What can an Ohio lawyer put in a website domain name, and can a domain name claim a practice specialty or a city where the lawyer has no office?

Plain-English summary

The Board answered six questions about lawyer and firm website domain names. It concluded that because a domain name publicly disseminates information about the lawyer or firm and appears alongside addresses, phone numbers, and email addresses, it is a type of advertising in the form of written and electronic communication subject to Prof.Cond.R. 7.1 and 7.2. It also concluded that a domain name or website address is a "professional designation" under Prof.Cond.R. 7.5 (cmt. [1]), so it must be analyzed against the prohibition on false, misleading, or nonverifiable communications in Prof.Cond.R. 7.1.

On content, the Board held that Prof.Cond.R. 7.5 does not specify required criteria for a domain name, and because a domain name is analogous to a firm's address rather than its firm name, a lawyer or firm is encouraged but not required to include the lawyer or firm name, partners, initials, or other identifying criteria (citing Adv. Op. 1999-4 and Ariz. Op. 97-04). A domain name used without the firm name does not trigger the trade-name prohibition, because domain names are distinct from firm names. The Board cautioned that a domain must still not be false, misleading, or nonverifiable; it gave "willwineverycaseforyou.com" as an example of an improper domain because a lawyer cannot guarantee results, whereas a name using the lawyer's or firm's name is truthful and straightforward.

On specialties, the Board applied Prof.Cond.R. 7.4: a lawyer may state the fields in which the lawyer practices but may not state or imply being a specialist unless certified as prescribed by the Supreme Court with the certifying organization clearly identified. A domain implying a specialty without certification (for example, "familylawspecialists.com") violates the rule, while a generic area-of-practice designation ("defenselawyer.com," "estateattorney.com," "familylawlawyer.com") is permissible because it describes the field of concentration, and a certified specialist may use a name like "OSBACertifiedElderLawSpecialist.com." On geography, the Board concluded that registering and using a domain suggesting an association with a specific city or municipality where the lawyer or firm has no physical and active office is a false and misleading communication under Prof.Cond.R. 7.1 (relying on its virtual-office analysis in Adv. Op. 2017-5): a Dayton criminal lawyer may use "daytoncriminallawyer.com" but, absent another office, may not use "cincinnaticriminallawyer.com."

In practice

The opinion holds that, under the Ohio Rules of Professional Conduct as they stood at the time, a lawyer's domain name is advertising and a professional designation subject to Prof.Cond.R. 7.1, 7.2, 7.4, and 7.5. Per the opinion, a lawyer or firm is encouraged but not required to include the lawyer or firm name in the domain, and the trade-name prohibition in 7.5 does not apply to a domain name. The opinion concludes that a domain may convey a general area of practice but may not convey or imply a specialty in a field in which the lawyer is not certified, and that a domain referencing a city or municipality where the lawyer or firm has no physical and active office is a false and misleading communication under Prof.Cond.R. 7.1.

Common questions

Q: Is a lawyer's website domain name subject to the advertising rules?

A: The opinion concluded yes; a domain name publicly disseminates information about the lawyer or firm and is a type of advertising in the form of written and electronic communication governed by Prof.Cond.R. 7.1 and 7.2, and is also a professional designation under Prof.Cond.R. 7.5.

Q: Does a domain name have to include the lawyer's or firm's name?

A: The opinion concluded no; because a domain name is analogous to an address rather than a firm name, a lawyer or firm is encouraged but not required to include the lawyer or firm name, partners, initials, or other identifying criteria, so long as the domain is not false or misleading.

Q: Can a domain name claim a practice specialty?

A: The opinion concluded that a generic area-of-practice name (such as "estateattorney.com") is permitted, but a domain that conveys or implies a specialty (such as "familylawspecialists.com") violates Prof.Cond.R. 7.4 unless the lawyer is certified and the certifying organization is identified.

Q: Can a lawyer use a domain name referencing a city where the lawyer has no office?

A: The opinion concluded no; a domain suggesting the lawyer or firm is associated with a specific city where it has no physical and active office is a false and misleading communication under Prof.Cond.R. 7.1.

