Does an Ohio lawyer have to return a former client's file on request, how long must it be kept, and who pays to convert digital files?

Plain-English summary

A lawyer who had kept a former client's file for several years after the representation ended, and who had been fully paid, asked whether she must deliver the file on request. The Board concluded yes and withdrew Adv. Op. 1992-08 (the prior opinion's discussion of retaining liens was dropped as a legal question outside the Board's authority).

Under Prof.Cond.R. 1.16(d), a lawyer must promptly deliver to the client all papers and property to which the client is entitled at the end of representation, and under Prof.Cond.R. 1.15(d) a lawyer must promptly deliver funds or property the client is entitled to receive. Even when a lawyer has kept the file for years, it remains the client's property and must be delivered on request. The opinion describes what counts as "client papers and property" (correspondence, pleadings, deposition transcripts, exhibits, physical evidence, expert reports, and other items reasonably necessary to the representation, plus other materials needed to protect the former client's interests) and what does not (internal firm memoranda, administrative materials, conflict checks, the lawyer's mental impressions, and drafts), citing Adv. Op. 2010-02 and ABA Formal Op. 471.

On digital files, the Board found no ethical bar to keeping files only in digital form, provided the lawyer secures them (Prof.Cond.R. 1.6, 1.15). The Board recommends delivering the file in the format stored, but if the client cannot access digital files (particularly email), the lawyer must provide them in an accessible format, including paper, at the lawyer's expense absent a prior agreement allocating that cost. On retention, the Board concluded the rules set no minimum period and a lawyer has no duty to keep files permanently; it advises adopting a records-retention policy and notifying the client, ideally in the engagement agreement, of how long the firm will keep the file.

In practice

The opinion holds that, under the Ohio Rules of Professional Conduct as they stood at the time, a former client's file remains the client's property and must be promptly delivered on request, including digital files in an accessible format (Prof.Cond.R. 1.16(d), 1.15(d)). Per the opinion, not every document is "client papers and property" (internal memoranda, administrative materials, and drafts are excluded), and absent a prior cost-allocation agreement the lawyer should convert inaccessible digital files to paper or another format at the lawyer's expense. The opinion states the rules prescribe no minimum file-retention period and a lawyer has no duty to retain files permanently.

Common questions

Q: Does a lawyer have to return a file the client left behind years ago?

A: Yes. The opinion concludes that even after several years the file remains the client's property and must be promptly delivered on the former client's request (Prof.Cond.R. 1.16(d), 1.15(d)).

Q: Which documents are not part of the client's file?

A: The opinion lists internal law firm memoranda, administrative materials, personnel and conflict-check records, the lawyer's own mental impressions, and drafts of pleadings or briefs as documents that are not "client papers and property."

Q: Who pays to convert digital files to paper?

A: The opinion states that absent a prior agreement the lawyer should comply with a reasonable request to convert inaccessible digital files to an accessible format or paper at the lawyer's expense.

Q: How long must a lawyer keep a former client's file?

A: The opinion concludes the rules set no minimum retention period and impose no duty to keep files permanently; it advises adopting a records-retention policy and telling the client how long the file will be kept.

Background and rules framework

The opinion interprets Ohio Prof.Cond.R. 1.16(d) (delivery of papers and property on termination; Model Rule 1.16), Prof.Cond.R. 1.15(d) (prompt delivery of client funds and property; Model Rule 1.15), and Prof.Cond.R. 1.6 (confidentiality and the duty to secure client information, including digitally stored files; Model Rule 1.6).

Citations and references

Rules of Professional Conduct:

• Ohio Prof.Cond.R. 1.16(d) and cmt. [8A] (Model Rule 1.16)
• Ohio Prof.Cond.R. 1.15(a), (d) (Model Rule 1.15)
• Ohio Prof.Cond.R. 1.6 (Model Rule 1.6)

Cases:

• Cincinnati Bar Assn. v. Lawson, 119 Ohio St.3d 58, 2008-Ohio-3340, 891 N.E.2d 749, prompt delivery of client property

Other opinions cited:

• Ohio BPC Adv. Op. 2010-02: documents constituting the client file
• ABA Formal Op. 471 (2015) and ABA Formal Op. 1384 (1977): client-file contents and retention
• D.C. Bar Op. 357 (2010): allocating costs of converting digital files

See also

• Ohio BPC Op. 1992-008: Returning Client Files and Retaining Liens (withdrawn by this opinion)
• Ohio BPC Op. 2010-002: Lawyer Notes as Part of the Client File
• Ohio BPC Op. 1992-019: Purchasing Client Files and Client Lists

Source

• Landing page: https://ohioadvop.org/advisory-opinion-index/
• Original PDF: https://www.ohioadvop.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Adv-Op-2019-06-Final.pdf

Original opinion text

Reproduced from the official source for research purposes. The linked source is authoritative.

