Can a part-time city law director, or other lawyers in the director's private firm, represent private clients in matters before the director's municipality?

Plain-English summary

A lawyer asked whether lawyers in a firm that includes an elected, part-time city law director may represent clients in matters coming before the director's municipality. The Board addressed the law director's own conflicts first, then the imputation question.

On the director's own conflicts, the Board concluded that accepting a private client in a matter before a division of the employing municipality (the example used is a zoning application) carries the potential for a disqualifying conflict under Prof.Cond.R. 1.7. If the municipality and the private client seek different outcomes, the matter would involve one client asserting a claim against another in the same proceeding, which Prof.Cond.R. 1.7(c)(2) bars and client consent cannot cure. Even where both want the same outcome, the Board found a substantial risk that a disagreement over the means of securing approval would materially limit the director's judgment (Prof.Cond.R. 1.7(a)(2)). The Board also noted Ohio follows a "per se" government non-consent rule, so seeking the municipality's informed consent is not advisable (citing Adv. Op. 2019-03), and that R.C. 102.03 independently bars a public official from representing a client on any matter in which the official personally participated.

On imputation, the Board read Prof.Cond.R. 1.10(f) (which routes the disqualification of lawyers associated with government lawyers to Rule 1.11), Prof.Cond.R. 1.11(d), and the comments together to conclude that the general imputation rule of Prof.Cond.R. 1.10(a) does not apply when the conflict arises from a firm member's service as a government lawyer. Other lawyers in the director's private firm may therefore represent clients in matters before the municipality, consistent with Adv. Op. 2014-02 on part-time prosecutors. The director must not handle municipal matters in which the private firm is involved, should be screened from related files at both the government office and the private firm, and should not be apportioned any part of the fees from those matters.

In practice

The opinion holds that, under the Ohio Rules of Professional Conduct as they stood at the time, a part-time law director may not represent private clients in matters related to the employing municipal corporation and should not try to cure the conflict by seeking the municipality's informed written consent (Prof.Cond.R. 1.7; R.C. 102.03). Per the opinion, because the conflict stems from government service, it is not imputed to other lawyers in the director's private firm under Prof.Cond.R. 1.10(f) and 1.11, so associated lawyers may take such matters; the opinion directs that the director be screened from those files at both offices and receive no part of the associated fees.

Common questions

Q: Can a part-time city law director represent a private client in a zoning matter before the same city?

A: The opinion concludes no. If the city and client want different outcomes the representation is barred outright (Prof.Cond.R. 1.7(c)(2)), and even if they want the same outcome there is a substantial risk the director's judgment would be materially limited (Prof.Cond.R. 1.7(a)(2)).

Q: Can the law director cure the conflict by getting the city's consent?

A: The opinion advises against it. It states Ohio adheres to a "per se" government non-consent rule, so requesting informed written consent from the employing government entity to take a conflicted private matter is not advisable.

Q: Can other lawyers in the law director's private firm handle matters before the city?

A: Yes. The opinion concludes that a conflict arising from a firm member's government service is governed by Prof.Cond.R. 1.11, not the general imputation rule of Prof.Cond.R. 1.10(a), so associated lawyers are not disqualified, though the director should be screened and take no part of the fees.

Background and rules framework

The opinion interprets Ohio Prof.Cond.R. 1.7 (concurrent conflicts of interest, including the direct-adversity bar in 1.7(c)(2) and material-limitation analysis in 1.7(a)(2); Model Rule 1.7), Prof.Cond.R. 1.10(f) (imputation, routing government-lawyer conflicts to Rule 1.11; Model Rule 1.10), and Prof.Cond.R. 1.11(d) (special conflicts for current government officers and employees; Model Rule 1.11). It also applies Ohio's Ethics Law, R.C. 102.03, and the statutory duties of city law directors.

Citations and references

Rules of Professional Conduct:

• Ohio Prof.Cond.R. 1.7, incl. 1.7(a)(2), (b), (c)(2) and cmt. [14] (Model Rule 1.7)
• Ohio Prof.Cond.R. 1.10(f) (imputation of government-lawyer conflicts) (Model Rule 1.10)
• Ohio Prof.Cond.R. 1.11(c)-(d) and cmts. [2]-[3] (Model Rule 1.11)

Statutes:

• R.C. 102.03 (representation barred on matters of personal participation in public office)
• R.C. 705.11, 733.51-733.62, 1901.34, 3313.35 (statutory duties of city law directors)

Cases:

• State ex rel. Striker v. Cline, 130 Ohio St.3d 214, 2011-Ohio-5350, retaining outside counsel for a disqualified law director
• City of Cuyahoga Falls v. Robart, 58 Ohio St.3d 1, 567 N.E.2d 987 (1991)

Other opinions cited:

