Can a lawyer employed in a non-attorney capacity as a state-court case officer also run a limited real-estate and title practice on the side?

Plain-English summary

A lawyer was employed, or sought employment, by the North Dakota State Court system in a non-attorney capacity as a "case officer." Separately, the lawyer wanted to run a limited real-estate and property-law practice, reviewing, updating, and drafting property abstracts, deeds, and preliminary and final title opinions for lenders and real estate companies, without typically contacting buyers or sellers, appearing in court, or taking on adversarial roles. The lawyer asked whether the dual practice would create issues under the Rules.

The committee concluded the Rules of Professional Conduct do not expressly prohibit dual practice or second occupations, citing SBAND Op. 98-07. It directed the analysis to Rule 5.7, which addresses a lawyer's responsibilities for "law-related services," meaning services that might reasonably be performed in conjunction with legal services and that are not unauthorized practice when provided by a nonlawyer. Under Rule 5.7, a lawyer is subject to the Rules when providing law-related services that are not distinct from the lawyer's legal services, or, when provided through an entity the lawyer controls, unless the lawyer takes reasonable measures to assure that recipients know the services are not legal services and that the client-lawyer protections do not exist.

The committee emphasized that whether the case-officer job is a "law-related service," and whether the lawyer controls the entity providing it, are fact-intensive questions it could not decide. Assuming the job is a law-related service and the lawyer has the requisite control, the Rules apply unless the lawyer makes the required disclosures, and the lawyer bears the burden of making clear that client-lawyer protections do not apply. The committee noted the comments' caution to heed the conflict-of-interest rules (Rules 1.7 through 1.11, especially 1.7(b) and 1.8(a), (b), and (f)) and the confidentiality rule (Rule 1.6), and advised that the disclosure should ordinarily be made in writing before the law-related services are provided, while recognizing that where legal and law-related services are so intertwined they cannot be distinguished, the Rule 5.7(a)(2) disclosure cannot be met.

In practice

This opinion, approved in 2019, applies North Dakota Rule of Professional Conduct 5.7 (responsibilities regarding law-related services) as it stood at that time. The committee held that the Rules do not prohibit a lawyer from holding a non-attorney court position while running a limited real-property practice, but that Rule 5.7 controls how the lawyer must treat the non-attorney role if it is a "law-related service." The committee held that, where Rule 5.7 applies, the lawyer must take reasonable measures, ordinarily a written disclosure before services are provided, to assure recipients know the services are not legal services and that the protections of the client-lawyer relationship do not exist, and that whether the job is a law-related service and whether the lawyer controls the entity are fact questions the committee could not resolve.

Common questions

Q: Do the Rules forbid a lawyer from having a non-attorney second job?

A: No. The committee concluded the Rules contain no express prohibition on dual practice or second occupations, citing SBAND Op. 98-07.

Q: When do the Rules apply to the non-attorney job?

A: Under Rule 5.7, the Rules apply if the job is a "law-related service" provided in circumstances not distinct from the lawyer's legal services, or, when provided through an entity the lawyer controls, unless the lawyer takes reasonable measures to inform recipients the services are not legal services.

Q: What must the lawyer do to keep the Rules from attaching to the law-related work?

A: The committee explained that the lawyer bears the burden of assuring recipients know the protections of a client-lawyer relationship do not apply, ordinarily through a written disclosure before the services are provided.

Q: Did the committee decide whether the case-officer job is a law-related service?

A: No. The committee concluded that whether the job is a law-related service, and whether the lawyer controls the entity, are fact-intensive questions it could not decide.

Background and rules framework

The opinion interprets North Dakota Rule of Professional Conduct 5.7 (Model Rule 5.7, responsibilities regarding law-related services), including its definition of law-related services, the circumstances in which the Rules attach, the reasonable-measures disclosure requirement, and the comments' guidance on conflicts (Rules 1.7 to 1.11) and confidentiality (Rule 1.6). It builds on the committee's prior dual-practice opinion, SBAND Op. 98-07.

The opinion is issued under North Dakota Rule for Lawyer Discipline 1.2(B), the safe-harbor provision protecting good-faith reliance on a written ethics-committee opinion.