OPINION 2019-6
Issued August 2, 2019
Withdraws Adv. Op. 1992-08

              Ethical Obligation to Deliver a Former Client’s File

SYLLABUS: A lawyer’s file related to the representation of a client constitutes the
“papers and property” of the client. A lawyer is not required by the Rules of Professional
Conduct to maintain a former client’s file for a minimum period of time after termination
of representation. When a lawyer has maintained a former client’s file for a substantial
period of time after termination of representation, he or she is required to promptly
deliver the file upon the client’s request. A lawyer should deliver a former client’s file in
the same manner it was maintained or in an accessible format if the file was stored
digitally.

This nonbinding advisory opinion is issued by the Ohio Board of Professional Conduct
in response to a prospective or hypothetical question regarding the application of
ethics rules applicable to Ohio judges and lawyers. The Ohio Board of Professional
Conduct is solely responsible for the content of this advisory opinion, and the advice
contained in this opinion does not reflect and should not be construed as reflecting the
opinion of the Supreme Court of Ohio. Questions regarding this advisory opinion
should be directed to the staff of the Ohio Board of Professional Conduct.
 65 SOUTH FRONT STREET, 5TH FLOOR, COLUMBUS, OH 43215-3431
Telephone: 614.387.9370 Fax: 614.387.9379
www.bpc.ohio.gov

HON. JOHN W. WISE RICHARD A. DOVE
CHAIR DIRECTOR
PATRICIA A. WISE D. ALLAN ASBURY
VICE- CHAIR SENIOR COUNSEL
KRISTI R. MCANAUL
COUNSEL

                                          OPINION 2019-6
                                        Issued August 2, 2019
                                     Withdraws Adv. Op. 1992-08

                     Ethical Obligation to Deliver a Former Client’s File

SYLLABUS: A lawyer’s file related to the representation of a client constitutes the
“papers and property” of the client. A lawyer is not required by the Rules of Professional
Conduct to maintain a former client’s file for a minimum period of time after termination
of representation. When a lawyer has maintained a former client’s file for a substantial
period of time after termination of representation, he or she is required to promptly
deliver the file upon the client’s request. A lawyer should deliver a former client’s file in
the same manner it was maintained or in an accessible format if the file was stored
digitally.

QUESTION PRESENTED: Whether a lawyer has an ethical obligation to deliver a
client’s file upon request of a former client?

APPLICABLE RULES: Prof.Cond.R. 1.6, 1.15, 1.16

OPINION: A lawyer seeks clarification of her ethical obligation to deliver a client’s file
to a former client that she has maintained for several years after the termination of
representation. The lawyer was fully compensated for her services at the time of
termination.1

1
Withdrawn Adv.Op. 1992-08 included a lengthy discussion about attorney retaining liens. Because the subject of
retaining liens is a legal matter not relevant to an analysis of a lawyer’s ethical obligations to provide a client file to a
former client and because the requesting lawyer was paid for her services at the time the representation was terminated,
the Board did not include the previous discussion of retaining liens in this Opinion.
Op. 2019-6 2

   The Rules of Professional Conduct require a lawyer, after termination of

representation, to “promptly” deliver to the client all papers and property to which the
client is entitled. Prof.Cond.R. 1.16(d). Most often, the obligation of the lawyer to
promptly deliver the file is triggered when the representation is abruptly terminated
before the underlying legal matter has concluded and the client must retain new counsel
to continue the representation. However, it is not unusual after termination of
representation for a former client to leave his or her file in the possession of the lawyer or
law firm for an indefinite period of time. Even though a lawyer has continued to maintain
a client’s file for several years after the termination of representation, the file constitutes
the property of the client and it and other client property (e.g., original documents) related
to the representation must be delivered to the client upon the former client’s request.
Prof.Cond.R. 1.15(d)(a lawyer is required to "promptly deliver to the client * * * any
funds or other property that the client * * * is entitled to receive.") (Emphasis added.)
Cincinnati Bar Assn. v. Lawson, 119 Ohio St.3d 58, 2008-Ohio-3340, 891 N.E.2d 749, ¶51.

