Plain-English summary

Some insurers' billing guidelines require defense counsel retained for an insured to submit detailed legal-services bills to independent auditing companies for review and approval, an arrangement between the insurer and the lawyer without the insured's express agreement. The committee was asked whether a lawyer may submit those bills to a third-party auditor without the insured's informed consent, and answered no, limiting its analysis to auditors wholly outside the tripartite insurer-insured-counsel relationship and to billing detail that, if disclosed, could reveal confidential or privileged information.

The committee concluded that disclosing bills to a third-party auditor implicates the duties to protect client confidences and may waive the insured's privilege, citing United States v. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (disclosure to third-party auditors waived the privilege) and a Montana Supreme Court decision holding such auditors are not within the privileged community. It located the lawyer's duty in Rule 16-108(F) (no compensation from a third party unless the client consents, there is no interference with independent judgment, and information is protected per Rule 16-106) and Rule 16-504(C) (no person who pays the lawyer may direct the lawyer's professional judgment). Because the insured is the primary client, Rule 16-106(A) bars revealing information relating to the representation without the client's consent after consultation, and detailed legal bills are such information; the committee concluded disclosure to an outside auditor is not impliedly authorized to carry out the representation and falls within no other exception, so disclosure without consent would violate the duty of confidentiality, consistent with opinions from many other states.

The committee then concluded that defense counsel ordinarily cannot even seek the insured's informed consent. It read Rule 16-107(B) (and Rules 16-201, 16-104(B), and 16-102(A)) to permit representation despite the conflict only if the lawyer reasonably believes the representation will not be adversely affected and the client consents; given the potential for waiver, it concluded the first condition can rarely if ever be satisfied here. Because the lawyer enjoys an ongoing relationship with the insurer that provides a steady stream of work while owing the primary duty of loyalty to the insured, any attempt to obtain consent could be viewed as favoring the insurer's and lawyer's interests over the insured's and could itself breach the duties to maintain independent judgment and render candid advice. The committee noted ethics committees in several other states had reached the same conclusion about seeking consent.

Currency note

This opinion was issued in 2000, under the New Mexico Rules of Professional Conduct then codified (NMRA 2000, Rules 16-106, 16-107, 16-108, 16-201, 16-102, 16-104, and 16-504). It predates the State Bar of New Mexico's November 3, 2008 revisions to those Rules (the New Mexico adoption of the ABA Ethics 2000 changes). Treat this page as historical context, not current guidance. Verify against current rules before relying on any specific rule, deadline, or requirement mentioned here.

Common questions

Q: Can an insurance defense lawyer send the insured's bills to the insurer's auditor?

A: Not without consent. The committee concluded that, absent the insured's informed consent, the lawyer must not disclose defense bills pertaining to the representation to third parties, including auditing companies.

Q: Why is disclosing the bills a problem?

A: The committee concluded detailed bills are information relating to the representation under Rule 16-106(A), and disclosing them to an outside auditor risks waiving the insured's confidentiality and privilege, as in the cited federal and Montana decisions.

Q: Can the lawyer just ask the insured to consent?

A: Ordinarily no. The committee concluded the lawyer usually cannot satisfy the requirement of reasonably believing the representation will not be adversely affected, and that seeking consent could itself compromise the lawyer's independent judgment and loyalty to the insured.

Q: Who is the lawyer's primary client in the insurer arrangement?

A: The committee concluded the lawyer's primary duty of loyalty is to the insured, not the insurer, even though the insurer hires and pays the lawyer.

Background and rules framework

The opinion read the confidentiality rule (Rule 16-106, corresponding to Model Rule 1.6), the conflict rule (Rule 16-107, Model Rule 1.7), the rules on compensation from a third party and financial conflicts (Rule 16-108(F), Model Rule 1.8(f)), the advisor and communication rules (Rules 16-201, 16-104, 16-102, Model Rules 2.1, 1.4, 1.2), and the professional-independence rule (Rule 16-504(C), Model Rule 5.4) against the tripartite insurer-insured-counsel relationship and case law on auditor-related privilege waiver.

Citations and references

Rules of Professional Conduct:

• Rule 16-106(A) (confidentiality); Rule 16-107(B) (conflict; materially limited representation); Rule 16-108(F) (compensation from one other than the client); Rule 16-201 (independent judgment); Rule 16-104(B) (communication); Rule 16-102(A) (scope); Rule 16-504(C) (professional independence)

Cases:

• United States v. Massachusetts Inst. of Tech., 129 F.3d 681 (1st Cir. 1997): disclosure to third-party auditors waived the lawyer-client privilege
• In re Rugin, Alexander, Zadick & Higgins, P.C., 2000 MT 110 (2000): third-party insurance-defense auditors are not within the privileged community

See also

• NM Ethics Op. 1992-2: Client Confidence After Death of Client
• NM Ethics Op. 1990-3: Concurrent Conflicts of Interest

Source

• Landing page: https://www.sbnm.org/Leadership/Committees/Ethics-Advisory-Committee/Ethics-Advisory-Opinions
• Original PDF: https://www.sbnm.org/Portals/NMBAR/AboutUs/committees/Ethics/2000-2002/2000-2.pdf

Original opinion text

Reproduced from the official source for research purposes. The linked source is authoritative.