Background and rules framework

The opinion interprets Ohio Prof.Cond.R. 7.1 (false, misleading, or nonverifiable communications; Model Rule 7.1), 7.2 (advertising; Model Rule 7.2), 7.4 (communication of fields of practice and specialization; Model Rule 7.4), and 7.5 (firm names and professional designations, including cmt. [1]; Model Rule 7.5), and builds on the virtual-office reasoning in Ohio BPC Adv. Op. 2017-5 about not implying a physical office that does not exist.

Citations and references

Rules of Professional Conduct:

• Ohio Prof.Cond.R. 7.1 (false, misleading, or nonverifiable communications) (Model Rule 7.1)
• Ohio Prof.Cond.R. 7.2 (advertising), incl. cmt. [2] (Model Rule 7.2)
• Ohio Prof.Cond.R. 7.4 (fields of practice and specialization), incl. 7.4(a), (e)(1)-(2) (Model Rule 7.4)
• Ohio Prof.Cond.R. 7.5 (firm names and professional designations), incl. cmt. [1] (Model Rule 7.5)

Other opinions cited:

• Ohio BPC Adv. Ops. 1999-4 and 2012-2: firm websites and domain names distinct from firm names
• Ariz. Ethics Op. 97-04 (1997); Ky. Ethics Op. E-427 (2007); N.J. Advertising Ethics Op. 32 (2005); N.C. Ethics Op. 2005-14 (2006): domain names different from firm names
• N.Y. Prof.Cond.R. 7.5(e) and cmt. [2]: conditions for a domain name different from the firm name
• Bennett, Cohen & Gunnarsson, Annotated Model Rules of Professional Conduct 628 (8th ed. 2015)

See also

• Ohio BPC Op. 2017-005: Virtual Law Office
• Ohio BPC Op. 1989-027: Trade Name, Geographic Location, "Legal Center"
• Ohio BPC Op. 2006-002: Using "Group" or "Law Group" in a Firm Name
• Ohio BPC Op. 1988-018: Legal Research Service Trade Name

Source

• Landing page: https://ohioadvop.org/advisory-opinion-index/
• Original PDF: https://www.ohioadvop.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Adv.Op_.-2018-05a-Final.pdf

Original opinion text

Reproduced from the official source for research purposes. The linked source is authoritative.

OPINION 2018-05
Issued August 3, 2018

                    Lawyer and Firm Website Domain Names

SYLLABUS: The registration and publication of a domain name is a form of advertising
and a professional designation subject to the Ohio Rules of Professional Conduct. A
lawyer or firm is encouraged, but not required, to include in a domain name the name of
the lawyer or firm, its partners, initials, or some other specific identifying criteria. A
lawyer may not include a specific field of practice in a domain name if it conveys or
implies a specialty when the lawyer is not in fact certified in that specific field of practice.
A lawyer’s use of domain name that references a specific city or municipality, when the
lawyer or firm does not have a physical and active office in that city or municipality, is a
false or misleading communication.

This nonbinding advisory opinion is issued by the Ohio Board of Professional Conduct
in response to a prospective or hypothetical question regarding the application of
ethics rules applicable to Ohio judges and lawyers. The Ohio Board of Professional
Conduct is solely responsible for the content of this advisory opinion, and the advice
contained in this opinion does not reflect and should not be construed as reflecting the
opinion of the Supreme Court of Ohio. Questions regarding this advisory opinion
should be directed to the staff of the Ohio Board of Professional Conduct.
 65 SOUTH FRONT STREET, 5TH FLOOR, COLUMBUS, OH 43215-3431
Telephone: 614.387.9370 Fax: 614.387.9379
www.bpc.ohio.gov

DAVID L. DINGWELL RICHARD A. DOVE
CHAIR DIRECTOR
SANFORD E. WATSON D. ALLAN ASBURY
VICE- CHAIR SENIOR COUNSEL
KRISTI R. MCANAUL
COUNSEL

                                  OPINION 2018-05
                                Issued August 3, 2018

                    Lawyer and Firm Website Domain Names

SYLLABUS: The registration and publication of a domain name is a form of advertising
and a professional designation subject to the Ohio Rules of Professional Conduct. A
lawyer or firm is encouraged, but not required, to include in a domain name the name of
the lawyer or firm, its partners, initials, or some other specific identifying criteria. A
lawyer may not include a specific field of practice in a domain name if it conveys or
implies a specialty when the lawyer is not in fact certified in that specific field of practice.
A lawyer’s use of domain name that references a specific city or municipality, when the
lawyer or firm does not have a physical and active office in that city or municipality, is a
false or misleading communication.