    Which documents in the client file constitute “client papers and property” and

must be delivered is specifically addressed in Prof.Cond.R. 1.16(d). The rule defines
“client papers and property” as “correspondence, pleadings, deposition transcripts,
exhibits, physical evidence, expert reports, and other items reasonably necessary to the
client’s representation.” However, this list is not all-inclusive, and other documents in
the file may need to be delivered in order to protect the interests of the former client at
the termination of representation. These other documents may include materials
acquired or prepared for the purpose of representing the client, investigatory documents,
and filed or unfiled pleadings and briefs. Conversely, certain documents maintained by
the lawyer may not constitute “client papers and property.” For example, internal law
firm memoranda, firm communications or other administrative materials related to the
representation, documentation concerning personnel assignments and conflict checks,
the lawyer’s mental impressions, and drafts of pleadings, briefs, or other filings are not
considered client papers or property to which the client is entitled. See Adv. Op. 2010-2,
ABA Formal Op. 471 (2015), ABA Formal Op. 1376 (1977). In addition, “client papers or
property” do not include documents that may violate the duty of confidentiality to other
persons, the lawyer’s own assessment of the client, or documents shielded from
disclosure under state law or court protective order, e.g. designated as “counsel only”
under Crim.R. 16(C).
Op. 2019-6 3

    Client files maintained in a digital format

    A lawyer’s file relating to a representation commonly includes both paper and

digital documents. As a general matter, there are no ethical restrictions against
maintaining client files only in a digital form. Many law firms operate “paperless” offices
and store client files containing digital documents on local servers or in the “cloud” that
can be accessed by the client at any time. A lawyer using an internal or external digital
file storage method must ensure that it is secure and take reasonable measures to protect
the confidentiality and security of the client property. Prof.Cond.R. 1.6, 1.15.

   Absent prior agreement with the client as to the format the client file will be

maintained, the Board recommends that lawyers provide the former client’s file in the
format it is stored. However, if the client is unable to access the digital files, particularly
email correspondence, a lawyer must provide the documentation in an accessible format
including paper. While a lawyer may not charge a client for copying a paper file, the
Rules of Professional Conduct do not specifically address the responsibility for expenses
related to the conversion of documents to accessible formats or from digital to paper. See
Prof.Cond.R. 1.16, cmt. 8[A]. In order to avoid future misunderstandings, lawyers and
clients may enter into agreements addressing how digital files will be provided to the
former client if requested, and who will bear the costs associated with providing the file
in a particular format or paper. D.C. Bar Op. 357 (2010). If no agreement was entered
into prior to termination of representation, a lawyer should comply with a reasonable
request from a former client to convert digital files to paper. Id.

    Former client file retention in general2

   A lawyer does not have a duty to preserve former client files on a permanent basis.

ABA Formal Op. 1384 (1977). A records retention policy used in conjunction with other
law firm practices can obviate the need to maintain a client’s file for a significant length
of time after representation. More importantly, the Rules of Professional Conduct do not
prescribe a minimum amount of time that a client’s file must be maintained after
representation has terminated.3 However, if a lawyer in his or her independent
professional judgment chooses to maintain a former client’s file, different types of legal

2
An in-depth discussion of client file retention is available in the Board’s File Retention Guide available at
www.ohio.bpc.gov.
3 The minimum length of time to maintain a client file is often confused with the required retention period

for IOLTA records under Prof.Cond. R. 1.15(a). The mandatory retention requirement for IOLTA records
has no bearing on the retention period for client files.
Op. 2019-6 4

matters may necessitate retaining the client’s file for varying periods of time. Unless the
file is returned to the client at termination, the retention period of a client file should be
determined by whether the file will be needed to protect the interests of the former client
or the lawyer knows the file may be necessary in the assertion or defense of a future claim
when the applicable statutory limitations period has not expired. For example, files
related to minors, probate matters, estate planning, tax, criminal law, corporate
formation, should be retained until the files no longer serve a useful purpose to the
former client.

    To avoid an accumulation of former client files over time, it is recommended that

lawyers adopt a records retention policy and office procedures to allow for the delivery
of a client’s file at the end of representation or at a future date certain determined by the
firm’s record retention policy. At the outset of representation and preferably in the
engagement fee agreement, a lawyer should notify the client about the length of time, if
any, the firm will retain the client file. When the firm’s records retention policy calls for
the destruction of the file, the lawyer should contact the client to claim the physical file
or to give advance notice of the impending destruction of a physical or digital file.

CONCLUSION: When a lawyer has continued to maintain a client’s file for several years
after the termination of representation, the file remains the property of the client and it
and other client property (e.g., original documents) related to the representation must be
delivered to the client upon the former client’s request. Not every document maintained
by the lawyer constitutes “client papers and property” and is required to be delivered to
the client. Any digital client files, including e-mail correspondence, maintained by the
lawyer must be delivered to the client in an accessible format. Absent prior agreement,
a client may request the conversion of digital files that are not accessible to another digital
format or paper at the lawyer’s expense. In general, a lawyer does not have an obligation
to maintain former client files permanently and the Rules of Professional Conduct do not
require a minimum period of time for retaining former client files. Lawyers are advised
to transfer the client file to the former client upon termination of representation, or adopt
a file retention policy and related procedures for the transfer of client files or their
destruction on a date certain.