Advisory Opinion 2000-2
June 20, 2000
Lawyer Duties Relating to Insurer's Requirement that Defense
Counsel Submit Legal Services Bills to Third-Party Auditor
I. Factual Background
In recent years, some insurance companies have developed billing guidelines for the lawyers they retain to represent their
insureds. Among other requirements, these billing guidelines require the "insurance defense lawyers" to submit detailed
legal services bills regarding the lawyers' representation of the insureds to independent auditing companies for review and
approval. This requirement is between the insurers and the lawyers only, without express agreement from the insured
parties and, at least at present, is not part of the insurance contract.
II. Question Presented
May a lawyer retained by an insurer to defend an insured submit legal defense bills pertaining to the representation of the
insured to a third-party auditing company without informed consent by the insured client?
III. Brief Answer
No. Absent informed consent of the insured client, an insurance defense lawyer must not disclose legal defense bills
pertaining to the representation of the insured to third parties, including auditing companies. Further, an insurance
defense lawyer ordinarily may not seek consent from the insured because of inherent impermissible conflicts, which would
compromise the lawyer's independent professional judgment.
IV. Scope of Opinion
This opinion discusses the lawyer's duties under the New Mexico Rules of Professional Conduct, Rules 16-101 to 805
NMRA 2000, as they relate to the disclosure of legal defense bills to third-party auditors. The Advisory Opinions
Committee is constituted for the purpose of advising inquiring lawyers on the interpretation of the Rules of Professional
Conduct, as applied to the inquiring lawyer's duties. The committee does not render opinions on matters of substantive
law.
The committee expresses no opinion on the traditional tripartite relationship between insurer, insured and defense
counsel. That relationship is assumed as the basis of the inquirer's question. The protection of information that flows
among the parties to the tripartite relationship under the lawyer-client privilege is a well-settled principle of insurance law
and is not addressed in this opinion.
The analysis contained in this opinion applies only to those cases in which the following conditions exist:
1) The bill review or audit companies in question are wholly independent third parties which stand outside
of the tripartite relationship between insurer, insured and the defense lawyer; and
2) The billing guidelines at issue require the lawyer to include a level of detail in the lawyer billing
statements which, if discovered by third parties, could reveal information otherwise subject to
confidentiality rules, the lawyer-client privilege, the lawyer work product doc-trine, or other similar
protections against disclosure.
V. Discussion
The question presented to the committee poses a significant and substantial ethical dilemma. The disclosure of any
information relating to the representation of an insured necessarily implicates the lawyer's duties to maintain and to
protect client confidences, the client-lawyer relationship, and lawyer work product relating to the representation. The
insurer required submission of legal defense bills to third-party auditors would obviously compromise these duties, absent
client consent. Further, submission to the auditor of protected information may waive the client's right and privilege of
confidentiality, permitting discovery of the information by opposing parties or others.