QUESTIONS PRESENTED:

(1) Is the registration and publication of a domain name considered “lawyer
advertising” and subject to the Rules?
(2) Is a domain name considered a “professional designation” and thus subject to
Prof.Cond.R. 7.5?
(3) Must a registered domain name include, in some fashion, the name of the firm, its
partners, initials, or some other identifying criteria?
(4) Does the inclusion of a specific field or practice in a domain name potentially
violate Rule 7.4(e)?
Op. 2018-5 2

(5) Does the inclusion of generic designations in a domain name (defenselawyer.com,
estateattorney.com) without the inclusion of the firm name violate any other
Rules?
(6) May a lawyer or firm advertise, by means of a registered domain name, that the
lawyer or firm is associated with a specific city or municipality when the lawyer
or firm does not, in fact, have a physical and active office in that city or
municipality?

APPLICABLE RULES: Prof.Cond.R. 7.1, 7.2, 7.4, 7.5

OPINION: Customized websites are commonly used by law firms and solo practitioners
as a means of communicating information relative to the areas of practice in which the
firm or lawyer concentrates as well as contact information of the associated lawyers. Each
website on the internet has an URL (uniform resource locator) that often contains a
unique domain name as well as other components needed to locate the specific page or
content. A common practice of lawyers is to set up multiple domain names in order to
increase a lawyer or firm’s internet presence.

  Domain names are an important tool for lawyers to advertise their services to

current and potential clients. Domain names appear in all the traditional places that
addresses appear such as on letterheads, business cards, and in advertisements, and often
appear as prominently as phone numbers and street addresses. Domain names also
appear in e-mail addresses used by lawyers. Lawyers and firms typically choose a
domain name that clients or potential clients will easily remember and that will identify
the lawyer or firm.

Domain names and advertising

  Advertising of a lawyer’s services is specifically permitted by the Ohio Rules of

Professional Conduct. Prof.Cond.R. 7.2. A lawyer’s advertising may include many forms
of communication such as written, recorded, electronic communication, or public media.
Id. The rules permit public dissemination of information that might invite the attention
of those seeking legal assistance. Prof.Cond.R. 7.2, cmt. [2]. The information that may be
publicly disseminated includes, but is not limited to, the following: a lawyer’s name, firm
name, address, email address, website, and the kinds of services the lawyer will
undertake. Id. All communications about a lawyer’s services, including advertising, are
Op. 2018-5 3

governed by Prof.Cond.R. 7.1 (a lawyer shall not make or use a false, misleading, or
nonverifiable communication about the lawyer or the lawyer’s services.)

    The Board has previously recognized that firm websites are a primary method of

communicating with clients, prospective clients, and the public. Adv. Op. 2012-2. The
Board now recognizes that web domain names in use by lawyers and firms are designed
not only as addresses for websites, but also to publicly disseminate information about the
lawyer or firm so that potential clients and the public may learn more about the lawyer
or firm. As such, a lawyer’s or firm’s domain name is a type of advertising in the form of
written and electronic communication subject to the requirements of Prof.Cond.R. 7.1 and
7.2.

Domain name as a “professional designation”

    Prof.Cond.R. 7.5 specifically provides that “[a] lawyer shall not use a firm name,

letterhead or other professional designation that violates Rule 7.1.”Id. (emphasis added). A
domain name or website address is a type of professional designation. Prof.Cond.R. 7.5.
cmt. [1] (a lawyer or firm may also be designated by a distinctive website address or
comparable professional designation.)1 As such, the domain name or website address
must be analyzed in relation to the prohibitions against false, misleading, or nonverifiable
communications contained in Prof.Cond.R. 7.1.

