Does a lawyer have to withdraw because opposing counsel calls the lawyer a 'necessary witness,' when others in the firm know the same facts?

Plain-English summary

A lawyer represented an employee of the lawyer's own firm in a suit over physical and psychological injuries from an assault. Opposing counsel argued that the employee's work performance, injuries, and finances were trial issues, that the lawyer was a necessary witness on those issues, and that the lawyer was therefore disqualified under Rule 3.7. The lawyer pointed out that the firm's office manager, receptionist, and another lawyer all had the same knowledge (the office manager and receptionist had more), that the lawyer lacked direct knowledge of the employee's wages, and that withdrawal would force the employee to hire a less-preferred lawyer at significantly higher cost. The committee was asked whether either point excused withdrawal.

On whether the lawyer is a necessary witness, the committee applied North Dakota's standard: a lawyer is a necessary witness only when the lawyer is the sole available source of the information, the information relates to a contested issue, and it is material. Citing Sargent County Bank v. Wentworth and Thompson v. Goetz, it noted that more than a declared intention to call opposing counsel is required, and that the party seeking disqualification bears a high burden, including showing that no other witness can supply the facts. Because others were available to testify to the same issues, the lawyer's testimony was not "necessary" within the meaning of Rule 3.7.

On hardship, the committee explained that the rule's general command is that a lawyer who would testify for the client must withdraw, subject to a "substantial hardship" exception. It surveyed authority holding that a long-standing relationship, involvement from the case's inception, a favorable rate from a lawyer-friend or relative, or general financial hardship do not, without more, meet that exception, since some inconvenience attends every disqualification and would otherwise swallow the rule. It noted that prolonged, complex litigation can amount to substantial hardship, but no such facts were presented here, and that courts weigh how much a hardship is of the party's own making when the witness role was foreseeable. The committee concluded that even if the lawyer were a necessary witness, the increased expense and inconvenience of changing counsel would not constitute substantial hardship.

In practice

This 2008 opinion applies North Dakota Rule of Professional Conduct 3.7. Under that rule, the committee held that a lawyer is a "necessary witness" only when the lawyer is the sole available source of material testimony on a contested issue, so a lawyer need not withdraw merely because opposing counsel labels the lawyer a witness if other people can testify to the same facts. The committee held that the higher cost and inconvenience of changing counsel do not, by themselves, qualify for the rule's "substantial hardship" exception, which courts reserve for unusual circumstances such as protracted, complex litigation.

Common questions

Q: When is a lawyer a "necessary witness" who must step aside as advocate?

A: The committee said only when the lawyer is the sole available source of the information, the information relates to a contested issue, and it is material. If others can testify to the same facts, the lawyer's testimony is not necessary under Rule 3.7.

Q: Does opposing counsel's say-so that the lawyer will be called settle it?

A: No. The committee said more than a declared intention to call opposing counsel is required, and the party seeking disqualification bears a high burden, including showing that no other witness can supply the facts.

Q: Does the cost of hiring a new lawyer count as "substantial hardship"?

A: Generally no. The committee said increased expense and inconvenience from changing counsel do not by themselves meet the substantial-hardship exception, which courts apply in unusual situations such as long, complex litigation.

Background and rules framework

The opinion interprets North Dakota Rule of Professional Conduct 3.7 (Model Rule 3.7, lawyer as witness). The rule bars a lawyer from acting as advocate at a trial where the lawyer is likely to be a necessary witness, with exceptions for uncontested issues, testimony about legal services, and where disqualification would work substantial hardship on the client; Rule 3.7(b) allows a lawyer to act as advocate when another lawyer in the firm may be called, absent a conflict. The committee read "necessary witness" narrowly under North Dakota Supreme Court precedent.

The opinion is issued under North Dakota Rule for Lawyer Discipline 1.2(B), the safe-harbor provision protecting good-faith reliance on a written ethics-committee opinion.