• Ohio BPC Adv. Op. 2014-02: non-imputation of a part-time prosecutor's conflicts
• Ohio BPC Adv. Op. 2019-03: "per se" government non-consent rule
• Ohio BPC Adv. Ops. 2007-04, 2008-05, 2008-06: law-director and prosecutor conflicts
• 2016 Op. Att'y Gen. No. 2016-033: public officers' undivided duty to the public

See also

• Ohio BPC Op. 2014-002: Imputation of Conflicts in a Part-Time County Prosecutor's Firm
• Ohio BPC Op. 2007-004: City Law Director Conflicts of Interest
• Ohio BPC Op. 2008-006: City Law Director and Criminal Defense
• Ohio BPC Op. 2019-008: Duty to Report a Defense Lawyer in the County Prosecutor's Firm

Source

• Landing page: https://ohioadvop.org/advisory-opinion-index/
• Original PDF: https://www.ohioadvop.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Adv.-Op.-2019-05-Final.pdf

Original opinion text

Reproduced from the official source for research purposes. The linked source is authoritative.

OPINION 2019-5
Issued August 2, 2019

Conflicts of Part-Time Law Director and Imputation to Part-Time Law Director’s
Firm

SYLLABUS: When a part-time law director also engages in the private practice of law,
the law director may not represent private clients in matters related to his or her
employing municipality. Associated lawyers in a part-time law director’s law firm are
permitted to represent clients in matters related to the part-time law director’s employing
municipality. The conflicts of a part-time law director are not imputed to the other
members of a law director’s private law firm.

This nonbinding advisory opinion is issued by the Ohio Board of Professional Conduct
in response to a prospective or hypothetical question regarding the application of
ethics rules applicable to Ohio judges and lawyers. The Ohio Board of Professional
Conduct is solely responsible for the content of this advisory opinion, and the advice
contained in this opinion does not reflect and should not be construed as reflecting the
opinion of the Supreme Court of Ohio. Questions regarding this advisory opinion
should be directed to the staff of the Ohio Board of Professional Conduct.
 65 SOUTH FRONT STREET, 5TH FLOOR, COLUMBUS, OH 43215-3431
Telephone: 614.387.9370 Fax: 614.387.9379
www.bpc.ohio.gov

HON. JOHN W. WISE RICHARD A. DOVE
CHAIR DIRECTOR
PATRICIA A. WISE D. ALLAN ASBURY
VICE- CHAIR SENIOR COUNSEL
KRISTI R. MCANAUL
COUNSEL

                                           OPINION 2019-5
                                         Issued August 2, 2019

 Conflicts of Part-Time Law Director and Imputation to Part-Time Law Director’s
                                                    Firm

SYLLABUS: When a part-time law director also engages in the private practice of law,
the law director may not represent private clients in matters related to his or her
employing municipality. Associated lawyers in a part-time law director’s law firm are
permitted to represent clients in matters related to the part-time law director’s employing
municipality. The conflicts of a part-time law director are not imputed to the other
members of a law director’s private law firm.

QUESTION PRESENTED: May a lawyer associated in a law firm with an elected, part-
time law director represent a client in matters before the law director’s municipality or
one of the employees, officers, commissions, or boards of the municipality?

APPLICABLE RULES: Prof.Cond.R. 1.7, 1.10, 1.11

OPINION: The Board must first consider the law director’s conflicts of interest prior to
addressing the imputation question posed. A law director of a municipal corporation
provides legal advice and representation to the municipality, its officers, and its entities.
The specific legal duties of a city law director are established by law. E.g., R.C. 705.11,
733.51, 733.52, 733.53, 733.54, 733.56 733.57, 733.58, 733.62, 1901.34 and 3313.35.1 Some

1
A law director may also be subject to specific job related duties or regulation by city charter or as determined by his
or her employing government entity.
Op. 2019-5 2

law directors are statutorily tasked with the duty to prosecute criminal violations of state
law, while other law directors are not required to prosecute criminal violations of state
law because county prosecutors in those counties are tasked with the responsibility.2

     A law director is not prohibited from engaging in the private practice of law in

Ohio, and many lawyers employed as part-time law directors continue to maintain a
private practice at law firms. A part-time law director or other lawyers associated in a
law firm with a part-time law director are often approached to represent clients in matters
coming before various divisions of a municipality, such as an application pending before
or requiring approval by the city engineer, planning commission, or city council. The
Board previously addressed in Adv. Op. 2008-06 whether a law director and lawyers
associated in a law firm with a law director may represent criminal defendants, but has
not specifically addressed the related concept of representation of clients in a civil context.