Content of a domain name

    The content of a firm name is specifically regulated by Prof.Cond.R. 7.5. The rule

prohibits a lawyer or firm from practicing under a trade name, a name that is misleading
as to the identity of the lawyer or lawyers, or a firm name that contains names other than
the names of one or more lawyers in the firm. Prof.Cond.R. 7.5. The rule further explains
that symbols communicating the nature of the organization are permitted and that a firm
name may include a deceased or retired member. Id. Conversely, Prof.Cond.R. 7.5 does
not specify any required criteria for a domain name. Id. In addition, because a firm’s
domain name is analogous to a firm’s physical address, there is a distinction between a
domain name and a firm name. Adv. Op. 1999-4 (citing Ariz. Op. 97-04). For those

1
In further support of the conclusion that a website address is a professional designation, the American
Bar Association’s Annotated Model Rules explains “[a] law firm’s internet address need not be identical
to the firm name. However, it is a professional designation subject to regulation under Rule 7.5.” Bennett,
Cohen & Gunnarsson, Annotated Model Rules of Professional Conduct, 628 (8th ed. 2015)(emphasis added).
Op. 2018-5 4

reasons, a lawyer or firm is not required to include in a domain name, the name of the
lawyer or firm, its partners, initials or some other specific identifying criteria, although
including this information may be advisable to avoid a claim that the name violates Prof.
Cond. R. 7.1. Id. Other jurisdictions have held a similar view that a firm may use a
domain name different from its firm name as long as it is not false, deceptive, or
misleading.2

    Furthermore, a firm’s use of a domain name without the name of the firm does not

implicate the prohibition against practicing under a trade name because of the
aforementioned distinctions between a domain name and a firm name. One ethics
authority specifically addressed the difference between a domain name and a firm name
and concluded that because domain names are not firm names, a domain name is not
subject to the limitation on use of trade names in the rules governing firm names and
letterheads. Az. Ethics Op. 97-04 (1997). In addition, New York, which has a prohibition
against trade names similar to Prof.Cond.R. 7.5, provides in its lawyer conduct rules that
a lawyer or law firm may utilize a domain name different from the name of the lawyer
or firm so long as certain conditions are met.3 N.Y. Rule 7.5(e). As long as a domain name
is used to assist current or potential clients in locating the lawyer’s or firm’s website and
not as a substitute way to identify the lawyer or firm, use of a domain name other than a
lawyer or firm’s name does not violate the Ohio Rules of Professional Conduct. 4 The
Board also concludes that the classification of a domain name as a “professional
designation” does not implicate the prohibition against practicing under a trade name.

    Lastly, when evaluating the appropriateness of a domain name, lawyers should

consider if the domain name is false, misleading, or nonverifiable. Prof.Cond.R. 7.1. An
example of a false, misleading, or nonverifiable domain name is
“willwineverycaseforyou.com” A lawyer cannot guarantee to win every case. Whereas,
a domain name using the lawyer’s name, the firm name, or a partner’s name would be

2 See e.g., K.Y. Ethics Op. E-427 (2007); N.J. Advertising Ethics Op. 32 (2005); N.C. Ethics Op. 2005-14 (2006).
3 Those conditions are: 1) all pages of the website clearly include the actual name of the lawyer or firm; 2)
the lawyer or firm does not attempt to engage in the practice of law using the domain name; 3) the name
does not imply an ability to obtain results; and 4) the name does not otherwise violate the rules. N.Y.
Prof.Cond.R. 7.5(e); N.Y. Rule 7.5, cmt. [2].
4 The New Jersey Supreme Court Committee on Attorney Advertising reached the same conclusion in

New Jersey Advertising Ethics Opinion 32 (2005).
Op. 2018-5 5

truthful and straightforward communication. A lawyer’s name, firm name, or partner’s
name lends itself to simple and distinctive identification of the lawyer or firm.