Citations and references

Rules of Professional Conduct:

• Model Rule 3.7 / N.D.R. Prof. Conduct 3.7 (lawyer as witness)
• N.D.R. Lawyer Discipline 1.2(B) (safe harbor for reliance on a committee opinion)

Cases:

• Sargent County Bank v. Wentworth, 500 N.W.2d 862 (N.D. 1993) (necessary witness; evidence unobtainable elsewhere)
• Thompson v. Goetz, 455 N.W.2d 580 (N.D. 1990) (high burden to disqualify opposing counsel)
• Northbrook Digital LLC v. Vendio Services, Inc., 2008 WL 2390740 (D. Minn. 2008) (necessary witness where no one else can testify)

Other opinions cited:

• SBAND Opinion 01-04 (necessary-witness standard)

See also

• AL Ethics Op. 1991-19: Lawyer-as-Witness and Pre-Trial
• Alaska Ethics Op. 86-5: Lawyer as Witness, Withdraw

Source

• Landing page: https://www.sband.org/page/ethics_opinions
• Original PDF: https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.sband.org/resource/resmgr/docs/for_lawyers/opinion_08-04.pdf

Original opinion text

Best-effort transcription from a scanned PDF. Minor errors may remain; the linked PDF is authoritative.

STATE BAR ASSOCIATION OF NORTH DAKOTA
ETHICS COMMITTEE
OPINION NUMBER 08-04

The Ethics Committee received a letter request for an opinion, dated May 5, 2008,
regarding the assertion that the requesting attorney is a necessary witness who ought to withdraw.

Rule 3.7 of the North Dakota Rules of Professional Conduct addresses this inquiry.

The opinion of this Committee does not bind a court of law deciding a motion to disqualify
an attorney. An Ethics Committee opinion provides safe harbor in an ethical inquiry addressing
whether attorney discipline is warranted and then only for acts that come after the opinion is
issued. The Committee does not address the initial formation of an attorney client relation
between the employer and the employee.

Assumed Facts

This Committee issues its opinion to a requesting attorney assuming the information
provided by the requesting attorney is fact.

An employee [hereinafter Employee] of Requesting Attorney brought suit over physical and
psychological injury stemming from an assault. Requesting Attorney is providing legal
representation for Employee while having knowledge of Employee’s work performance, injuries,
and finances. Opposing counsel claims Employee’s work performance, injuries, and finances are
trial issues and that Requesting Attorney is a necessary witness on these issues and therefore
disqualified from continuing to represent Employee.

Prior to the assault, Requesting Attorney’s firm included Requesting Attorney, “Office

Manager”, another lawyer (“Attorney B”), and “Receptionist”. These four are aware and have

knowledge of the facts and circumstances regarding work performance, injuries, and finances.

Receptionist and Office Manager have even more knowledge on these issues than Requesting
Attorney.

When it comes to work performance, Requesting Attorney, Attorney B, Office Manager,
and Receptionist all have the same information.

Requesting Attorney does not have direct knowledge about Employee’s wages, lost wages,
hours worked, etc., so information on these topics would have to come from Office Manager.

After the assault, Requesting Attorney’s firm added “Attorney C” and “Assistant to
Requesting Attorney’. These newer members also possess knowledge about residual effects of
the injury.

If Requesting Attorney withdraws from the representation, Employee will be required to
retain another lawyer who is not Employee’s first choice and will participate only at a
significantly increased cost.

Questions

Requesting Attorney asks whether opposing counsel’s assertion that Requesting Attomey is
likely to be a necessary witness at trial requires Requesting Attorney to withdraw from the case
even if:

1. There are others inside the firm and out with the same or more knowledge on the issues; or
2. The Employee would have to deal with increased costs and inconveniences due to changing
   lawyers.
   Discussion
   Rule 3.7 of the North Dakota Rules of Professional Conduct deals with the subject of the

lawyer expected to testify at trial.

Lawyer as witness.

(a) A lawyer shall not act as advocate at a trial in which the lawyer is

likely to be a necessary witness except where:

(1) The testimony relates to an uncontested issue;

(2) The testimony relates to the nature and value of legal services
rendered in the case; or

(3) Disqualification of the lawyer would work substantial hardship
on the client.

(b) A lawyer may act as advocate in a trial in which another lawyer in the
lawyer's firm is likely to be called as a witness unless precluded from
doing so by a conflict of interest.

1. Whether the Requesting Attorney is a necessary witness.

North Dakota has recognized that a lawyer will be deemed a necessary witness only when
the lawyer is the sole available source for the information, that the information relates to a
contested issue, and the information the lawyer has to offer on the issue is material. Sargent
County Bank v. Wentworth, 500 N.W.2d 862, 871 (N.D. 1993) (evidence is “unobtainable
elsewhere”); SBAND Ethics Committee, Opinion Number 01-04 at 5.