Part-Time Law Director’s Ability to Represent Civil Clients in Matters Related to the
Municipality

     A lawyer’s representation of a client creates a conflict of interest if the

representation of that client will be directly adverse to another current client or if there is
a substantial risk that the lawyer’s ability to consider, recommend, or carry out an
appropriate course of action for that client will be materially limited by the lawyer’s
responsibilities to another client, a former client, a third person, or by the lawyer’s own
personal interest. Prof.Cond.R. 1.7(a)(1)-(2). Furthermore, public officers owe an
undivided duty to the public, and thus they may not hold an additional position that
subjects them to divided loyalties, conflicting duties, or the temptation to act other than
in the public interest. 2016 Op. Att’y Gen. No. 2016-033 (citing Op. Att’y Gen. 2014-014,
at 2-115). Here, the part-time law director’s acceptance of the representation of a client
in a matter coming before a division of his or her employing municipality has the
potential for a disqualifying conflict.

     For example, if the matter for which the prospective client seeks assistance is a

zoning application and the prospective client and municipality are interested in different

2 See R.C. 1901.34. This Opinion does not apply to law directors’ representation of criminal defendants or to the
determination of potential conflicts of interest between or among a city, city officials, or city entities. For guidance on
conflicts of interest in the criminal context the reader should consult Adv. Op. 2008-5 and Adv. Op. 2008-6. For
guidance on conflicts of interest related to conflicts between or among a city, city officials, or city entities the reader
should consult Adv. Op. 2007-4.
Op. 2019-5 3

outcomes, it may be necessary for the employees of the municipality to seek legal advice
concerning approval or denial of the application from the law director. Further, in a
matter where both clients are interested in different outcomes, the resolution of the
zoning application would involve the assertion of a claim by one client against another
in the same proceeding and thus representation of both parties by the law director would
be prohibited and could not be ameliorated by client consent. Prof.Cond.R. 1.7(c)(2).

   In further analyzing the zoning application example, even if there is no such direct

adversity because the municipality and prospective client want the same outcome, the
law director would need to consider if a difference in interest is likely to arise between
the municipality and prospective client during the zoning application process. Perhaps
the municipality and prospective client disagree on the means to secure approval of a
pending request or application. The law director should consider whether his or her
ability to exercise independent professional judgment in deciding how to proceed on
behalf of either client will be materially limited. Prof.Cond.R. 1.7, cmt. [14]. The Board is
of the view that there is a substantial risk that a disagreement may arise during a zoning
application process, or any similar process requiring approval by a municipality officer,
and that representation of a private client would materially limit the law director’s ability
to provide adequate advice to both of the affected clients due to his or her loyalty to each.
Accordingly, a part-time law director must avoid representation of the prospective client
in this instance unless it is possible for the conflict of interest to be ameliorated.
Prof.Cond.R. 1.7(b).

   The question then becomes whether the law director, as a public officer with the

duty to act in the public interest, may seek consent from his or her employing
municipality. Ohio has been identified with other jurisdictions which adhere to a “per
se” government non-consent rule in the context of government consent to a
representation burdened by a conflict. Adv. Op. 2019-03. Because a governmental entity
may be unable to provide consent in this context as a matter of law, the Board continues
to caution government lawyers that requesting informed written consent from an
employing government entity in order to represent a private client burdened by a conflict
is not advisable.

   Further, the law director would be prohibited by law from representing a private

client on any matter in which he or she personally participated. R.C. 102.03 states that
“[n]o present or former public official or employee shall, during public employment
Op. 2019-5 4

represent a client or act in a representative capacity for any person on any matter in which
the public official or employee personally participated as a public official or employee
through decision, approval, disapproval, recommendation, the rendering of advice,
investigation, or other substantial exercise of administrative discretion.” Consequently,
R.C. 102.03 directs the conclusion that the law director would be prohibited from
representing the client, if during his or her employment the law director worked on any
matters related to the prospective client’s zoning application.

Representation of Civil Clients in Matters Related to the Municipality by Other Lawyers in the
Part-Time Law Director’s Law Firm

     The practice of hybrid public and private sector lawyers presents a challenge when

applying the imputation of conflict provisions of the Ohio Rules of Professional Conduct.
Adv. Op. 2014-2. The Rules give special consideration to government lawyers and those
lawyers associated in the government lawyer’s private law firm as to conflicts of interest.
Prof.Cond.R. 1.10(f) states “[t]he disqualification of lawyers associated in a firm with
former or current government lawyers is governed by Rule 1.11.” When reviewing
Prof.Cond.R. 1.11, division (d) is the only portion of the rule that specifically addresses a
lawyer currently employed as a government lawyer. Division (d) does not differentiate
between part-time and full-time employees, nor does it provide any specific guidance for
lawyers engaged in simultaneous practice in both the public and private sector.