Inclusion of specific field of practice in domain name

   Prof.Cond.R. 7.4 regulates a lawyer’s communication of his or her fields of practice

and specialization. “A lawyer may communicate the fact that the lawyer does or does
not practice in particular fields of law or limits his or her practice to or concentrates in
particular fields of law.” Prof.Cond.R. 7.4(a). However, a lawyer may not state or imply
that the lawyer is a specialist unless the lawyer has been certified as prescribed by the
Supreme Court and the name of the certifying organization is clearly identified in the
communication. Prof.Cond.R. 7.4(e)(1) and (2).

   The inclusion of a specific field of practice in a domain name that conveys or

implies a specialty when the lawyer is not in fact certified in that specific field of practice
violates Prof.Cond.R. 7.4. For example, a domain name such as
“familylawspecialists.com” would imply special competence or experience and does not
clearly identify the certifying organization. On the other hand, the use of an area of
practice or a generic designation such as “defenselawyer.com,” “estateattorney.com,” or
“familylawlawyer.com” may be appropriately communicated in a domain name because
it describes the particular field of practice or concentration of the lawyer. If a lawyer is
in fact a certified specialist, a domain name such as
“OSBACertifiedElderLawSpecialist.com” may be registered and used because it is
truthful and not misleading and meets the specific requirements of Prof.Cond.R. 7.4. The
Ohio State Bar Association (“OSBA”) is an organization approved by the Supreme Court
of Ohio Commission on Certification of Attorneys as Specialists, and the name of the
certifying organization is clearly identified. Similarly,
“OSBACertifiedElderLawLawyer.com” may be registered and used as a domain name if
all of the lawyers in the firm are certified elder law specialists by the OSBA.

Domain name associated with a specific city or municipality

   The Board cautions lawyers that registering and using a domain name that

suggests the lawyer or his or her firm is associated with a specific city or municipality,
when the lawyer or firm does not in fact have a physical and active office in that city or
municipality, is a false and misleading communication. Prof.Cond.R. 7.1. The Board has
previously found when reviewing the propriety of virtual law offices “that a lawyer must
Op. 2018-5 6

avoid the implication or misrepresentation that the lawyer works from a physical office
when it is not the case.” Adv.Op. 2017-5. Likewise, a lawyer in a traditional office
arrangement must also avoid the implication or misrepresentation that the lawyer works
from a physical and active office in a certain geographical location when it is not the case
to avoid a violation of Prof.Cond.R. 7.1.

     Thus, it is appropriate for a lawyer practicing criminal law with a physical and

active office located in Dayton, Ohio to use a domain name such as
“daytoncriminallawyer.com” because it is not false or misleading. However, if that same
lawyer has no other office location, he or she may not also use a domain name such as
“cincinnaticriminallawyer.com.” A potential client or current client could reasonably be
led to believe, based on the domain name that the lawyer with a domain name such as
“cincinnaticriminallawyer.com” operates a physical and active office geographically
located in Cincinnati, Ohio. In order to avoid a false or misleading communication, a
lawyer who does not have a physical and active office in a specific geographical location
may not use a domain name such as “cincinnaticriminallawyer.com” as it implies that
the lawyer works from a physical and active office in Cincinnati and is either false or
misleading.

CONCLUSION: Domain names are a form of advertising subject to the Rules of
Professional Conduct. When evaluating the appropriateness of a domain name, a lawyer
or firm must consider whether the information communicated is false, misleading, or
nonverifiable. Despite the classification of a domain name as a “professional
designation,” a domain name is analogous to an address, and as such the prohibition
related to practicing under a trade name is not applicable to a lawyer or firm’s choice of
a domain name. A lawyer or firm is encouraged, but not required, to include in a
registered domain name the name of the lawyer or firm, its partners, initials or some other
specific identifying criteria. Lawyers and firms must be careful not to convey or imply a
specialty in a field of practice in which the lawyer or members of the firm are not certified,
but may convey an area of concentration in a practice through the information contained
in a domain name. The use of a geographical location in a domain name that implies or
misrepresents that a lawyer or firm has a physical and active office in that location, when
in fact no physical and active office exists, is a false and misleading communication.