In a 1990 opinion the North Dakota Supreme Court recognized that more than “a mere
declaration of an intention to call opposing counsel as a witness” is required to warrant
disqualification. Thompson v. Goetz, 455 N.W.2d 580, 587 (N.D. 1990). The party seeking
disqualification must satisfy a high burden which includes showing no other witness can testify
to the facts. Thompson v. Goetz, 455 N.W.2d at 588. It is well accepted that “[a]n attorney isa
necessary witness, under this rule, where no other person can testify in the place of the attorney.”
Northbrook Digital LLC v. Vendio Services, Inc., 2008 WL 2390740, 20 (D. Minn. 2008) (citing
Humphrey ex rel. State of Minnesota v. McLaren, 402 N.W.2d 535, 541 (Minn. 1987) (discussing

substantially similar predecessor rule)).

The requesting attorney states others possess the same information that opposing counsel

would seek by having the Requesting Attorney testify. So long as the other persons are available
to testify at trial on the issues, then the Requesting Attorney’s testimony is not necessary as the
term is used in Rule 3.7.

2. Whether increased costs and the inconveniences related to changing lawyers
   constitute substantial hardship.

Requesting Attorney provides the premise that if Requesting Attorney must withdraw, then
Employee would have to find a new lawyer who would not be Employee’s first choice and who
would induce more expenses.

The general proviso of Rule 3.7 is: the lawyer who testifies for his client at trial must
withdraw. One exception to the general rule is withdrawal is not mandated if it would work a
substantial hardship on the client.

“{C]ourts have generally rejected arguments that a lawyer's long-standing relationship with
a client, involvement with the litigation from its inception or financial hardship to the client are
sufficient reasons to invoke the “substantial hardship” exception to the advocate-witness rule.”
Jones y. City of Chicago, 610 F.Supp. 350, 361 (D.C. Ill. 1984). It has been recognized that
every case requiring disqualification due to testifying involves inconvenience and if this level of
inconvenience were to amount to substantial hardship the exception would swallow the rule.
U.S. v. Peng, 602 F.Supp. 298, 303 (D.C.N.Y. 1985); May's Family Centers, Inc. v. Goodman's,
Inc., 590 F.Supp. 1163, 1165 (D.C. Ill. 1984).

The situation where the litigant has secured a favorable rate from a lawyer who is a friend
or a relative has also been viewed. It is understood that in these situations, if disqualification is

required, the client will be forced to obtain counsel at a higher rate. In Barrett, the court found

that this increased expense did not amount to hardship. The court explained, “[i]t can be argued
that disqualifying plaintiffs' daughter from representing them would merely place plaintiffs on a
par with most other litigants, in that they would have to make a decision about whether to incur
the expenses associated with prosecuting the litigation.” Barrett v. Floyd, 1990 WL 17876, 1
(E.D.Pa. 1990).

Courts have recognized disqualification and subsequent change of counsel can be a
substantial hardship in cases where complicated litigation has been in progress a long time.
Sargent County Bank v. Wentworth, 500 N.W.2d 862, 872 (N.D. 1993); but see Jamieson v.
Slater, 2006 WL 3421788, 8 (D. Ariz.2006) (three year representation and cost of new counsel
insufficient to establish substantial hardship). Here, though, we have not been provided with
facts suggesting unusually complex or protracted representation.

When considering the hardship issue and the argument that the lawyer has been involved
with the complicated litigation a long time, courts have viewed how much the hardship is of the
party’s own making. Jones v. City of Chicago, 610 F.Supp. 350, 361 (D.C. Il. 1984). Where it
was foreseeable either when the attorney client relationship was formed or at some point after
that the lawyer might be a necessary witness but the pair forged ahead anyway, the party is ill
positioned to argue that disqualification will constitute a hardship. General Mill Supply Co. v.
SCA Services, Inc.. 697 F.2d 704, 714-715 (C.A. Mich. 1982).

Conclusion

The Requesting Attorney is not required to withdraw so long as others are available to

testify to the issues at trial. Were the information unobtainable elsewhere and the Requesting

Attorney otherwise satisfied the criteria for being a necessary witness likely to testify at trial, the

increased expenses and inconveniences associated with changing counsel would not constitute
substantial hardship amounting to an exception to the requirement for withdrawal.

This opinion offers safety to the requesting attorney as set out in Rule 1.2(B) of the North
Dakota Rules of Lawyer Discipline.

This opinion was drafted by Fritz Fremgen and unanimously approved by the Committee

on the 3 of September 2008.

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Dann E. Greenwood, Chairman