In United States v. Massachusetts Inst. of Tech., 129 F.3d 681 (1st Cir. 1997), the First Circuit Court of Appeals held that
disclosure of information to third-party auditors constituted a waiver of the lawyer-client privilege, and ordered production
of otherwise privileged information in the auditor's possession. The Supreme Court of Montana recently has held that third
party auditors of insurance-defense bills are not part of the privileged community within which confidential information may
be shared without potential waiver of confidentiality privileges. In re Urgin, Alexander, Zadick & Higgins, P.C., 2000 MT
110, 2000 Mont. LEXIS 104, 2000 WL 668915, 57 Mont. St. Rep. 433 (2000). New Mexico courts have not addressed this
issue. To the extent a risk of waiver exists as indicated by the above authorities, such waiver could cause irreparable
damage to the insured's defense.
A. The Insured Client Must Grant Informed Consent to Disclose Legal Services Bills to Third-Party Auditors
In the context of the tripartite relationship among insurer, insured and defense counsel, the lawyer typically is hired and
compensated by the insurer, but the lawyer owes a primary duty of loyalty to the insured. This principle is articulated in
Rule 16-108(F) of the New Mexico Rules of Professional Conduct which provides:
A lawyer shall not accept compensation for representing a client from one other than the client unless:
1) the client consents after consultation;
2) there is no interference with the lawyer's independence of professional judgment or with the clientlawyer relationship; and
3) information relating to representation of a client is protected as required by Rule 16-106.
Rule 16-108(F) NMRA 2000. See also, Rule 16-504(C) NMRA 2000, "A lawyer shall not permit a person who
recommends, employs or pays the lawyer to render legal services for another to direct or regulate the lawyer's
professional judgment in rendering such legal services."
As the primary client, the insured is entitled to all the protections afforded by the client-lawyer relationship, including the
protection of confidential information. Rule 16-106(A) governs the disclosure of information relating to the representation
and provides:
A lawyer shall not reveal information relating to representation of a client unless the client consents after
consultation, except for disclosures that are impliedly authorized in order to carry out the representation,
and except as stated in Paragraphs B, C and D [of this Rule].
Rule 16-106(A) NMRA 2000 (emphasis added). The client in the client-lawyer relationship is entitled to determine how
information relating to the client's case is to be used and disseminated. The information contained in detailed legal service
bills constitutes "information relating to the representation of a client." Consequently, Rule 16-106(A) imposes a duty upon
the defense lawyer not to disclose defense bills to third party auditors "unless the client consents after consultation."
Rule 16-106(A) provides exceptions for certain disclosures, including disclosures "impliedly authorized to carry out the
representation" of the insured. The ABA Comment to Rule 16-106 clarifies that "[a] lawyer is impliedly authorized to make
disclosures about a client when appropriate in carrying out the representation. . . ." No implied authorization can extend to
parties outside of the tripartite relationship in light of the potential waiver of confidentiality of otherwise privileged and
protected information. Therefore, the disclosure of legal service bills to third-party auditors does not qualify as an impliedly
authorized disclosure under Rule 16-106(A). Nor does such disclosure fall within the other exceptions enumerated in
Paragraphs B, C or D of Rule 16-106.
The disclosure of bills to third-party auditors without the insured's consent under the circumstances described above
would violate a New Mexico lawyer's duty of confidentiality to the insured client. This conclusion is in accord with ethics
committee opinions of Alabama, Alaska, the District of Columbia, Florida, Hawaii, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland,
Massachusetts, Mississippi, Missouri, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South
Dakota, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, and Washington, and the recent Montana Supreme Court opinion, In re Urgin, 2000 MT
110, ¦78.

B. Defense Counsel Cannot Ordinarily Seek Informed Consent from the Insured to Allow Disclosure
The Advisory Opinions Committee questions whether an insurance defense lawyer can ethically counsel the insured client
as necessary to seek informed consent to disclose defense bills in light of potential conflicts of interests and the lawyer's
other duties under the New Mexico Rules of Professional Conduct. See, Rules 16-201 ("In representing a client, a lawyer
shall exercise independent professional judgment and render candid advice."); 16-104(B) ("A lawyer shall explain a matter
to the extent reasonably necessary to permit the client to make informed decisions regarding the representation."); and
16-102(A) ("A lawyer shall abide by a client's decisions concerning the objectives of representation . . . and shall consult
with the client as to the means by which they are to be pursued.").
Rule 16-107(B) addresses pertinent conflict of interest concerns:
Unless otherwise required by these rules, a lawyer shall not represent a client if the representation of that
client may be materially limited by the lawyer's responsibilities to another client or to a third person, or by
the lawyer's own interests, unless:
1) the lawyer reasonably believes the representation will not be adversely affected; and
2) the client consents after consultation . . .
Rule 16-107(B) NMRA 2000 (emphasis added); see also, Rule 16-108(F) NMRA 2000. In general, the lawyer in the
tripartite relationship typically enjoys an ongoing professional relationship with the insurer who often provides a steady
stream of work to the lawyer. However, when a lawyer is hired by the insurer to represent its insured, the lawyer's primary
duty of loyalty is to the insured, not the insurer. Defense counsel may not permit the ongoing professional relationship with
the insurer to interfere with the duty of loyalty to the insured. See, Rules 16- 504(C), and 16-108(F)(2).
An insurance carrier's requirement that defense counsel submit its defense bills to third parties for review and approval
exposes the insured to the potential waiver of confidentiality to otherwise privileged and protected information. The
insurer's interest in having the defense bills submitted to a third-party auditor, and the lawyer's interest in getting paid, are
facially in conflict with the insured's interests in maintaining confidentiality and a strong legal defense. Rule 16-107(B)
allows a lawyer to represent the insured's interests notwithstanding these conflicts only if two conditions are satisfied: 1)
the lawyer reasonably believes the representation of the insured will not be adversely affected by disclosure of the
defense bills to the third-party auditor; and 2) the insured provides informed consent to the third-party disclosure. Given
the potential waiver problems, the committee believes the first condition rarely, if ever, can be satisfied in this context. Any
attempt by the lawyer to obtain the insured's informed consent to disclose defense bills could be viewed as favoring the
insurer's and lawyer's interests to the detriment of the insured client's interests, and should be avoided. And given the
grave risks of waiver, obtaining consent could constitute a breach of the lawyer's duty to maintain independent
professional judgment and to render candid advice to the insured regarding the representation. See, Rules 16-201, 16108(F)(2), and 16-504(C).
Ethics committees in Alabama, North Carolina, Mississippi, Virginia, and Washington also have determined that the Rules
of Professional Conduct may preclude an insurance defense lawyer from seeking informed consent from the insured client
to disclose bills to third party auditors.