     Prof.Cond.R. 1.11(d)(1) obligates a government lawyer to personally abide by the

general conflict provisions of Prof.Cond.R. 1.7 and 1.9, but does not indicate that the
imputation principles of Prof.Cond.R. 1.10 are applicable in regard to the associated
members of the law director’s private firm. Reading Prof.Cond.R. 1.10(f), Prof.Cond.R.
1.11(d), and Prof.Cond.R. 1.11 cmt. [2] and [3] together, it is clear that the general
imputation rule contained in Prof.Cond.R. 1.10, prohibiting other lawyers in a firm from
representing a client when one member of the firm is disqualified, is not applicable when
the conflict is a result of the member of the firm serving as a government lawyer.
Consequently, the Board concludes that other lawyers in the part-time law director’s firm
are permitted to represent clients in matters coming before divisions of the law director’s
municipality.3

3This advice is consistent with the Board’s advice offered in Adv. Op. 2014-2 related to non-imputation of conflicts in
a part-time prosecutor’s law firm.
Op. 2019-5 5

Additional Considerations when Lawyers and Part-Time Law Directors Practice in the Same
Private Firm

     Prof.Cond.R. 1.11(d) requires the law director to analyze his or her own individual

conflicts. Should the other lawyers associated with the law director’s private firm take
on a client with matters related to the law director’s employing municipality, the law
director must be aware of material limitation conflicts present as a result of his or her
hybrid role as both a government lawyer and a lawyer in private practice. The law
director will naturally have continuing and close relationships with members of the
private law firm and an ongoing interest in the success of the firm. As discussed above,
it is not advisable for the law director to seek consent of the employing municipality to
ameliorate the law director’s conflict. Thus, the law director must not handle matters for
the municipality in which the associated lawyers in his or her private law firm are also
involved.

     Because of the special problems associated with imputation of conflicts within a

government agency, the conflicts of the law director are not imputed to other associated
government officers or lawyers within the municipality. Prof.Cond.R. 1.11, cmt. [2].
Assistant law directors within the law director’s government office may handle matters
the law director is prohibited from handling.4 Nonetheless, it is generally prudent for the
municipality to screen the law director from those matters that involve the law director’s
private firm. Id. Likewise, the Board advises that the law director’s private law firm
should adopt the screening and apportionment of fees requirements contained in
Prof.Cond.R. 1.11(c), despite the fact that the division of the rule appears to apply to

4 Generally in the event the municipality does not employ other lawyers, such as an assistant law director with the
ability to provide the required legal advice or representation necessary, the law director or city has the ability to obtain
outside counsel to act on behalf of the city when the law director is ill, absent, or otherwise disqualified from acting.
See generally State ex rel. Striker v. Cline, 130 Ohio St.3d 214, 2011-Ohio-5350; see also City of Cuyahoga Falls v. Robart, 58
Ohio St.3d 1, 567 N.E.2d 987 (1991). In evaluating whether to seek the assistance of outside counsel, the law director
should consider all applicable state statutes, resolutions or ordinances of the legislative authority of the specific
municipality, and any applicable charters. Prior to seeking to hold a position as either an elected or appointed law
director, with the intention of maintaining a private law practice, the Board encourages lawyers to critically evaluate
how often a potential conflict as discussed above may arise. Frequent need to retain outside counsel due to a law
director’s conflicts related to his or her private practice, especially when apparent at the outset of taking on the role, is
not always appropriate and not in the best interest of the public. Despite the non-imputation of conflicts pursuant to
Prof.Cond.R. 1.11, the Board encourages any such lawyers or law firms in this position to carefully consider the needs
of the public as well as the needs of the law firm’s clients. The best practice, although not strictly required by the Rules,
is for the law firm to use its best efforts to minimize the need of the law director to conflict off cases, as the result is an
additional expense to the public.
Op. 2019-5 6

former government lawyers entering private practice. 5 The best practice to protect the
interests of the civil clients of lawyers associated in the law director’s private firm is to
screen the law director from any files maintained at the private law firm involving the
law director’s municipality. Finally, the law director should not be apportioned any part
of the fees associated with the law firm’s representation of clients involving the law
director’s municipality.

CONCLUSION: A law director is prohibited from representing clients in matters related
to his or her employing municipal corporation. A law director should not attempt to
ameliorate the conflict by seeking the informed written consent of the employing
government agency. The other lawyers in a law director’s private firm, however, are
permitted to represent clients in cases related to the municipality. Prof.Cond.R. 1.10(f)
and 1.11 indicate that conflicts of a part-time law director associated with government
practice are not imputed to other lawyers in the firm. Despite the non-imputation of
conflicts to other lawyers in a law director’s private firm, the law director should not
participate in any matter in which members of his or her private firm are involved. A
part-time law director should be screened at both the private law firm and the
government office from any related matters. A part-time law director should not be
apportioned any part of the fees associated with the law firm’s representation of clients
involving matters related to the municipality.

5This advice is consistent with the Board’s advice offered in Adv. Op. 2014-2 related to non-imputation of conflicts in
a part-time prosecutor’s law firm.