Citations and references

Rules of Professional Conduct:

• Model Rule 5.7 / N.D.R. Prof. Conduct 5.7 (responsibilities regarding law-related services)
• N.D.R. Lawyer Discipline 1.2(B) (safe harbor for reliance on a committee opinion)

Other opinions cited:

• SBAND Ethics Op. 98-07 (no prohibition on dual practice; recipient's expectation of client protections)

Secondary authority:

• Ellen J. Bennett & Helen W. Gunnarsson, Annotated Model Rules of Professional Conduct 5.7 (9th ed. 2019)
• Hugh D. Spitzer, Model Rule 5.7 and Lawyers in Government Jobs, 30 Geo. J. Legal Ethics 45 (2017)

See also

• AZ Ethics Op. 05-01: Lawyer Investment Referral Fees
• DC Ethics Op. 344: Conflicts for Lawyer-Lobbyists

Source

• Landing page: https://www.sband.org/page/ethics_opinions
• Original PDF: https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.sband.org/resource/resmgr/ethics/opinion_19.02.pdf

Original opinion text

Best-effort transcription from a scanned PDF. Minor errors may remain; the linked PDF is authoritative.

STATE BAR ASSOCIATION OF NORTH DAKOTA
ETHICS COMMITTEE
OPINION NO. 1902

THIS OPINION IS ADVISORY ONLY
QUESTION PRESENTED

May an (“Attorney”) who is employed in a non-attorney capacity by the North Dakota
State Court system as a case officer also engage in the limited practice of law related to real
property? Does this dual practice create any issues under the North Dakota Rules of Professional
Conduct?

OPINION

The North Dakota Rules of Professional Conduct do not contain an express prohibition on
dual practice or second occupations. See SBAND Op 98-07. Rule 5.7 provides a framework for
attorneys to evaluate whether they are bound by the Rules when performing nonlegal services. To
the extent Attorney’s occupation as a North Dakota State Court system case officer is a “law-
related service,” the Rules apply to the law-related service unless Attorney takes reasonable
measures to assure that a person obtaining the law-related services knows that the services are not
legal services, and that the protections of the client-lawyer relationship do not exist. See SBAND
Op 98-07. .

APPLICABLE NORTH DAKOTA RULES OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT
Rule 5.7 Responsibilities Regarding Law-Related Services
FACTS PRESENTED

Attorney is employed or seeks employment by the North Dakota State Court system in a
non-attorney capacity as a case officer. Separate from this non-attorney position, Attorney would
like to engage in the limited practice of real estate and property law. The scope of Attorney’s work
would include reviewing, updating, and/or drafting property abstracts, deeds, preliminary title
opinions, and final title opinions at the request of Attorney’s legal clients who would consist of
lenders or real estate companies.

With respect to Attorney’s limited legal practice, Attorney would not typically have contact
with the buyers or sellers involved in the transactions and the request for title opinions or drafting
of documents would be submitted by financial institutions or real estate companies. Attorney does
not anticipate having to appear in court, engage in litigation with respect to legal services rendered
to their lending and real estate clients, or take on an adversarial role between parties. Based on
these general facts, Attorney questions whether the limited scope legal practice would create any
issues under the Rules when considering employment as a case officer.

DISCUSSION

I. Rule 5.7 permits attorneys to have dual occupations. If the dual occupation is
considered a “law-related service,” the attorney is obligated to conduct the law-
related service pursuant to the Model Rules of Professional Conduct unless
various disclosures are made to the recipient of the “law-related service.”

The North Dakota Rules of Professional Conduct do not contain a prohibition on dual practice.

Although the subject matter of Attorney’s dual practice may be distinct from that of a case officer .

and the potential for conflicts of interest less likely, the Ethics Committee cannot opine or
hypothesize to the various different factual situations that may trigger the applicability of particular
Rules. In evaluating the applicability of the Rules to dual practice, Attorney is advised that the
inquiry is focused on whether the nonlegal activities are a “law-related service.” “When a lawyer
performs law-related services or controls an organization that does so, there exists the potential for
ethical problems.” N.D. R. Prof. Conduct Rule 5.7, c. 1. Rule 5.7 provides a framework for
attorneys to evaluate whether they are bound by the Rules when performing nonlegal services.
Specifically, Rule 5.7 provides,

(a) A lawyer is subject to these Rules with respect to the provision of law-related

services, as defined in paragraph (b), if the law-related services are provided:

(1) by the lawyer in circumstances that are not distinct from the lawyer's
provision of legal services to clients; or

(2) in other circumstances by an entity controlled by the lawyer individually
or with others if the lawyer fails to take reasonable measures to assure that
a person obtaining the law-related services knows that the services are not
legal services and that the protections of the client-lawyer relationship do
not exist.

(b) The term "law-related services" denotes services that might reasonably be
performed in conjunction with and in substance are related to the provision of legal
services, and that are not prohibited as unauthorized practice of law when provided

by a nonlawyer.

“Rule 5.7 applies to the provision of law-related services by a lawyer even when the lawyer does
not provide any legal services to the person for whom the law-related services are performed and
whether the law-related services are performed through a law firm or a separate entity.” /d. atc. 1.
The issue of whether Attorney’s employment or potential employment as a case officer is a “law-
related service” is a fact intensive inquiry for which the Ethics Committee cannot opine. However,
for purposes of this opinion, assuming Attorney’s dual occupation as a case officer may be
considered a law-related service (see, e.g., Rule 5.7, c. 7 classifying social work as an example of
“law-related services”), the Attorney is obligated to afford the recipients of such services the
protections of the Rules that would otherwise apply to the client-lawyer relationship. Rule 5.7, c.
7. The comments to Rule 5.7 caution that the lawyer must take “special care to heed the

2 .

proscriptions of the Rules addressing conflicts of interest [Rule 1.7 through 1.11, especially
Rules 1.7(b) and 1.8(a), (b) and (f)], and to scrupulously adhere to the requirements of Rule 1.6
relating to disclosure of confidential information.” As the Ethics Committee previously
commented in SBAND Op 98-07, “[a] principal problem is the possibility that the recipient of the
[law-related] services may expect, for example, the protection of client confidences, prohibitions
against representation or persons with conflicting interests, and the obligation to maintain
professional independence.”

To the extent that Attorney’s employment as a case officer is considered a “law-related
service,” “even when the law-related and legal services are provided in circumstances that are
distinct from each other,” the Rules apply to the Attorney “unless the attorney takes reasonable
measures to assure that the recipient of the law-related services knows that the services are not
legal services and that the protections of the lawyer-client relationship do not apply.” Rule 5.7, c.
2. Similarly, if law-related services are provided through an entity that is distinct from that which
the lawyer provides legal services, and the lawyer individually or with others has control of such
an entity’s operations, the Rule requires the lawyer to take reasonable measures to assure that each
person using the services of the entity knows that the services provided by the entity are not legal
services, and that the Rules relating to the lawyer-client relationship do not apply. Rule 5.7, c.3.
“A lawyer’s control of an entity extends to the ability to direct its operation. Whether a lawyer has
such control will depend upon the circumstances of the particular case.” Jd. The question of
whether the Attorney has control over the entity, or the ability to direct its operation is a question
of fact for which the Committee cannot opine. For purposes of this opinion, assuming that the
Attorney does have control over the ability to direct the operation of the law-related services, the
Rules apply unless the Attorney takes reasonable measures to inform the recipient of the law-
related services otherwise. ,

Under Rule 5.7, the lawyer bears the burden to make clear to the recipient of law-related
services that the protections of a lawyer-client relationship do not apply to the provision of law-
related services, and if the burden is not met, the Rules of Professional Conduct will apply to the
provision of these services just as if the lawyer were providing legal services.
Ellen J. Bennett, Helen W. Gunnarsson, Responsibilities Regarding Law-Related Services § 5.7,
Ann. Mod. Rules Prof. Cond. (9th ed. 2019) (citing Hugh D. Spitzer, Model Rule 5.7 and Lawyers
in Government Jobs--How Can They Ever Be “Non-Lawyers”?, 30 Geo. J. Legal Ethics 45 (Winter
2017) (advising lawyers employed in law-related government jobs to follow procedures
contemplated by Rule 5.7 to ensure those the lawyer serves understand they are not receiving legal
services and are not entitled to protections of lawyer-client relationship)).

Comment 5 to Rule 5.7 provides guidance on the scope of reasonable measures to inform
the recipient of the law-related services that the attorney-client relationship does not exist. The
form and scope of the disclosure will vary depending on the nature and sophistication of the
recipient however it is advised that the communication be made prior to providing law-related
services and that the communication be made in writing. N.D. R. Prof. Conduct Rule 5.7, c. 5-6.
Under some instances where the legal and the law-related services are so intertwined they cannot
be distinguished from each other, the disclosure imposed by Rule 5.7(a)(2) cannot be met. N.D. R.

Prof. Conduct Rule 5.7, c. 6. Additionally, to the extent the full protections of the Rules do not

apply to law-related services, other legal protections and duties may apply to the recipient. N.D.
R. Prof. Conduct Rule 5.7, c. 8 (citing Rule 8.4 Misconduct).

CONCLUSION
This opinion was drafted by Casey A. Furey and was unanimously approved by the Ethics Committee.

Ethics Committee Chairperson

This opinion is provided under Rule 1.2(B), North Dakota Rules for Lawyer Discipline, which
states:

A lawyer who acts with good faith and reasonable reliance on a written opinion or
advisory letter of the ethics committee of the association is not subject to sanction
for violation of the North Dakota Rules of Professional Conduct as to the conduct
that is the subject of the opinion or advisory letter.